final study guide 201-1

Question 1

The 1st part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum

Answer 1

Duodenum

Question 2

The outermost of the 3 primary germ layers of the embryo, from it are derived the epidermis and epidemic tissues such as nails, hair, and glands of the skin, the nervous system, external sense organs such as the eye and ear, and the mucous membranes of the mouth and anus

Answer 2

Ectoderm

Question 3

The innermost of the 3 germ layers of an embryo. From the endoderm arises the epithelium of the trachea, bronchi, lungs, GI tract, liver, pancreas, urinary bladder, anal canal, pharynx, thyroid, tympanic cavity, tonsils, and parathyroid glands.

Answer 3

Endoderm

Comprises the lining of the cavities and passages of the body and the covering of most of the internal organs

Question 4

Function of Epiglottis

Attached to larynx, located at the opening of the windpipe

Answer 4

Prevents food and liquids from entering the windpipe. It closes when swallowing

Question 5

Function of Male Urethra

Answer 5

1. Tube through which urine is excreted

2. The urethra also carries semen outwards through the penis

Question 6

Function of Oxytocin

Answer 6

1. Main Role-Prepare a pregnant woman for childbirth
2. Once the baby is born, oxytocin helps to encourage the mother-child bonding
3. It also plays a role in milk expression, a process also known as milk let-down
4. Also causes the uterus to contract and shrink back to near normal size

Question 7

Function of Gastrin

Answer 7

1. It helps in the digestion of food, especially proteins, by activating the secretion of gastric acid
2. Special cells in the stomach and pancreas create and reserve gastrin
3. Gastrin activates the release of pancreatic and stomach enzymes, increases the movement of stomach and intestinal contents and initiates the flow of bile from the liver
4. The secretion of gastric acid is higher during the night

Question 8

Function of Thymus

Answer 8

1. Gland that forms part of the immune system
   2, Its function is to transform lymphocytes (white blood cells) into T-cells (cells developed in the thymus). These cells are transported to various lymph glands, where they play an important part in fighting infections and disease

Question 9

Cephalic Phase

Answer 9

When the brain prepares to absorb food, and the saliva production increases

Question 10

Define Antibodies

Answer 10

1. Specialized cells of immune system which recognize organisms that invade the body (such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi).
2. The antibodies are then able to set off a complex chain of events designed to kill these foreign invaders

Question 11

Define Myocardial Infarction

Answer 11

1. Destruction of heart tissue resulting resulting from obstruction of the blood supply to the heart muscle
2. Irreversible injury to the heart muscle (heart attack)

Question 12

The mucous membrane lining the uterus, which thickens during the menstrual cycle in preparation for possible implantation of an embryo

Answer 12

Endometrium

Question 13

Functions of Platelets

Answer 13

1. To help CLOT blood in the case of injury

2. They create a barrier to prevent too much blood from flowing from a wound

Question 14

1. Thin muscle that covers the testis
2. Its function is to lower and raise the scrotum, which helps to control the temperature of the testis and avoids overheating
3. The muscle contracts when a man is sexually aroused in order to protect the testis during intercourse
4. Primary Function-Regulate temperature of testis

Answer 14

Cremaster Muscle

Question 15

Function of Relaxin

Answer 15

1. During pregnancy the placenta produces a hormone called relaxin that help your whole body physically become a bit looser
2. Relaxin relaxes the intrauterine ligaments
3. It also relaxes other parts of your body, like your arteries, which have to accommodate a much higher blood volume without sending your blood pressure through the roof

Question 16

Definition of Fertilization

Answer 16

1. Fertilization occurs when the sperm and egg combine to create an embryo
2. It typically occurs in the fallopian tube of a woman shortly after ovulation if sperm has been deposited into the reproductive tract.
3. The fertilized egg then moves down the tube and implants into the uterus, initiating a pregnancy

Question 17

Embryonic Period

Answer 17

1. Weeks 3-8 of development
2. The 3 germ layers
   (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) form the tissues and main organ systems and the body becomes recognizably human

Question 18

Fertilization takes place where

Answer 18

Fertilization tends to occur in the FALLOPIAN TUBE and then the egg later implants in the uterine lining

Question 19

Events of Normal Heart Sounds

Answer 19

Normal heart sounds are caused by the CLOSURE OF THE HEART VALVES

Question 20

Function of Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper’s Gland)

Answer 20

1. A gland in the male that discharges seminal fluid into the urethra
2. This clear secretion known as pre-ejaculate helps lubricate the urethra for spermatozoa to pass through and to help flush out any residual urine or foreign matter

Question 21

Define Angina Pectoralis

Answer 21

1. Commonly known as Angina.
2. Is severe chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood, hence a lack of oxygen supply) of the heart muscle generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries (the heart’s blood vessels)

Question 22

Function of Secretin

Answer 22

1. The small intestine is periodically assaulted by a flood of acid from the stomach, it is important to put out the fire to avoid acid burns
2. Secretin function as a type of fireman.
   It is released in response to acid in the small intestine, and stimulates the pancreas and bile ducts to release a flood of biocarbonate base, which neutralizes the acid
3. Secretin was also the 1st hormone to be discovered

Question 23

Functions of Surfactand

Answer 23

1. Surfactant DECREASES the surface tension in the alveoli,–preventing collapse
   during the breathing cycle
2. It protects the lungs from injuries and infections caused by foreign bodies and pathogens

Question 24

Function of Aldersterone

Answer 24

1. Helps maintain blood pressure (BP) and water and salt balance in the body by helping the kidneys retain sodium and excrete potassium
2. When aldosterone production falls too low, the kidneys are not able to regulate water and salt balance, causes a drop in both blood volume and blood pressure

Question 25

Define Haptens

Answer 25

1. A substance that is capable of reacting WITH a specific antibody but CANNOT induce the formation of antibodies unless bound to a carrier protein or other molecule
2. Also called Incomplete Antigen