bones and muscles 5

Question 1

Parietal bones joined by ________________

Answer 1

Sagittal sutures

That connect to frontal bones by coronal sutures

Question 2

Major Function and Characteristics of Bone

Answer 2

Mineral Components @ collagen fibers lend flexible strength.

Question 3

Bone Cells are Categorized:

Answer 3

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Question 4

Bones grow in size by ________________

Answer 4

Appositional Growth

Question 5

The pontential shape and size of a bone and individuals final adult height are determined ____________________

Answer 5

Genetically

Factors such as nutrition and hormones can modify these genetic factors

Question 6

___________are important to bone growth.

Answer 6

Vitamins

Question 7

Vitamin D is important for

Answer 7

Absorption of Calcium

Question 8

Vitamin C is necessary for

Answer 8

Collagen Synthesis

Question 9

Hormones are important in bone_________

Answer 9

Growth

Question 10

Sex____________also influence bone growth

Answer 10

Hormones

Question 11

__________and___________stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plate.

Answer 11

Estrogen and Testosterone

Question 12

Females usually stop growing earlier than males because __________causes quicker closure of the epiphyseal plate.

Answer 12

Estrogen

Question 13

Men have _________bones than women

Answer 13

Denser

Question 14

Race affects bone_________

Answer 14

Mass

African Americans and Hispanic have higher bone masses than Caucasian and Asians

Question 15

Most effective preventative measure against effects of aging on the skeletal system is

Answer 15

Increase in physical activity.
Taking dietary calcium and vitamin D supplements.
Intensive exercise can reverse loss of bone matrix.

Question 16

With aging new osteons fail to completely fill in spaces produced when older_______ are removed

Answer 16

Osteons

Question 17

Another name for skullcap

Answer 17

Calvaria

Question 18

Muscles that move a structure

Answer 18

Agonists

Question 19

Muscles that oppose movement of a structure

Answer 19

Antagonists

Question 20

Muscles that stabalize structures

Answer 20

Synergists

Question 21

What type of cartilage is associated with bone

Answer 21

Hyaline Cartilage

Precursor for most bones in the body

Question 22

Bonej lengthening and bone repair often involve the production of ___________cartilage, followed by its replacement of bone

Answer 22

Hyaline

Question 23

Facts about the Perichondrium

Answer 23

1. It is a double layered connective tissue sheath covering most cartilage.
2. The out layer is dense, irregular connective tissue containing fibroblasts. Blood vessels and nerves penetrate the outer layer of the perichondrium but do not enter the cartilage matrix.
3. The inner layer-more delicate. Has fewer fibers and contains chondroblasts.

Question 24

_______________cartilage has no pericardium blood vessels, or nerves.

Answer 24

Articular

Question 25

Cartilage grows in 2 ways

Answer 25

1. Appositional Growth

2. Interstitial Growth

Question 26

Facts about bone

Answer 26

Bones consists of extracellular bone matrix @ bone cells.

The composition of the bone matrix is responsible for the characteristics of bone

Question 27

By weight mature bone is about:

Answer 27

35% organic-Consists primarily of collagen, proteoglycans.

65% inorganic-Primarily of Calcium phosphate crystal called-HYDROXYAPATITE

Question 28

Facts about Bone

Answer 28

The collagen and mineral components are responsible for the major functional characteristics of bone.
The collegen fibers lend flexible strength to the matrix.
The mineral components give the matrix weight-bearing strength
If you remove all the minerals from a long bone it becomes overly flexible.
It the collagen is removed from the bone it becomes very brittle.

Question 29

Bone cells are categorized as:

Answer 29

1. osteoblasts
2. osteocytes
3. osteoclasts

Question 30

Body of Bone

Answer 30

The shaft (Diaphysis) composed primarily of compact bone, but can also contain spongy bone, with an outer layer of compact bone. Within joints, the end of a long bone is covered with hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage. The epiphysis is the part of a long bone that develops from a center of ossification. The epiphyseal plate separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis. The diaphysis of a long bone can have a large internal space called the medullary cavity. The periosteum is a connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of a bone. The endosteum is a single layer of cells that lines the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones.

Question 31

When a bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified and is called the ________________________

Answer 31

Epiphyseal Line

Question 32

Facts about Vitamin D

Answer 32

Your body can synthesize or ingest it.
Your level of Vitamin D increases when exposed to sunlight
Insufficient Vitamin D in children causes rickets
Insufficient Vitamin D in adults-Osteomalacia

Question 33

Facts about Vitamin C

Answer 33

Necessary for collagen synthesis.
In children a deficiency can retard their growth.
In children and adults can cause scurvy

Question 34

Facts about Bones

Answer 34

1. Bones play an important role in regulating blood ca2+ levels, which must be maintained within narrow limits for function such as muscle contractions and membrane potentials to occur normally.
2. Bone is the major storage site form calcium in the body , and movement of Ca2+ into and out of bones.
3. When blood Ca2+ levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases.
4. If bloof Ca2+ levels are too high, osteoclst activity decreases.
5. Calcium homeostasis is maintained by two hormones-Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin

Question 35

The major regulator of blood Ca2+ levels is

Answer 35

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)