study guide for digest and resp Flashcards
1
Q
A disease that causes an irritable airway prone to spasm
A
Asthma
2
Q
After eating the muscular movements of the stomach and the mixing of food with gastric juice forms a semifluid mass
A
Chyme
3
Q
Chronic liver disease usually caused by poor nutrition and excessive alcohol consumption
A
Cirrhosis
4
Q
3 bony ridges on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity
A
Conchae
5
Q
The release of feces or stool is the act of
A
Defecation
6
Q
Lung disorder may occur in the alveoli
A
Emphysema
7
Q
Covers the opening of the larnyx during swallowing
A
Epiglottis
8
Q
Low amount of oxygen to the tissues
A
Hypoxia
9
Q
Voice box
A
Larynx
10
Q
Food passageway posterior to the trachia
A
Esophagus
11
Q
The chewing process
A
Mastication
12
Q
Very rapid respiration
A
Hyperventilation
13
Q
Slow and shallow respiration
A
Hypoventilation
14
Q
Throat
A
Pharynx
15
Q
Windpipe
A
Trachea
16
Q
C-shaped ring of hyaline cartilage that keep airway open
A
Trachea
17
Q
Mixture of lipoprotein molecules produced by secretory cells of the alveolar epithelium; reduces the tendency for the lungs to collapse
A
Surfactant
18
Q
Thyroid cartilage
A
Adam’s Apple
19
Q
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one breath at rest
A
Tidal Volume
20
Q
The lungs are enclosed in a double layered serous membrane called the
A
Pleura
21
Q
How many lobes does each side of the lung have
A
Right-3
Left-2
22
Q
Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
A
Parietal Pleura
23
Q
Exchange of gases between inhaled air and blood
A
External Respiration
24
Q
Exchange of gases between blood and tissue fluids
A
Internal Respiration
25
2 Functions of Respiratory System
1. Air Distributor
| 2. Gas Exchange
26
Largest amount of air you can breathe out or in one breath ( in one expiration/inhalation)
Vital Capacity
27
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond that of normal exhalation at rest
Expiratory Reserve Volume
28
Formed by simple squamous epithelium, and they facilitate diffusion of gases
Alveoli
29
The inner folds of pleura, lying closest to lungs
Visceral Pleura
30
Outer folds of pleura, lying closest to the ribs and wall of thoracic cavity
Parietal Pleura
31
One of the 2 airways from the trachea to the lungs
Bronchus
32
Fine subdivisions of the bronchi made of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
Bronchiole
32
Lid for the Larynx
Epiglottis
33
Distention of the alveoli with swelling and inflation of lung tissue. The walls of the alveoli are replaced by larger sacs. Often caused by prolonged smoking.
Emphysema
34
Extends across the floor of the oral cavity @ is attached by muscles to the lower jaw bone. Moves food around during chewing @ swallowing. Covered with small projections called papillae, which contain cells-taste buds
Tongue
35
Name of involuntary progressive wavelike contractions of the esophagus that propels food through the system
Peristalsis
36
A pear-shaped sac under the liver that stores@ concentrates the bile for later use
Gallbladder
37
Is both an endocrine and exocrine organ. As an exocrine gland (secreting into a tube leading outward) it produces pancreatic juices filled with enzymes to digest food. As endocrine gland (secretes into blood stream) the pancreas secretes insulin
Pancreas
38
Hormone needed to help releae sugar from blood to be used by cells of the body
Insulin
39
Passage of materials into the bloodstream
Absorption
40
Pigment release by the liver in bile, produced from destruction of hemoglobin
Bilirubin
41
Digestive juices produced by salivary glands
Saliva
42
Anterior part of the nasal cavity made of stratified squamous epithelial and mucous membranes. Inside vestibules small hairs filter dust @ other matter that you breathe in
Vestibule
43
A protein produced in the stomach. It begins the process of digesting the proteins found in food. Produced in inactive form, and is activated by hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Pepsin
44
Surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket
Periodontal (Membrane)\
45
Bacterial infection of the gums and bone that if not treated can cause you to lose your teeth
Periodontal (Disease)
46
Peri-Surrounding
odont-tooth
al-pertaining to
Meaning of periodontal
47
In humans you have 32. 2nd set of teeth 1st ones appear about 6yrs.
Permanent Teeth
48
Also called baby teeth, or milk teeth. 1st primary teeth. Usually appear about 6mo
Primary Teeth
49
A ringlike cartilage forming the lower and back part of the larynx, composed of hyaline cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
50
Blood flowing through the skin imparts a reddish hue. An inflammatory response stimulated by infections, sunburn, allergic reactions, insect bites, or other causes can produce this, as can exposure to the cold and blushing or flushing when angry or hot.
Erythema
51
The appearance of blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissue near the skin surface being low on oxygen
Cyanosis
52
Part of the larynx that contains the vocal cords. Is instrumental in the development and creation of speech in humans. Primary function-pronunciation
Glottis
53
Elongated epithelial cell. Taller than they are wide
Columnar Cells
54
The type of tissue that lines parts of the respiratory system. Epithelial tissues cover and protect various parts of the body. Ciliated refers to hair that projects from the surface. Pseudo means "false" and stratified means "layers". Pseudostratified epithelial tissues look like there are multiple layers, but there is really only one. When the nuclei don't line up it causes a pseudostratified appearance
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
55
The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
56
Coughing up blood
Hemoptysis
57
A liver infection caused by hepatitis A virus. Very contagious and easily spread. The disease is usually mild and doesn't require treatment. It is transmitted through contaminated food, water or being in close contact with infected person
Hepatitis A
58
A liver disease caused by hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B is transmitted through contact with infected persons blood, semen, or other body fluids
Hepatitis B
59
The oral taking of substances into the body, both nutrients and medication
Ingestion
60
A hormone that causes the production of a number of other hormones to be inhibited or reduced. This hormone plays a vital role in controlling and regulating growth and cell division.
Somatostatin
61
External midline projection from the face. Purpose-1) warm 2) clean 3) humidify the air a person breathes in
Helps person taste and smell. Divided into 2 passageways-septum. Opening to these passageways are nostrils. Bony projections called turbinates (conchae), protrude into each breathing passage. They help increase surface area inside of the nose. 3 Turbinates on each side of nose 1) inferior 2) middle 3) superior
The sinuses are 4 paired air-filled chambers that empty into the nasal cavity
Nose
62
A fat pad in the cheek under the subcutaneous layer of skin over the buccinator. Rounds out the profile of the side of face. Prominent in infants, often called a sucking pad
Buccal Fat Pads
63
The main muscle of the cheek. It flatten the cheek against the teeth. It acts as an important muscle of mastication (chewing) by holding food under teeth.
Buccinator
64
Your airways become swollen and tight, making it hard for air to move in or out of your lungs. More mucous may form in your airways, making it more difficult to breathe. Resulting in a daily cough. Stimulates production of mucous. Common in people who have smoked for extended periods
Chronic Bronchitis
65
Type of connective tissue. Found on outermost layer of some organs and structures in body. Primarily comprised of collagen. Designed to provide structure and support to organs. Keeps organs in place as we as binding different physical structures together. Provides layer of defense for underlying structures. Also, a shock absorber when body sustains trauma.
Adventitia
66
The act or process of swallowing
Deglutition
67
A layer of loose connective tissue beneath a mucous membrane
Submucosa Layer
68
Responsible for the secretion of substances used in digestion. Used to protect the stomach walls from the highly acidic substances in the stomach such as hydrochloric acid. The thin layer lining the inside of the gastrointestinal walls.
Mucosa Layer
69
A defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue, produced by sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue. An erosion of the gastric mucosa, attributed to physical or mental stress
Stress Ulcers
70
Glandular simple columnar epithelial cells whose sole function is to secrete mucin, which dissolves in water to form mucous
Goblet Cells
71
An enzyme in your saliva that starts digestion before food gets in your stomach and intestines. It breaks down polysaccharides into monosaccharides, (turns complex carbs into simple ones) this starts the digestion process early, making the rest of the process more efficient
Salivary Amylase
72
Lungs are enclosed in a double layer called
Pleura
73
Has indirect involvement in a bodily process. Aids a systems primary organs in conducting functions, like digestion. Found in various areas of the body, including skin and the abdominal and chest cavities.
Examples of Accessory organs:
Teeth @ Tongue-aid in digestion
Salivary glands-provide mouth with saliva
Pancreas
Accessory Organs
74
Type of cell in pancreas. Located in areas called islets of Langerhans where they constitute the predominant type of cell. They make and release insulin ( a hormone that controls the level of glucose in the blood). Degeneration of beta cells is main cause of Type 1 Diabetes
Beta Cells
75
a cartilaginous ridge within the trachea that runs antero-posteriorly-between the 2 primary bronchi at the site of the tracheal bilffurcation at the lower end or the trachea (usually at level of 5th thoracic vertebra). The ridge lies to left of midline. The mucous membrane of the Carina is the most sensitive area of the trachea @ larynx for triggering a cough reflex.
Carina (of Trachea)
76
Law of Volume. It is an experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand when heated
Charle's Law
77
Digestive enzymes act on food as it passes through the digestive tract
Chemical Digestion
78
A sensory nerve cell activated by chemical stimuli. For example, chemoreceptors in the carotid artery are sensitive to partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood; they signal the respiratory center in the brain to increase or decrease the rate of breathing
Chemoreceptors
79
Part of the airway responsible for moving air into the lungs while removing particles
Conducting Zone
80
Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Terminal Bronchioles
Conducting Zone Parts
81
Atomic Theory of Matter. Law stating that pressure exerted by a mixture of gases in a fixed volume is equal to the sum of the pressure that would be exerted by each gas alone in the same volume
Dalton's Law
82
A type of cell located in tissue called the Islets on Langerhans in the pancreas. They make somatostatin-A hormone that inhibits the release of numerous hormones in the body
Delta Cells
83
The act or process of converting food into chemical substances that can be absorbed @ assimilated by the body
Digestion
84
Brunner's glands, which secrete mucous, are found in the duodenum. The duodemun wall composed of very thin wall of cells that form muscularis mucosa
Duodenal Cells
85
A peptic ulcer which form in the upper small intestine. Most commonly caused by infection or frequent use of anti-inflammatory drugs
Duodenal Ulcers
86
Can be found in glands of the endocrine system. Glandular secratory cells that release their secretions internally rather than on an epithelial surface. The hormones secreted transport throughout body via the blood
Endocrine Cells
87
Lines body cavities and passageways and covers internal organs
Epithelial Membrane
88
Esophagus Functions
1. Muscular walls of the esophagus contract to push food down into stomach
2. Glands in the lining of the esophagus produce mucous, keeps passageway moist @ helps in swallowing
3. Provides place for food to travel down to your stomach
89
Process by which oxygen is transferred from the atmosphere to bodily tissues for use in metabolism; and the gas produced by metabolism, carbon dioxide is transferred from tissues to the atmosphere
Exchange of Gases
90
Breathing Out
Exhalation
91
Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate
May increase with fever, illness, or other medical conditions, exercise, alcohol, drugs can affect a persons rate, age
92
Passage through a filter or other material that prevents passage of certain molecules, particles or substances
Filtration
93
Four Basic Layer of Digestive System
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis
4. Serosa
94
A hole in the lining of the stomach, corroded by acidic digestive juices which are secreted by the stomach cells. Ulcer formation related to H. pyloridus bacteria in the stomach, anti-inflammitory meds, smoking cigarettes
Gastric Ulcers
95
Converted glucose stored in the liver for future use, starch that can be converted into glucose
Glycogen
96
Law stating the mass of dissolved gas in a given volume of solvent at equilibrium is proportional to the parietal pressures of the gas. The amount of the gas that will be absorbed by water increase as the gas pressure increases.
Henry's Law
97
The act of inhaling or breathing in
Inhalation
98
Maximum amount of air that can be inhlaed into the lungs from the normal resting position after breathing out normally
Inspiratory Capacity
99
Pressure withing the lungs
Intrapulmonary Pressure
100
Substance produced by mucous of stomach @ intestines that is essential for absorption of vitamin B12. Lack of this can result in pernicious anemia
Intrinsic Factor
101
Cell clusters in the pancreas that secrete insulin and glucagon.
Islets on Langerhans
102
A layer of connective tissue under the epithelium of a mucous membrane called mucosa, which lines various tubes in the body
Lamina Propria
103
Large Intestine Functions
1. Main-Reabsorbs water @ maintains the fluid balance of the body
2. It absorbs vitamins that are created by bacteria in colon
3. It compacts feces @ stores in rectum
104
Makeup of Saliva
99.5%- water
| .5%-electrolytes, mucous, glycoproteins, enzymes @ antibacterial compounds
105
Chewing or peristalsis (involuntary contractions responsible for movement of food) through the esophagus and intestinal tract. Digestion achieved through a mechanism or movement
Mechanical Digestion
106
Aid in both inspiration @ expiration. The principal muscle are the diaphragm, the external intercostal @ internal intercostal muscles
Muscles of Respirations
107
A muscular layer of the wall of a hollow organ (such as stomach) or tubular structure (such as ureter or intestine)
Muscularis Layer
108
The passage of water molecules from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration until the concentration on both side are equal
Osmosis
109
An entrance or gateway, especially the site where blood vessels @ other supplying or draining structures enter an organ Also called a portal, Site or entrance to an organ. A surface of the liver, where the various vessels, ducts, and nerves enter @ exit the liver.
Porta
110
Volume of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after completion or a normal expiration
Reserve Capacity
111
One of the smaller channels (1mm or less) into which the bronchi divide. The final branch of a bronchiole. Communicating directly with the alveolar ducts
Respiratory Bronchioles
112
The air sacs where gas exchange actually occurs in the lungs
Respiratory Zone
113
The cellular process of releasing a specific product. Substances that are secreted: saliva, mucous, tears, bile, or a hormone
Secretion
114
The upper part of the intestine where digestion is completed @ nutrients are absorbed by the blood. Major organ of absorption of prepared food
Small Intestine
115
3 Sections of Small Intestine
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
116
SOB means
Shortness of Breath
117
Stimulus for Respirations
Stimulus for breathing comes from medulla (medulla oblongata) lies in the brain stem. This signal in involuntary
118
Stomach Functions
1. Main Funct-Stores @ mixes chyme
2. Some digestion @ absorption occur
3. Churning food to enhance digestion
4. Secretes acids @ enzymes (that digest food)
119
Form of sugar in blood
Glucose
120
The last portion of the non-respiratory conducting airway, which subdivides into respiratory bronchioles.
Terminal Bronchioles
121
Tooth Structure
Each tooth has a CROWN, the part above jawline.
A ROOT-part below jawline.
ENAMEL-covers crown
DENTIN-Inner layer of hard bony substance called
PULP-connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves
The root of the tooth is help in place by CEMENTUM
122
KNOW TRACING OF PULMONARY CIRCULATION
IN YOUR NOTES
123
Vocal folds of the larynx
Vocal Cords True
124
False vocal cords
Vestibular Folds
125
Lies below the mucos
Submucos
126
Important in mastication and speech
Lips and Cheeks
127
Roof of Oral Cavity(mouth)
Palate
128
Muscles of Tongue
1. Intrinsic(within tongue)CHANGE SHAPE OF TONGUE
2. Extrinsic (outside tongue)
CHANGE POSITION OF TONGUE
129
Folds in stomach when emply
Rugae
130
Largest internal organ or gland
Liver
131
Outermost covering of digestive tube
Serosa
132
Another name for primary teeth
Deciduous Teeth
133
Cells with microvilli produce digestive enzymes @ absorb digested food
Absorptive Cells
134
Produce protective mucous
Goblet Cells
135
Produce regulatory hormones
Endocrine Cells
136
Small organ under liver, releases bile into duodenum
Gallbladder
137
A lid for the larynx
Epiglottis
138
Site of Tonsils
Pharynx
139
Food passageway posterior to trachea
Esophagus
140
covers glottis during swallowing food
Epiglottis
141
Contains vocal cords
Larynx
142
Increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity
Conchae
143
Separates oral cavity from nasal cavity
Palate
144
Nosebleed
Epistaxis
145
Exchange of gases between inhaled air and blood
External Respiration
146
Exchange of gases between blood and tissue fluids
Internal Respiration
147
Upper Respiratory Organs
Nose, Pharynx, Larynx
148
Lower Respiratory Organs
Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs
149
Pathway of Air
1. Nasal Cavity
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5. Bronchi
6. Bronchioles
7. Alveoli
150
Reoccurring spasms of smooth muscle in the walls of bronchial air passages
Asthma
151
Breathing
Ventilation
152
3 Sections of Pharynx
1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx
153
Very rapid respiration
Hyperventilation
154
Slow and shallow respiration
Hypoventilation
155
Greatest volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after a maximum inspiration
Vital Capacity
156
Maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after a normal expiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume
157
Tapping over the lung area to see if lungs are clear or filled with fluid
Percussion
158
Collapse of lung or part of lung
Atelectasis
159
Difficult breathing especially while lying down
orthopnea
160
Muscle separating chest and abdomen
Diaphragm
161
Outermost covering or an organ or a structure that lies in a body cavity
Serosa Layer
162
Cells that may help protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria
Granular Cells
163
KNOW THE LOBES OF LUNGS
IN YOUR NOTES
164
Boyle's Law
The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a given temperature
165
Boyle's Law
Air flows from areas of higher to lower pressure. When alveolar volume increases, causing pleural pressure to decrease below atmospheric pressure, air moves into the lungs. When alveolar volume decreases, causing pleural pressure to increase above atmospheric pressure, air moves out of the lungs (Law of Breathing)
166
During digestion, stored bile is poured into the duodenum by the ________
Gallbladder
167
The portion of the alimentary canal that mixes food with gastric juices and breaks it down into a mixture called chyme
Stomach
168
What is middle portion of small intestine called
jejunum
169
The crown of the tooth is covered externally with what
enamel
170
What is the layer of tissue that forms the outermost covering of organs found in the digestive tract
Serosa
171
Duodenal ulcers mainly appear where
Small intestine
172
What is an extension of the peritoneum that is shaped like a giant, pleated fan
Mesentery
173
Protein digestion begin in the:
Stomach
174
The enzyme pepsin in concerned primarily with the digestion of :
Proteins
175
The enzyme amylase converts starches to ___________
Sugars
176
Which one is not part of the small intestine:
a. cecum
b. duodenum
c. ileum
d. jejunum
a. Cecum
177
Which one of the following structures does not increase the surface area of the intestine for absorption:
a. brush border
b. plicae
c. rugae
d. villi
b. rugae (it is in the stomach)
178
The union of the cystic duct and hepatic duct form the:
common bile duct
179
Obstruction of the _____________________ will lead to jaundice
Bile Duct
180
The liver is an:
a. endocrine organ
b. endocrine gland
c. enzyme
d. exocrine gland
d. exocrine gland
181
The loops of the digestive tract are anchored to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity by the ________________
Mesentery
182
When the sphincter muscle is weak and the stomach contents flow up into the esophagus the condition is____________
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
183
A back flow of the acid gastric juices causes indigestion or _____________
Vomiting
184
A narrowing of the sphincter at the lower end of the stomach causing projectile vomiting is _______________________
Pyloric Stenosis
185
Liver disease, characterized by replacement of the normal tissue with fibrotic connective tissue, usually caused by excessive consumption of alcohol is known as________________________
Cirrhosis
186
Loose watery bowel movements that can lead to dehydration are called___________
Diarrhea
187
The bacterial population of the colon is also referred to as the normal______________
Flora
188
The passage of food through the digestive tract takes approximately _________hours
24-72
189
3 kinds of papillae found on the tongue are:
1. fungiform
2. filiform
3. circumvallate papillae
190
The churning of food in the stomach is an example of the ____________breakdown of food.
Mechanical
191
____________breakdown occurs when digestive enzymes act on food as is passes through the digestive tract.
Chemical
192
the liver prepares urea the chief waste product of:
Protein metabolism
193
The gallbladder stores bile, which is released when:
Foods high in fat content enter the stomach
194
The large intestine connects with the small intestine at the:
ileocecal Valve
195
The large intestine is:
Shorter in length and larger in diameter than the small intestine
196
The large intestine is also known at the:
Colon
197
Below the ileocecal valve is a blind pouch called the :
Cecum
198
A general term for infection of the gums is:
Gingivitis
199
The ducts of the ___________glands open into the floor of the mouth.
Sublingual
200
The volume of saliva secreted per day is about:
One Liter
201
Mumps are an infection of the:
Parotid Gland
202
The portion of the tooth that is covered with enamel is the:
Crown
203
The portion of the digestive tract in which digestion begins is the:
Oral Cavity
204
During swallowing:
The swallowing center in the medulla oblongata is activated
205
Why doesn't the stomach digest itself
the stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus
206
The digestive tract extends from the mouth to the _______
Anus
207
The inside or hollow space within the alimentary canal is called the _________
Lumen
208
The connective tissue layer that lies beneath the lining of the digestive tract is the ___________________
Submucosa
209
Foods undergo 3 kinds of processing in the body:
1. Digestion
2. Absorption
3. Metabolism
210
The muscularis contracts and moves food through the gastrointestinal tract by a process known as _________________
Peristalsis
211
Which of these stomach cell types in NOT correctly matched with its functions
a. surface mucous cells: produce mucus
b. parietal cells: produce hydrochloric acid
c. chief cells: produce intrinsic factor
d. endocrine cells: produce regulatory hormones
c. Chief cells: produce intrinsic factor
CORRECT
Chief cells: produce pepsinogen
212
3 Layers of the stomach
1. Fundus
2. Body
3. Pylorus
213
4 Major types of teeth found in the human mouth:
1. incisor
2. canine
3. premolars
4. molars
214
The name given to the digested material moving through the intestine is
Chyme
215
2 Bones that make up the hard palate
Maxilla @ Palatine
216
The spot in the diaphragm that the esophagus passes through
Hiatus
217
The major hormone released by the islets of Langerhans
Insulin
218
Pancreas is made of 2 major tissue or cell types what are are they
Endocrine @ Exocrine
219
The nasal cavity
Has passageways called conchae
220
The trachea posseses:
C-Shaped pieces of Cartilage
221
During the process of inspiration, which of the following pressures decrease when compared with the beginning of inspiration:
Alveolar Pressure
222
During the process of expiration the alveolar pressure is:
Greater than the barometric pressure
223
A patient expires normally; then using forced expiration, he blows as much air as possible into a spirometer. This measures the:
Expiratory Reserve
224
Oxygen is mostly transported in the blood:
Dissolved in plasms
225
Which of the following increase the rate of gas exchange across the respiratory membranes
Increases in partial pressure differences of gases across the respiratory membrane
226
The chemosensitive area:
1. Stimulates the respiratory center when blood carbon dioxide levels increase
2. Stimulates the respiratory center when blood pH increases
3. Is located in the pons
227
In response to exercise training:
1. Tidal volume at rest does not change
2. Minute ventilation during maximal exercise increases
3. The brain learns to match ventilation to exercise intensity
228
Blood oxygen levels:
are detected by sensory receptors in the carotid and aortic bodies
229
Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are characterized by :
Sensitive to increases in blood carbon dioxide levels
230
What is the largest amount of air that we can breathe in and out in one inspiration and expiration called
Vital Capacity
231
Which body function is made possible by the existence of fibrous bands stretched across the larynx
Speech
232
Which of the following is true of the exchange of respiratory gases between lungs and blood
It takes place by diffusion
| It is called external respirations
233
When the diaphragm contracts, which phase of ventilation is taking place
Inspiration
234
What is the lowest segment of the pharynx called
Laryngopharynx
235
What is the narrow upper portion of a lung called
Apex
236
The trachea is made almost noncollapsible by:
Rings of Cartilage
237
The process of the atmosphere and body cells exchanging gases is called:
Respiration
238
The portion of the larynx that prevent objects from entering the trachea are:
Epiglottis
239
The right and left bronchi arise from the trachea at the
Fifth Thoracic Vertebra
240
Which lung is larger
Right
241
The force responsible for expiration comes mainly from:
Elastic recoil of tissues in the lung and thoracic wall
242
The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs during a normal, quiet respirations is the :
Tidal Volume
243
The turbinates, or nasal concha are responsible for"
Increasing the surface area of the nasal cavity causing turbulence
244
Air is warmed and moistened by the following structures:
1. mucous membranes of the sinuses
2. blood vessels
3. mucous membrane
245
Sound is produced when the air is:
vibrated by the glottis
246
Listening to the lungs is a skill called
Auscultation
247
Small air-filled chambers that are the major site of gas exchange
Alveoli
248
Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart
Pulmonary Veins
249
Mixture of lipoprotein molecules produced by secretory cells of the alveolar epithelium; reduces the tendency for the lungs to collapse
Surfactant
250
A device used to measure pulmonary volumes
Spirometer
251
20-30% of carbon dioxide is transported bound to these
Hemoglobin
252
Lower than normal blood carbon dioxide levels
Hypocapnia
253
The substance is major regulator of respiration because of its effect on pH
Carbon Dioxide
254
Windpipe of the body
Trachea
255
The presence of air in the pleural space on one side of the chest
Pneumothorax
256
How many baby teeth do humans have
20
257
Surrounds wall of pulp cavity
Dentin
258
What age do third molars (wisdom teeth) appear
17-24 years
259
Tube-like structure function as part of both respiratory and digestive systems
Pharynx
260
Keeps food from entering nasal cavity
Uvula
261
Thin membrane that attaches tongue to the floor of the mouth
Frenulum
262
Where is the gallbladder
Under liver
263
Solid clumps of cholesterol that have crystalized
Gallstones
264
Secretes bile
Liver
265
Where is pancreas
Behind Stomach
266
Where is appendix
Right Side, attached to cecum
267
The liver manufactures all of the following plasma proteins:
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Prothrombin
268
Parts of the roof of the mouth
maxillary
palatine bones
soft palate
uvula
269
Creates the acid condition necessary for pepsin to work
HCL
270
Teeth are distributed in 2 dental arches:
Maxillary Arch
| Mandibular Arch
271
Digestive System Includes
```
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Anus
```
272
Accessory Organs Include
Salivary Glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
273
What is HCL
Initials for hydrochloric acid. A normal gastric juice in humans. It is secreted by the stomach and creates the acid condition necessary for pepsin to work
274
Anterior 2/3 of tongue is covered with____________________
| Posterior 1/3 has none
Papillae (taste buds)
275
Oxygen deficiency --an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues
Asphyxia
276
Gas exchange takes place in the
Alveoli
