study guide for digest and resp Flashcards
A disease that causes an irritable airway prone to spasm
Asthma
After eating the muscular movements of the stomach and the mixing of food with gastric juice forms a semifluid mass
Chyme
Chronic liver disease usually caused by poor nutrition and excessive alcohol consumption
Cirrhosis
3 bony ridges on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity
Conchae
The release of feces or stool is the act of
Defecation
Lung disorder may occur in the alveoli
Emphysema
Covers the opening of the larnyx during swallowing
Epiglottis
Low amount of oxygen to the tissues
Hypoxia
Voice box
Larynx
Food passageway posterior to the trachia
Esophagus
The chewing process
Mastication
Very rapid respiration
Hyperventilation
Slow and shallow respiration
Hypoventilation
Throat
Pharynx
Windpipe
Trachea
C-shaped ring of hyaline cartilage that keep airway open
Trachea
Mixture of lipoprotein molecules produced by secretory cells of the alveolar epithelium; reduces the tendency for the lungs to collapse
Surfactant
Thyroid cartilage
Adam’s Apple
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one breath at rest
Tidal Volume
The lungs are enclosed in a double layered serous membrane called the
Pleura
How many lobes does each side of the lung have
Right-3
Left-2
Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
Parietal Pleura
Exchange of gases between inhaled air and blood
External Respiration
Exchange of gases between blood and tissue fluids
Internal Respiration
2 Functions of Respiratory System
- Air Distributor
2. Gas Exchange
Largest amount of air you can breathe out or in one breath ( in one expiration/inhalation)
Vital Capacity
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond that of normal exhalation at rest
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Formed by simple squamous epithelium, and they facilitate diffusion of gases
Alveoli
The inner folds of pleura, lying closest to lungs
Visceral Pleura
Outer folds of pleura, lying closest to the ribs and wall of thoracic cavity
Parietal Pleura
One of the 2 airways from the trachea to the lungs
Bronchus
Fine subdivisions of the bronchi made of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
Bronchiole
Lid for the Larynx
Epiglottis
Distention of the alveoli with swelling and inflation of lung tissue. The walls of the alveoli are replaced by larger sacs. Often caused by prolonged smoking.
Emphysema
Extends across the floor of the oral cavity @ is attached by muscles to the lower jaw bone. Moves food around during chewing @ swallowing. Covered with small projections called papillae, which contain cells-taste buds
Tongue
Name of involuntary progressive wavelike contractions of the esophagus that propels food through the system
Peristalsis
A pear-shaped sac under the liver that stores@ concentrates the bile for later use
Gallbladder
Is both an endocrine and exocrine organ. As an exocrine gland (secreting into a tube leading outward) it produces pancreatic juices filled with enzymes to digest food. As endocrine gland (secretes into blood stream) the pancreas secretes insulin
Pancreas
Hormone needed to help releae sugar from blood to be used by cells of the body
Insulin
Passage of materials into the bloodstream
Absorption
Pigment release by the liver in bile, produced from destruction of hemoglobin
Bilirubin
Digestive juices produced by salivary glands
Saliva
Anterior part of the nasal cavity made of stratified squamous epithelial and mucous membranes. Inside vestibules small hairs filter dust @ other matter that you breathe in
Vestibule
A protein produced in the stomach. It begins the process of digesting the proteins found in food. Produced in inactive form, and is activated by hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Pepsin
Surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket
Periodontal (Membrane)\
Bacterial infection of the gums and bone that if not treated can cause you to lose your teeth
Periodontal (Disease)
Peri-Surrounding
odont-tooth
al-pertaining to
Meaning of periodontal
In humans you have 32. 2nd set of teeth 1st ones appear about 6yrs.
Permanent Teeth
Also called baby teeth, or milk teeth. 1st primary teeth. Usually appear about 6mo
Primary Teeth
A ringlike cartilage forming the lower and back part of the larynx, composed of hyaline cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Blood flowing through the skin imparts a reddish hue. An inflammatory response stimulated by infections, sunburn, allergic reactions, insect bites, or other causes can produce this, as can exposure to the cold and blushing or flushing when angry or hot.
Erythema
The appearance of blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissue near the skin surface being low on oxygen
Cyanosis
Part of the larynx that contains the vocal cords. Is instrumental in the development and creation of speech in humans. Primary function-pronunciation
Glottis
Elongated epithelial cell. Taller than they are wide
Columnar Cells
The type of tissue that lines parts of the respiratory system. Epithelial tissues cover and protect various parts of the body. Ciliated refers to hair that projects from the surface. Pseudo means “false” and stratified means “layers”. Pseudostratified epithelial tissues look like there are multiple layers, but there is really only one. When the nuclei don’t line up it causes a pseudostratified appearance
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
Coughing up blood
Hemoptysis
A liver infection caused by hepatitis A virus. Very contagious and easily spread. The disease is usually mild and doesn’t require treatment. It is transmitted through contaminated food, water or being in close contact with infected person
Hepatitis A
A liver disease caused by hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis B is transmitted through contact with infected persons blood, semen, or other body fluids
Hepatitis B
The oral taking of substances into the body, both nutrients and medication
Ingestion
A hormone that causes the production of a number of other hormones to be inhibited or reduced. This hormone plays a vital role in controlling and regulating growth and cell division.
Somatostatin
External midline projection from the face. Purpose-1) warm 2) clean 3) humidify the air a person breathes in
Helps person taste and smell. Divided into 2 passageways-septum. Opening to these passageways are nostrils. Bony projections called turbinates (conchae), protrude into each breathing passage. They help increase surface area inside of the nose. 3 Turbinates on each side of nose 1) inferior 2) middle 3) superior
The sinuses are 4 paired air-filled chambers that empty into the nasal cavity
Nose
A fat pad in the cheek under the subcutaneous layer of skin over the buccinator. Rounds out the profile of the side of face. Prominent in infants, often called a sucking pad
Buccal Fat Pads
The main muscle of the cheek. It flatten the cheek against the teeth. It acts as an important muscle of mastication (chewing) by holding food under teeth.
Buccinator
Your airways become swollen and tight, making it hard for air to move in or out of your lungs. More mucous may form in your airways, making it more difficult to breathe. Resulting in a daily cough. Stimulates production of mucous. Common in people who have smoked for extended periods
Chronic Bronchitis
Type of connective tissue. Found on outermost layer of some organs and structures in body. Primarily comprised of collagen. Designed to provide structure and support to organs. Keeps organs in place as we as binding different physical structures together. Provides layer of defense for underlying structures. Also, a shock absorber when body sustains trauma.
Adventitia
The act or process of swallowing
Deglutition
A layer of loose connective tissue beneath a mucous membrane
Submucosa Layer
Responsible for the secretion of substances used in digestion. Used to protect the stomach walls from the highly acidic substances in the stomach such as hydrochloric acid. The thin layer lining the inside of the gastrointestinal walls.
Mucosa Layer
A defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue, produced by sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue. An erosion of the gastric mucosa, attributed to physical or mental stress
Stress Ulcers
Glandular simple columnar epithelial cells whose sole function is to secrete mucin, which dissolves in water to form mucous
Goblet Cells
An enzyme in your saliva that starts digestion before food gets in your stomach and intestines. It breaks down polysaccharides into monosaccharides, (turns complex carbs into simple ones) this starts the digestion process early, making the rest of the process more efficient
Salivary Amylase
Lungs are enclosed in a double layer called
Pleura
Has indirect involvement in a bodily process. Aids a systems primary organs in conducting functions, like digestion. Found in various areas of the body, including skin and the abdominal and chest cavities.
Examples of Accessory organs:
Teeth @ Tongue-aid in digestion
Salivary glands-provide mouth with saliva
Pancreas
Accessory Organs
Type of cell in pancreas. Located in areas called islets of Langerhans where they constitute the predominant type of cell. They make and release insulin ( a hormone that controls the level of glucose in the blood). Degeneration of beta cells is main cause of Type 1 Diabetes
Beta Cells
a cartilaginous ridge within the trachea that runs antero-posteriorly-between the 2 primary bronchi at the site of the tracheal bilffurcation at the lower end or the trachea (usually at level of 5th thoracic vertebra). The ridge lies to left of midline. The mucous membrane of the Carina is the most sensitive area of the trachea @ larynx for triggering a cough reflex.
Carina (of Trachea)
Law of Volume. It is an experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand when heated
Charle’s Law
Digestive enzymes act on food as it passes through the digestive tract
Chemical Digestion
A sensory nerve cell activated by chemical stimuli. For example, chemoreceptors in the carotid artery are sensitive to partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood; they signal the respiratory center in the brain to increase or decrease the rate of breathing
Chemoreceptors
Part of the airway responsible for moving air into the lungs while removing particles
Conducting Zone
Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Terminal Bronchioles
Conducting Zone Parts
Atomic Theory of Matter. Law stating that pressure exerted by a mixture of gases in a fixed volume is equal to the sum of the pressure that would be exerted by each gas alone in the same volume
Dalton’s Law
A type of cell located in tissue called the Islets on Langerhans in the pancreas. They make somatostatin-A hormone that inhibits the release of numerous hormones in the body
Delta Cells
The act or process of converting food into chemical substances that can be absorbed @ assimilated by the body
Digestion
Brunner’s glands, which secrete mucous, are found in the duodenum. The duodemun wall composed of very thin wall of cells that form muscularis mucosa
Duodenal Cells
A peptic ulcer which form in the upper small intestine. Most commonly caused by infection or frequent use of anti-inflammatory drugs
Duodenal Ulcers
Can be found in glands of the endocrine system. Glandular secratory cells that release their secretions internally rather than on an epithelial surface. The hormones secreted transport throughout body via the blood
Endocrine Cells
Lines body cavities and passageways and covers internal organs
Epithelial Membrane
Esophagus Functions
- Muscular walls of the esophagus contract to push food down into stomach
- Glands in the lining of the esophagus produce mucous, keeps passageway moist @ helps in swallowing
- Provides place for food to travel down to your stomach
Process by which oxygen is transferred from the atmosphere to bodily tissues for use in metabolism; and the gas produced by metabolism, carbon dioxide is transferred from tissues to the atmosphere
Exchange of Gases
Breathing Out
Exhalation
Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate
May increase with fever, illness, or other medical conditions, exercise, alcohol, drugs can affect a persons rate, age
Passage through a filter or other material that prevents passage of certain molecules, particles or substances
Filtration
Four Basic Layer of Digestive System
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis
- Serosa
A hole in the lining of the stomach, corroded by acidic digestive juices which are secreted by the stomach cells. Ulcer formation related to H. pyloridus bacteria in the stomach, anti-inflammitory meds, smoking cigarettes
Gastric Ulcers
Converted glucose stored in the liver for future use, starch that can be converted into glucose
Glycogen
Law stating the mass of dissolved gas in a given volume of solvent at equilibrium is proportional to the parietal pressures of the gas. The amount of the gas that will be absorbed by water increase as the gas pressure increases.
Henry’s Law
The act of inhaling or breathing in
Inhalation
Maximum amount of air that can be inhlaed into the lungs from the normal resting position after breathing out normally
Inspiratory Capacity
Pressure withing the lungs
Intrapulmonary Pressure
Substance produced by mucous of stomach @ intestines that is essential for absorption of vitamin B12. Lack of this can result in pernicious anemia
Intrinsic Factor
Cell clusters in the pancreas that secrete insulin and glucagon.
Islets on Langerhans
A layer of connective tissue under the epithelium of a mucous membrane called mucosa, which lines various tubes in the body
Lamina Propria
Large Intestine Functions
- Main-Reabsorbs water @ maintains the fluid balance of the body
- It absorbs vitamins that are created by bacteria in colon
- It compacts feces @ stores in rectum
Makeup of Saliva
99.5%- water
.5%-electrolytes, mucous, glycoproteins, enzymes @ antibacterial compounds
Chewing or peristalsis (involuntary contractions responsible for movement of food) through the esophagus and intestinal tract. Digestion achieved through a mechanism or movement
Mechanical Digestion
Aid in both inspiration @ expiration. The principal muscle are the diaphragm, the external intercostal @ internal intercostal muscles
Muscles of Respirations
A muscular layer of the wall of a hollow organ (such as stomach) or tubular structure (such as ureter or intestine)
Muscularis Layer
The passage of water molecules from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration until the concentration on both side are equal
Osmosis
An entrance or gateway, especially the site where blood vessels @ other supplying or draining structures enter an organ Also called a portal, Site or entrance to an organ. A surface of the liver, where the various vessels, ducts, and nerves enter @ exit the liver.
Porta
