final study guide 101-1 Flashcards
4 elements of the human body
OXYGEN HYDROGEN CARBON NITROGEN CALCIUM
the electrical activity developed in a muscle or nerve cell during activity
ACTION POTENTIAL
The fron section of the eye’s interior where aqueous humor flows in and out providing nourishment to the eye and surrounding tissues
ANTERIOR CHAMBER
Blind Spot of the eye
The blind spot is the location on the retina known as the optic disk where the optic nerve fiber exit the back of the eye. Because there are no cones or rods at this point on the retina, there is a very small gap in the visual field
The blind spots in each eye are aligned symmetrically so that most of the time, one eye’s field of vision will compensate for the loss of vision in the other eye.
what type of tissue is blood
Blood is considered to be a connective tissue in which the intercellular material is plasma for blood
What is cartilage
Cartilage is a stiff yet flexible connective tissue found in many areas in the body, including the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the elbow, the knee, the ankle, the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral discs. It is not as hard and rigid as bone but is stiffer as less flexible than muscle.
It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes
Cartilage is classified in 3 types:
ELASTIC CARTILAGE
HYALINE CARTILAGE
FIBROCARTILAGE
Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not contain blood vessels.
Compared to other connective tissues, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly
Conjunctivitis
An inflammation of the conjunctiva that is uaually caused by an infection or allergy; also known as PINK EYE
The transparent outer surface of the eye covering the iris and pupil
The clear front window of the eye, which transmits and focuses light into the eye.
CORNEA
The shaft of central part of a long bone
DIAPHYSIS
What is the EPIPHYSEAL LINE
The part of the bone that replaces the epiphyseal growth plate in long bones once a person has reached their full adult height
An epiphyseal line looks like a thin dark streak that stretches horizontally across the rounded ends of the bone.
Formation of the epiphyseal line takes place over many years
The presence of an epiphyseal line on the long bones can be used to indicate the age of skeletal remains
What is the EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
The area at the long end of a bone that contains growing bone
As people develop, the bone grows longer as a result of activity inside this area
These plates permit growth after birth, allowing the long bones of the body to extend and a person to grow as he or she reaches maturity
Stiffening of the joints and muscles of a body after death
RIGOR MOTIS
The technical name for table sugar, cane sugar, or whit sugar, is made of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule bound together
SUCROSE
Refers to a form of arthritis caused by deposits of needle-like crystals of uric acid
GOUTY ARTHRITIS
Is one of the most painful rheumatic diseases
Usually strikes a single joint, most commonly the big toe
Men are more likely to develop than women
An empty space, a gap
A cavity, space, or depression, especially in a bone containing cartilage or bone cells
LACUNAE
a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a fluid
pH
(The pH of any fluid is the measue of its HYDROGEN ION (H+). The pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of the H+ ion concentration expressed in molarity)
A chronic pathological condition in which the muscles are affected by persistent spasms and exaggerated tendon reflexes because of damage to the central nervous system
SPASTIC PERALYSIS
What is in the Cranial Cavity
BRAIN
PITUITARY GLAND
VARIOUS SPINAL + CRANIAL NERVES
BLOOD VESSELS
MENINGES (membranes surround central nervous system)
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (shock absorber for brain)
The clear, flexible, curved structure that focuses images on the retina
LENS
A small region in the eye where the nerve endings of the retinal enter the optic nerve
OPTIC DISC
The transparent mucous membrane that line the underside of each eyelid
CONJUNCTIVA
LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
- BASAL LAYER
- SQUAMOUS LAYER
- STRATUM GRANULOSUM
- STRATUM LUCIDUM
- STRATUM CORNEUM
A disorder of the sense of balance and equilibrium and the sense of spatial orientation that is caused by repeated motion such as the swell of the sea, movement of a car, or motion of a plane in turbulent air
It is due to irritation of a portion of the inner ear called the labyrinth
symptoms: nausea, vomiting, and vertigo, sweating, general ill feeling
MOTION SICKNESS
The process by which a cell engulfs particles such as bacteria, other microorganisms, aged red blood cells, foreign matter, etc.
PHAGOCYTOSIS
Characteristics of Compact Bone
also called Cortical Bone
- Closely packed osteons (Haversian Systems) and multiple stacked layers with few gaps
- Extremely hard and dense (forms the surface of bones)
- Provides support to body and protects organs
- Provides levers for movements and stores minerals
- The center of each osteon is the central canal, a space that houses blood vessels and nerves that supply bone
Characteristics of Spongy Bone
also called Trabecular or Cancellous Bone
- Is spongy and makes up the bulk of the interior of most bones, including verrebrae
- Network of irregularly-shaped sheets and spikes of bone
- There are no blood vessels within the matrix of spongy bone
Characteristics of irregular bone
- Have complex irregular shapes
- They do not fit into any other category of bone
- Many irregular bones are short, flat, notched, or ridged, with extensions that protrude from their many bone parts
- EXAMPLES: spinal vertebrae, many bones of the face and skull, and hipbones
Functions of Apocrine (Glands)
To cool the surface of the skin and reduce body terperature
- Go into action during puberty
- They produce sweat
- They ascend toward the hair follicle
The most numerous of the 4 main types of papillae, which are arranged in fairly regular rows running parallel to the central groove of the tongue
Acts as an abrasive coating, which helps give the tongue a cleaning and rasping action
Filiform Papillae
also called conical papillae
Function of Lens
Helps focus light onto the retina
Can also alter shape (accommodation) this allows us to alter the focus of the eye (ex: look from the TV to a book)
The lens is also where cataracts form
Causes of Conductive Deafness
(occurs when sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer ear canal to the eardrum and the tiny bones of the middle ear)
- Fluid in middle ear from colds
- Ear infection
- Allergies
- Poor Eustachian tube function
- Perforated eardrum
- Benign Tumors
- Impacted earwax
- Infection in the ear canal
- Swimmer’s Ear
- Presence of a foreign body
- Absence or malformation of the outer ear, ear canal, or middle ear
Characteristics of Collagen Fibers
your organs are held together by a dense network of tough, elastic protein fibers. The most abundant is collagen
- Stretchability
- Flexibility
- Strength and your ability to repair and replace it throughout life in spite of its chemical complexity
An insufficient supply of blood to an organ
Usually due to a blocked artery
Ischemia
(complete ischemia-no oxygen reaches target area. If not corrected quickly will lead to an infarct)
Infarct-(when there is death of tissue with surrounding inflammation due to sudden + complete loss of arterial blood supply)
Functions of Aqueous Humor
Aqueous Humor-(thick watery substance filling the space between the lens and the cornea)
- Maintains the intraocular pressure and inflates the globe of the eye
- Provides nutrition for the avascular ocular tissues; posterior cornea, trabecular meshwork, lens, and anteriro vitreous
- May serve to transport ascorbate in the anterior segment to act as an anti-oxidant agent
- Presence of immunoglobulins indicate a role in immune response to defend against pathogens
Characteristics of Plasma Membrane
- Extremely thin layer of lipids and protein that forms outer boundary of every cell
- Controls movement of molecules between the cell and its environment
- Participates in joining cells to form tissues and organs
- Plays important role in the ability of a cell to respond to changes in the cell’s environment
Characteristics of Reticular Fibers
Short fibers that cluster into delicate networks that cover and support all structures bordering connective tissue. They allow more give than collagen fibers
