bones and muscles 3 Flashcards
Excessive uric acid levels in blood.
Uric acid comes from breakdown of purines inside body.
Found in drinks and foods such as: beer, wine, beans, anchovies, and peas.
When too much uric acid accumulates in bloodstream it forms crystals.They get deposited in many tissues, involving several joints in body.
Most common appendage affected-Big Toe
Gouty Arthritis (Gout)
Facts About Gouty Arthritis
May effect-elbows, ankles, knees, wrists, and fingers.
Symptoms-sharp pain, redness, tenderness, and swelling of affected joint.
Symptoms-usually appear at night.
Pain unbearable and worse with movement
Men have increased risk of disease
A joint that anchors a tooth to its socket. Line upper and lower jaw in each tooth socket.
Gomphosis
Facts About Gomphosis
Known as peg and socket joints
Each tooth has bony protrusions (pegs) that latch into the socket with assistance of the gomphosis.
This joint is synarthrosis(joint with little or no movement)
Disorder that can affect gomphosis-Scurvy
Scurvy-teeth and gums dissolve
Muscle that makes up majority of buttocks. Larges muscle in body
Gluteus Maximus
Facts about Gluteus Maximus
Main Action-Extend thigh @ the hip to assist in lateral rotation of the upper leg.
Also, extendor of pelvis that goes to thigh.
Helps support trunk.
Many people consider it to be strongest muscle.
Type of joint in which the articulating surface of the involved bones are flat or only slightly curved.
The unique flat shape of the articulating surfaces let bones slide over one another
Allowing a large range of motion.
(ex: joints in spine, wrist, foot and clavicle)
Gliding Joints (Plane Joints)
Skeletal Muscle and other tissue produce this even while at rest. The body creates this as it breaks down carbs to produce energy.
Lactic Acid
Facts About Lactic Acid
The acid only becomes an issue when there are large amount of it.
This can happen when there is not enough oxygen in body to completely break down glucose during physical activity.
Lactic Acid-known as 2-hydrooxypropanoic or milk acid compound formed when glucose broken down under certain conditions.
Important part of producing energy for strenuous exercise @ helps with certain liver functions.
Can cause burning sensations in muscles
Characteristic shared by nerve cells; the ability to respond to a stimulus
Excitability
Movement in which the angle between 2 adjoining bones is decreased as in flexion or increase as in extension.
Angular Movements
When you move your arm from an extended position (away from body) down, close to the side and close to midline
Adduct the Arm
Consists of a ball (head) at the end of one bone and a socket in an adjacent bone, into which a portion of the ball fits.
This type of joint allows for a wide range of movement in almost any direction
(ex: shoulder @ hips)
Ball-and-Socket Joints
a 2-Headed muscle. Lies on upper arm between shoulder and elbow on front of arm
Responsible for 2 Actions
1. Elbow Flexion
2. Forearm Rotation-act of turning forearm palm-up
Biceps Brachii
Are created through the constriction of muscles and the effect that has on the skeleton.
Gives us insight into how people sit, stand, walk, jump, run, etc.
Is used in human factors work to help represent what the human body is capable of.
Body Mechanics
The quality of moving freely or being mobile
Complete Mobility
Allows muscle to shorten with force, to lengthen passively and to move
Contractility
Muscle that separates chest from abdomen
Diaphragm
To move top of foot upward by moving ankle joint and using front shin muscles to pull toes toward knee
Dorsiflex
Occurs in 90% of cases, Turning inward, weight is on outer edge of foot (rolling out)
Inversion of Foot
One of the muscles that control movement at the wrist.
Found on same side as back of hand.
It is an extensor of the wrist, meaning it bends wrist backwards.
Extensor Capri Radials Brevis (Muscle
Movement of a structure about its axis. As in rotating head, the humerus, or entire body.
Rotation
Functions of Bones
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Storage (of minerals)
- Blood Cell Production
The concavity in the head of the scapula that receives the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint. A shallow depression on a bone into which another bone fits to form a joint.
Glenoid Process
Articulation between 2 or more bones.
Permits little to no movement between bones.
Contains mostly collagen linking the bones together
Fibrous Joints (ex: junction between bones of cranium or skull, those between parallel long bones in lower leg, between teeth and jawbone)
Type of cartilage found on may joint surfaces. It is pearly bluish in color with firm consistency @ considerable collagen
Hyaline Cartilage
Is one of the turbinates in the nose. It extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. It consists of lamina @ spongy bone. A curved bony plate. The projection is scroll-like.
Inferior Nasal Conchae
If you turn your foot so the outside of your foot points down @ the big toe is uppermost. Puts the weight on the outside edge of foot (rolling out)
Inversion
If you turn your foot so the outside of your foot points up and your big toe is down. The weight is on the inside edge of the foot (rolling in)
Eversion
Muscle shortens under a constant load. Characterized by a change in both muscle length @ joint angle.
Isotonic Contractions
Isotonic Exercises Involve:
The rhythmic, repetitive motion of large muscle groups.
strength training, cardiovascular exercise
Bone of or relating to tears
The smallest @ most fragile bone of the face
Lacrimal Bone
Name for bony prominence on each side of ankle.
Lateral Malleous
When people experience an ankle fracture, this bone can be involved in fracture.
The bony prominence on the fibula
Lateral Malleous
A broad, flat muscle on either side of the back
Large triangular muscles of the thoracic @ lumbar areas of the back.
It extends, adducts, @ rotates the arm medially
Draws shoulder back @ down
Draws body up when climbing.
Latissimus Dorsi
A muscle whose contraction causes the raising of a part of the body.
Can be found in the body from head to toe
(ex: eyelids, arms, shoulders, mouth)
Levator
The central cavity of a bone shaft where red bone marrow or yellow bone marrow is stored.
The canal runs through the center of the diaphysis.
Found in long bones of arms @ legs.
Medullary Cavity
Medullary cavity also known as:
Marrow cavity
Sphincter muscle around the mouth. Responsible for some mouth movements.
The ability to pucker the lips when the mouth is closed.
Orbicularis Oris
A skeletal muscle that draws down the scapula or raises the ribs.
A triangular muscle, situated at the upper part of the chest. The small chest muscles.
Pectoralis Minor
Facts About: The Strength of Skeletal Muscle Contractions
The strength of muscle contractions varies from weak to strong. The force of a contraction is increased in 2 ways:
1. Summation-Increasing the force of a contraction of the muscle fibers within the muscle
2. Recruitment-Increasing the number of muscle fibers contracting.
When a muscle fiber is stimulated in rapid succession, it contracts with greater force with each subsequent stimulus-This is called Treppe.
Facts About Treppe
Treppe is an increase in the force of contraction during the first few contraction of a rested muscle. After a few contractions, the levels of tension produced by all the contractions are equal.
Facts about Muscle Contractions
The force of contraction of a whole muscle increases with increased frequency of stimulation because of an increasing concentration of Ca2+ around the myofibrils and because of complete stretching of muscle elastic elements.
