final study guide 101-4

Question 1

Function of Autonomic Ganglia

Any of the ganglia of the autonomic system whose unmyelinated fibers innervate the internal organs

Answer 1

Clusters of neural cell bodies (ganglia) that are a JUNCTION between the autonomic nerves originating from the Central Nervous System (CNS) to its target skeletal muscle then travels to their target organ

Question 2

Function of Accessory Nerve

The Accessory Nerve is a nerve that controls specific muscles of the shoulder and neck

Answer 2

The Accessory Nerve provides motor inneration from the central nervous system to two muscles of the neck (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles)

Question 3

Function of Axon

Axon-is found on the end of a nerve cell in the body

Answer 3

Its primary function-Is to conduct electrical signals from that neuron to receptor sites known as dendrites on other neuron surfaces

Also, to enhance signal transmission through the use of Myelin (forms a protective sheath) Myelin speed up their transmission

Like a form of data processing within the human brain

Question 4

functional unit of Skeletal Muscle

Answer 4

Sacromeres

Question 5

Function of Microglia

Answer 5

They act as the first and main ACTIVE immune defense in the Central Nervous System (CNS)

Microglia phagocytize pathogens within the CNS

Question 6

Functions of Nociceptors

Answer 6

Are a group of cells that sense painful stimuli and sends these nerve signals to the brain and the spinal cord

Noriceptors respond to thermal, mechanical or chemical stresses

Question 7

Functions of Olfactory Cortex

the olfactory cortex is located within the medial temporal lobes

Answer 7

1. Conscious Awareness of Odors
2. Identification of Odors
3. Receives Sensory Information from the Olfactory Bulb

Question 8

Make up of Lining of Serous Membrane

(a thin membrane that helps body parts move more easily and reduces friction between them. Also known as Serosa

Answer 8

Made up of 2 layers of tissue with a thin layer of serous fluid in the middle

One layer is made up of Mesothelium which produces fluid
The other layer is made of Connective Tissue which attaches the membrane to other parts of the body and provides blood and nerves for the epithelial layer

Serous fluid itself is a thin liquid that’s normally pale yellow

Question 9

Functions of the Primary Gustatory Cortex

In the area of the brain that controls the sense of taste

Answer 9

A brain structure responsible for the Perception of Taste

Question 10

Functions of Enkephalins and Endorphins

Answer 10

1. Body’s natural PAIN KILLERS
2. Brain releases Endorphins + Enkephalins
3. Enkephalins block pain signals in the spinal cord
4. Endorphins block pain at the brain stem
5. Both are MORPHINE-LIKE Substances

Question 11

Functions of Interoceptors

Answer 11

Receptors, especially of the viscera that respond to stimuli arising within the body

Question 12

Function of Limbic Association Area

Answer 12

1. Provides your emotional impact
2. Primarily concerned with beharior, emotion, and motivation
3. Associated with the limbic system that provides most of the emotional drives for setting the other areas of the brain into action + provides the motivational drive for learning

Question 13

Found in specific types of muscle fibers
Stores calcuim ions + releases them into the body
Regulates CALCIUM LEVELS in body
Found primarily in cardiac muscle and striated muscle

Answer 13

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Question 14

Stimulated by hydrogen ions of acidic food substances

Answer 14

Sour Taste Buds

Question 15

Lining Buccal Cavity

Answer 15

Oral Mucosa-Stratified Squamous Epithelium that protects the mouth from abrasion during eating

Question 16

1. Provides a Pathway for Neurons

2. Small tubules that run transversly through a muscle fiber through which electrical impulses are transmitted

Answer 16

T-Tubules

Question 17

What are Salts

Answer 17

Any compound of a Base + and Acid

Question 18

What is the makeup of Connective Tissue

Answer 18

1. Collagen Fibers (strongest, most common)
2. Reticular Fibers
3. Elastic fibers

Question 19

Structure of Compact Bone

Answer 19

1. Usually found in long bone
2. Consists of units called osteons-(each is called a Haversian System with a series of canals, concentric rings, +
   bone cells (osteocytes)
3. Structure is typically DENSE
4. Protects inner sections
5. Helps long bones tolerate weight + stress during physical activity
6. Compact bones also contain lamellae (made of calcium + phosphate) and collagen fibers

Question 20

3 Steps in Tissue Repair

Answer 20

1. Inflammation
2. Organization-restores the blood supply
3. Regeneration

Question 21

Stretching of Muscles

Answer 21

1. Stretching is a form of physical exercise in which a specific muscle or tendon is deliberately flexed or stretched in order to improve the muscles felt elasticity + achieve comfortable muscle tone
2. Result-A feeling of increased muscle control, flexibility + range of motion
3. Stretching helps alleviate cramps

Question 22

What do you know about Lactic Acid

Answer 22

1. An organic acid produced in muscle tissue during strenuous exercises
2. Is always being produced + always present
3. When exercise intensity increases so does lactic acid
4. Anaerobic exercises produce lactic acid
5. It is removed from muscles within 30 minutes after exercise
6. Used by liver, heart, kidneys as source of energy
7. Liver can convert lactic acid into glucose
8. Causes a decrease in your ability to perform
9. Plays critical role in generating energy during exercise
10. Provides fuels for many tissues
11. Helps use dietary carbs
12. Lactic Acid is natures way of helping your survive stressful situations
13. Does NOT cause muscle soreness or cramps
14. Body produces lactic acid whenever it breaks down carbs for energy
15. Formed in muscles that are receiving enough oxygen

Question 23

3 Layers of the Neurons in the Retina

Answer 23

1. Photorecetor Cells (rods + cones)
2. Bipolar Cells
3. Ganglion Cells

Question 24

What is action of acetycholine

Answer 24

A NEUROTRANSMITTER chemical that carries the information from the muscle cell to the neuron across the synaptic cleft

Question 25

What is action of cholinesterase

Answer 25

A potential drug in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

Question 26

What is action of gamma aminobutyric acid

Answer 26

These drugs are used as sedatives and anesthetics and as treatment for epilepsy

Question 27

What is the action of Norepinephrine

Answer 27

Hormone released from the adrenal cortex that increases cardiac output and blood glucose levels

Question 28

Hearing Protection for U.S. Workers

Answer 28

1. Occupational hearing loss is the most common work-related injury in the U.S. 2. NIOSH recommends removing hazardous noise from the workplace whenever possible 3. Using hearing protectors in situations where dangerous noise exposures have not yet be controlled or eliminated

Question 29

Hormone for bone growth in kids

Answer 29

1. Growth hormone deficiency means the pituitary gland does not make enough growth hormone 2. Most of the time, the cause of growth hormone deficiency is unknown 3. It may be present at birth, or develop as the result of an injury or medical condition 4. Treatment involves growth hormone injection given at home

Question 30

What are hydrogen bonds

Answer 30

A chemical bond formed between an electrpositive atom (typically hydrogen) and a strongly electronegative atom (such as oxygen or nitrogen). Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the bonding of water molecules in liquid and solid states

Question 31

Problems in Balance

Answer 31

1. Most balance problems result from problems in you inner ear 2. Part of inner ear responsible for balance is called LABRYINTH 3. Many medical problems can cause balance problems 4. As they get older, many people experience problems with their sense of balance 5. VERTIGO, the feeling that you or the things around you are spinning is also a common symptom 6. To maintain your body's position, the labyrinth interacts with other systems in the body, such as the eyes, bones and joints 7. Symptoms may include: dizziness, lighheadedness, problems reading or seeing, disorientation, faintness

Question 32

Postsynaptic Potential

Answer 32

In the nervous system, information is passed from neuron to neuron. The neuron that receives the information is the postsynaptic neuron Postsynaptic potentials are changes of a chemical synapse. They are graded potentials. Their function is to initiate or inhibit action potentials

Question 33

Major positive ion outside of cell

Answer 33

SODIUM is the major positive ion outside the cell

Question 34

Physiology of Errected Penis

Answer 34

1. 2 Cylinder-Shaped vascular tissue bodies (CORPORA CAVERNOSA) that runs throughout the penis 2. The URETHRA (tube for expelling urine and ejaculate) 3. ERECTILE TISSUE surrounding the urethra 4. 2 MAIN ARTERIES, + several VEINS + NERVES 5. Longest part of penis is SHAFT 6. At the end is the head (GLANS PENIS)

Question 35

Positive Feedback Mechanism

Answer 35

1. When a system tends to increase output | 2. The presence of a product (or signal) results in an increase in the production of that product