final study guide 101-4 Flashcards
Function of Autonomic Ganglia
Any of the ganglia of the autonomic system whose unmyelinated fibers innervate the internal organs
Clusters of neural cell bodies (ganglia) that are a JUNCTION between the autonomic nerves originating from the Central Nervous System (CNS) to its target skeletal muscle then travels to their target organ
Function of Accessory Nerve
The Accessory Nerve is a nerve that controls specific muscles of the shoulder and neck
The Accessory Nerve provides motor inneration from the central nervous system to two muscles of the neck (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles)
Function of Axon
Axon-is found on the end of a nerve cell in the body
Its primary function-Is to conduct electrical signals from that neuron to receptor sites known as dendrites on other neuron surfaces
Also, to enhance signal transmission through the use of Myelin (forms a protective sheath) Myelin speed up their transmission
Like a form of data processing within the human brain
functional unit of Skeletal Muscle
Sacromeres
Function of Microglia
They act as the first and main ACTIVE immune defense in the Central Nervous System (CNS)
Microglia phagocytize pathogens within the CNS
Functions of Nociceptors
Are a group of cells that sense painful stimuli and sends these nerve signals to the brain and the spinal cord
Noriceptors respond to thermal, mechanical or chemical stresses
Functions of Olfactory Cortex
the olfactory cortex is located within the medial temporal lobes
- Conscious Awareness of Odors
- Identification of Odors
- Receives Sensory Information from the Olfactory Bulb
Make up of Lining of Serous Membrane
(a thin membrane that helps body parts move more easily and reduces friction between them. Also known as Serosa
Made up of 2 layers of tissue with a thin layer of serous fluid in the middle
One layer is made up of Mesothelium which produces fluid
The other layer is made of Connective Tissue which attaches the membrane to other parts of the body and provides blood and nerves for the epithelial layer
Serous fluid itself is a thin liquid that’s normally pale yellow
Functions of the Primary Gustatory Cortex
In the area of the brain that controls the sense of taste
A brain structure responsible for the Perception of Taste
Functions of Enkephalins and Endorphins
- Body’s natural PAIN KILLERS
- Brain releases Endorphins + Enkephalins
- Enkephalins block pain signals in the spinal cord
- Endorphins block pain at the brain stem
- Both are MORPHINE-LIKE Substances
Functions of Interoceptors
Receptors, especially of the viscera that respond to stimuli arising within the body
Function of Limbic Association Area
- Provides your emotional impact
- Primarily concerned with beharior, emotion, and motivation
- Associated with the limbic system that provides most of the emotional drives for setting the other areas of the brain into action + provides the motivational drive for learning
Found in specific types of muscle fibers
Stores calcuim ions + releases them into the body
Regulates CALCIUM LEVELS in body
Found primarily in cardiac muscle and striated muscle
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Stimulated by hydrogen ions of acidic food substances
Sour Taste Buds
Lining Buccal Cavity
Oral Mucosa-Stratified Squamous Epithelium that protects the mouth from abrasion during eating
- Provides a Pathway for Neurons
2. Small tubules that run transversly through a muscle fiber through which electrical impulses are transmitted
T-Tubules
What are Salts
Any compound of a Base + and Acid
What is the makeup of Connective Tissue
- Collagen Fibers (strongest, most common)
- Reticular Fibers
- Elastic fibers
Structure of Compact Bone
- Usually found in long bone
- Consists of units called osteons-(each is called a Haversian System with a series of canals, concentric rings, +
bone cells (osteocytes) - Structure is typically DENSE
- Protects inner sections
- Helps long bones tolerate weight + stress during physical activity
- Compact bones also contain lamellae (made of calcium + phosphate) and collagen fibers
3 Steps in Tissue Repair
- Inflammation
- Organization-restores the blood supply
- Regeneration
Stretching of Muscles
- Stretching is a form of physical exercise in which a specific muscle or tendon is deliberately flexed or stretched in order to improve the muscles felt elasticity + achieve comfortable muscle tone
- Result-A feeling of increased muscle control, flexibility + range of motion
- Stretching helps alleviate cramps
What do you know about Lactic Acid
- An organic acid produced in muscle tissue during strenuous exercises
- Is always being produced + always present
- When exercise intensity increases so does lactic acid
- Anaerobic exercises produce lactic acid
- It is removed from muscles within 30 minutes after exercise
- Used by liver, heart, kidneys as source of energy
- Liver can convert lactic acid into glucose
- Causes a decrease in your ability to perform
- Plays critical role in generating energy during exercise
- Provides fuels for many tissues
- Helps use dietary carbs
- Lactic Acid is natures way of helping your survive stressful situations
- Does NOT cause muscle soreness or cramps
- Body produces lactic acid whenever it breaks down carbs for energy
- Formed in muscles that are receiving enough oxygen
3 Layers of the Neurons in the Retina
- Photorecetor Cells (rods + cones)
- Bipolar Cells
- Ganglion Cells
What is action of acetycholine
A NEUROTRANSMITTER chemical that carries the information from the muscle cell to the neuron across the synaptic cleft
What is action of cholinesterase
A potential drug in the treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
What is action of gamma aminobutyric acid
These drugs are used as sedatives and anesthetics and as treatment for epilepsy
What is the action of Norepinephrine
Hormone released from the adrenal cortex that increases cardiac output and blood glucose levels
Hearing Protection for U.S. Workers
- Occupational hearing loss is the most common work-related injury in the U.S.
- NIOSH recommends removing hazardous noise from the workplace whenever possible
- Using hearing protectors in situations where dangerous noise exposures have not yet be controlled or eliminated
Hormone for bone growth in kids
- Growth hormone deficiency means the pituitary gland does not make enough growth hormone
- Most of the time, the cause of growth hormone deficiency is unknown
- It may be present at birth, or develop as the result of an injury or medical condition
- Treatment involves growth hormone injection given at home
What are hydrogen bonds
A chemical bond formed between an electrpositive atom (typically hydrogen) and a strongly electronegative atom (such as oxygen or nitrogen). Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the bonding of water molecules in liquid and solid states
Problems in Balance
- Most balance problems result from problems in you inner ear
- Part of inner ear responsible for balance is called LABRYINTH
- Many medical problems can cause
balance problems - As they get older, many people experience problems with their sense of balance
- VERTIGO, the feeling that you or the things around you are spinning is also a common symptom
- To maintain your body’s position, the labyrinth interacts with other systems in the body, such as the eyes, bones and joints
- Symptoms may include: dizziness, lighheadedness, problems reading or seeing, disorientation, faintness
Postsynaptic Potential
In the nervous system, information is passed from neuron to neuron. The neuron that receives the information is the postsynaptic neuron
Postsynaptic potentials are changes of a chemical synapse. They are graded potentials. Their function is to initiate or inhibit action potentials
Major positive ion outside of cell
SODIUM is the major positive ion outside the cell
Physiology of Errected Penis
- 2 Cylinder-Shaped vascular tissue bodies (CORPORA CAVERNOSA) that runs throughout the penis
- The URETHRA (tube for expelling urine and ejaculate)
- ERECTILE TISSUE surrounding the urethra
- 2 MAIN ARTERIES, + several VEINS + NERVES
- Longest part of penis is SHAFT
- At the end is the head (GLANS PENIS)
Positive Feedback Mechanism
- When a system tends to increase output
2. The presence of a product (or signal) results in an increase in the production of that product
