Study guide for final part 1 Flashcards
WHO definition of health
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
How are dz trends changing?
Shift from infectious to chronic dz
What are major global threats to health in the 21st century
Overpopulation
Production of greenhouse gases
Poverty
Steps of health problem analysis
Begins with the identification of a health problem
Establishes determinants
Identifies direct contributing factors for the determinants
Identifies indirect contributing factors
What are common economic analysis approaches?
Cost-benefit
Cost-effectiveness
Cost utility
What do cost benefit analyses involve?
Assess the ratio of costs to benefits
Determine whether the result of an intervention justifies its expense
Most comprehensive
Gold standard of economic evaluations
Results are expressed in terms of net costs, net benefits, and time required to recoup an inital investment
Health outcome benefits are expressed in years of life gained or quality-adjusted life years
What do cost effectiveness analyses involve?
Cost to achieve a specific outcome
Focus on one outcome when several options are available
Compare cost-effectiveness when several options are available
Results expressed as cost per life saved or cost per case prevented.
The outcomes could be years of life saved, cases prevented, cases diagnosed
More appropriate for health promotion programs or interventions
Cost utility analyses- what do they involve?
Cost to achieve a quality-adjusted outcome
Useful when an intervention affects both morbidity and mortality
Useful when there are a variety of outcomes
Results are characterized as cost per quality adjusted life years
What is Healthy People?
A nation’s 10-year goals and objectives for health promotion and dz prevention
Produces a framework for public health priorities and interventions
What does the Public Health in America document of 1994 contain?
Broad vision and articulation of the mission of public health
Core functions of public health
Essential PH services.
What prevention level is health promotion? What state is addressed?
Primary
Health
What prevention level is specific promotion?
What does it adddress?
Primary
Health
What prevention level is early case finding and prompt tx?
What state does it address?
Secondary
Illness
What prevention level is disability limitation? What state does it address?
Tertiary
Illness
What prevention level is rehabilitation?
What state does it address?
Tertiary
Illness
What strategy do most Americans associate with healthcare?
Disability limitation because this is where most resources are deployed
What is the practice domain of health promotion? Who does it target?
Public health
Community
What is the practice domain of specific promotion? Who does it target?
Public health
Community or risk group
What is the practice domain of early case finding and prompt tx? Who does it target?
Public health and primary medical care
Individual
What is the practice domain of disability limitation? Who does it target?
Secondary/tertiary medical care
Individual
What is the practice domain of rehabilitation? Who does it target?
Long term care
Individual and group
What does primary prevention reduce: incidence or prevalence, and why?
Incidence because it stops dzs or conditions before they occur
What does secondary and tertiary prevention reduce: incidence or prevalence, and why?
Prevalence by shortening duration and minimizing the consequences of dz or injury
What are several important demographic and utilization trends?
Aging pop
Ethnic and racial diversity
Changes in family structure
Persistent inequalities in access to services
By how much will the pop over 65 and over 85 increase between 2000 and 2030?
Double
Why will tx costs increase?
Chronic dzs become more prevalent with aging
What role does ethnic and social diversity play?
Implications for health service needs
Importance of cultural competence for health professionals
What changes in family structure are taking place? What changes in needs occur as a result?
1 in 3 children live in a one-parent household
Women’s labor force participation
Married women with young children under 5 in the labor force- both increased
Access, availability, and types of services
The non-white population is growing __ times faster than the white pop. How fast is the Hispanic pop increasing?
3
5x
