Chapter 1 Delivering Healthcare part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How do the uninsured have universal coverage in the US?

A

Hospital EDs are required to evaluate a pt’s condition and render medically needed services for which the hospital does not receive any direct payments unless the pt is able to pay

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2
Q

Definition of primary care

A

Basic and routine healthcare provided in an office or clinic by a provider who takes responsibility for coordinating all aspects of a pt’s healthcare needs; an approach to healthcare delivery that is the pt’s first contact with the healthcare delivery system and the first element of a continuing healthcare process

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3
Q

Define universal access

A

The ability of all citizens to obtain healthcare when needed

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4
Q

What type of market is the US healthcare system?

A

A quasi-market or an imperfect market

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5
Q

Why is the US healthcare system a quasi-market?

A

The health plans, not the pts, are the real buyers in the healthcare services market
Prices are determined by payers
In certain geographic sectors of the country, a single giant medical system has taken over as the sole provider of major healthcare services, restricting competition.
Knowledge about new diagnostic methods, intervention techniques, and more effective drugs is part of the domain of the physician, not the pt
Health insurance has the effect of insulating pts from the full cost of healthcare.
The current system has drawbacks that obstruct information-seeking efforts on pricing (i.e., item-based pricing)

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6
Q

Characteristics of a free market

A

Pts and providers act independently, with pts able to choose services from any provider.
Providers do not collude to fix prices, and prices are not fixed by an external agency.
Demand is driven by the prices prevailing in the free market.
The quantity demanded will increase as the price for a given product or service declines.

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7
Q

Definition of demand

A

The quantity of healthcare purchased

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8
Q

Definition of moral hazard

A

Consumer behavior that leads to a higher utilization of healthcare services because ppl are covered by insurance

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9
Q

What are two factors that limit pts’ ability to make decisions in the healthcare system?

A

Decisions about the utilization of healthcare are often determined by need rather than by price-based demand
The delivery of health care can itself create demand

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10
Q

Definition of need

A

The amt of medical care that medical experts believe a person should have to remain or become healthy

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11
Q

Definition of provider-induced demand

A

Artificial creation of demand by providers that enables them to deliver unneeded services to boost their incomes

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12
Q

Definition of phantom providers

A

Practitioners who generally function in an adjunct capacity; the pt does not receive direct services from them. They bill for their services separately, and the pts often wonder why they have been billed.

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13
Q

Definition of package pricing

A

Bundling of fees for an entire package of related services

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14
Q

Definition of single-payer system

A

A national healthcare program in which the financing and insurance functions are taken over by the federal government

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15
Q

How do multiple payers make the system more cumbersome?

A

It is extremely difficult for providers to keep tabs on numerous health plans.
Providers must hire claims processors to bill for services and monitor receipt of payments. Billing practices are not standardized, and each payer establishes its own format.
Payments can be denied for not precisely following the requirements set by each payer.
Denied claims necessitate rebilling.
When only partial payment is received, some health plans allow the provider to balance bill the pt for the amt the health plan did not pay. Even when the balance billing option is available to the provider, it triggers a new cycle of billings and collection efforts.
Providers must sometimes engage in lengthy collection efforts
Gov’t programs have complex regulations for determining whether payment is made for services actually delivered.

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16
Q

What are administration costs?

A

Costs associated with billing, collections, bad debts, and maintaining medical records.

17
Q

Who have the key players in the system traditionally been?

A

Physicians
Administrators of health service institutions
Insurance companies
Large employers
The gov’t

18
Q

How do these major players interact for a cohesive system?

A

They all have their self-interests, and those interests are usually at odds with each other and produce competing forces within the system

19
Q

What has the approach to healthcare reform in the US typically been?

A

Incremental or piecemeal and the focus of reform initiatives has been confined to health insurance coverage and payment cuts to providers, rather than focusing on better provision of healthcare.

20
Q

Definition of defensive medicine

A

Excessive medical tests and procedures performed as a protection against malpractice lawsuits and otherwise regarded as unnecessary.

21
Q

What factors promote the use of costly new technology once it is developed?

A

Ppl generally equate high-tech care with high-quality care
Physicians and technicians want to try the latest gadgets.
Hospitals compete on the basis of having the most modern equipment and facilities.

22
Q

What are the 3 categories of medical care services?

A

Curative
Restorative
Preventive

23
Q

What has received much emphasis in managing healthcare institutions?

A

Continual quality improvement

24
Q

What are examples of continual quality improvement?

A

The accountable care organization model
Value-based health care
-Bundled payment models
-Pay-for-performance models

25
Q

What has emerged as an important component of healthcare delivery?

A

Integrated delivery systems

26
Q

What are examples of integration?

A

Single-specialty group practices
Multispecialty group practices
Virtual physician networks
Physician-hospital organizations
Management services organization
Clinically integration networks

27
Q

Core functions of integrated delivery services

A

To provide comprehensive services
Be accountable for the cost of the services and outcomes for pts
Improve healthcare coordination and integration

28
Q

What is pay-for-value and has it been effective?

A

A method of payment in which providers are reimbursed based on the quality of healthcare they deliver.
A few studies have shown that it works in hospitals, but strategies elsewhere have generated mixed results.
Time and research are necessary to determine the long-term implications of this strategy.

29
Q

Of what are ACOs composed? How valuable is it?

A

Accountable care organizations incorporate aspects of both integrated delivery and pay-for-value.
The value has been contested over the yrs.

30
Q

What are the five goals of the Pathways to Success (overhaul of its primary ACO program)

A

Accountability
Competition
Engagement
Integrity
Quality