Module 11 lecture, part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Critical policy issues

A

Access to care
Cost of care
Quality of care
Role of research in policy development

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2
Q

Cost of care and critical policy issues

A

Cost containment through payment cuts to providers
PPS: successful in curtailing inpt cost only

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3
Q

Subcategories of access to care and critical policy issues

A

Providers
-Ensuring a sufficient number and desirable geographic distribution
-The # of health professionals affects policies related to access and cost
Integrated access
Three main concerns in Medicare policy
-Spending should be restrained to keep the program viable
-The program is not adequately focused on the management of chronic conditions
-The program does not cover long-term nursing home care
Minorities
Rural areas
Low income pop
Persons with AIDS

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4
Q

Quality of care and critical policy issues

A

Six areas for quality improvement in the “Crossing the Quality Chasm” report by IOM (2011)
Research on quality by AHRQ
Malpractice reform

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5
Q

Role of research in policy development

A

Documentation: gathering, cataloging, correlating of facts
Analysis: feasibility, efficacy, practicality of an intervention
Prescription: research that shows a course of action

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6
Q

8 forces of future change

A

Social and demographic forces
Economic forces
Political forces
Technological forces
Informational forces
Ecological forces
Global forces
Anthro-cultural forces

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7
Q

Demographic changes and effects and future change

A

Demographic changes: becoming bigger, older, and ethnically diverse
Effects on:
-The need for health care
-How the needs will be met
-The nation’s ability to afford HC: expanding gov’t programs on an unsustainable financial path
-Implications for supply of health professionals
Cultural factors will create ongoing challenges
Uninsured immigrants without documents tap into resources
Personal lifestyle choices cannot be fully incentivized

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8
Q

Economic forces and future change

A

Factors determining the availability, cost, and affordability of HC svcs
-National debt: spending cuts, tax increases, and economic growth needed
-Economic growth
-Employment
-HH income: incomes have fallen
Uncertain effects of the ACA on employment and income

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9
Q

Political forces and future change

A

Policy intertwined with almost all aspects of HC delivery
-Education and immigration policies affect the number and qualifications of the HC workforce
-Effects on total economic spending and taxes
-Americans remain divided on major policy issues, including HC

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10
Q

Technological forces and future change

A

Tech will continue to revolutionize HC, but cost increases will create challenges
Technologies that increase self-reliance and cost efficiency will receive much attention
The overall effect of tech: an increase in costs without utilization control measures

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11
Q

Informational forces and future change

A

IT’s numerous applications in HC delivery
Indispensable tool for managing HC orgs
Garnering IT’s potential for HC delivery and management of HC orgs will continue well into the future

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12
Q

Ecological forces and future change

A

Major implications for PH
-New dzs
-Natural disasters
-Bioterrorism
World pop growth
-Intensify human-animal-ecosystems interface
-Probability of engendering new dzs
Dealing with new ecological threats
-Will divert resources from routine HC

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13
Q

Global forces and future change

A

Globalization intensifies cross-national cultural, economic, political, social, and technological interactions
-Health and HC will be affected in diverse ways through multiple pathways
-Example: the effectiveness of professionals that are part of “brain drains” or “brain gains”

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14
Q

Some signs of increasing globalization

A

Drugs manufactured in Asia to be exported to western nations
Medical tourism
Cross-border telemedicine
Desire of foreign hospitals and clinics to move into the US

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15
Q

Anthro-cultural forces and future change

A

Beliefs, values, ethos, and traditions
Espoused primarily by the middle class Americans
Historically, acted as a strong deterrent to radical changes in HC
Opposition to ACA

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16
Q

The future of HC reform

A

An ideal system for universal coverage and access: a value-driven system
-Individual responsibility for one’s own health
-Self-management support
-Pt activation
-Preventive svcs and health education
-An infrastructure based on primary care

17
Q

Successes from MA

A

Remarkable increase in insurance coverage: 62% with employer-based coverage
Over 50% of the public is satisfied with care
Unmet needs d/t inability to pay decreased from 9.2% in 1996 to 7.2% in 2008

18
Q

Concerns and challenges from MA plan

A

Concerns on cost and waiting time
In the Connector (exchange), premium increases surpass inflation; the state had to set limits on the rise in premiums
Some mixed results on ability to meet HC needs
ED use has continued to rise
Income tax hikes are proposed

19
Q

Concept of single payer system

A

Provision of basic care to nearly all citizens, with supply-side rationing and higher taxes in many developed nations

20
Q

Position of single-payer system in US

A

Opposition in US, with recent changes in public opinions

21
Q

Main contentious issues in a single payer system in the US

A

Potentially higher taxes
Rationing
Potential disruptions in Medicare and Medicaid
More governmental involvement
Disruptions in the HC industry: opposition of insurers and HC providers
Under the US Constitution, delivery of HC to all citizens is not the primary function of gov’t

22
Q

How will the HC infrastructure continue to evolve?

A

By incorporating
-High-value HC
-Focused on lowered costs and improved quality
-Pt engagement in HC decisions

23
Q

The delivery infrastructure of the future will involve

A

Payment methods with a value component
Emphasis on evidence-based care
Cost-saving tech
Targeted programs to the needs of pts in the community
Training of practitioners for a wellness-oriented model
Remote monitoring and virtual consultations

24
Q

Implementing the medical home model

A

Information exchange outside the medical home
Reimbursement that captures critical nonclinical activities, such as care coordination

25
Q

Mechanisms for qualifying medical homes

A

A valid qualification tool to ensure accessibility, continuity, coordination, and comprehensiveness

26
Q

Mechanisms for matching pts to medical homes

A

Need:
Transparency
Fairness
Matching of clinical needs
Adequate choice
Awareness of the medical home models for pts
Predictable revenues for physicians