Module 6 lecture, part 2 Flashcards
How many more PCPs are needed by 2025?
52,000
Describe geographic maldistribution among physicians
Physician shortage outside metropolitan area
19.3% of U.S. pop, but 11.4% of physicians in rural areas
Describe specialty maldistribution among physicians
47.7% generalists, 52.3% specialists
The proportion of active PCPs declining since 1949
Reasons for specialty maldistribution among physicians
Medical tech
Reimbursement methods
Specialty-oriented medical education
Consequences of physician specialty maldistribution
High volume of intensive, expensive, and invasive procedures
Rising HC costs
Trends in international medical graduates
Steadily growing
25.5% of active physicians
1/4 of residency positions are filled by IMGs
Not the solution to the maldistribution because they eventually move to urban areas
To what does maldistribution refer?
Either a surplus or a shortage of the type of physician needed to maintain the health status of a given pop at an optimum level
Consequences of physician maldistribution
High volume of intensive, expensive, and invasive procedures
Rising HC costs
What is the distribution of specialists in other countries?
25-50%
What are the two levels of non-advanced practice nurses?
RN: ADN (2-3 yrs) or BSN (4-5 yrs)
LPN
The nurse shortage is to be how much by 2030?
918,232
Reasons for nursing shortage
Sluggish wages
Low job satisfaction
Inadequate career mobility
Falling nursing enrollments
Demand from other alternative sites
What are the 4 areas of specialization for APNs?
Clinical nurse specialist (CNS): hospital
Certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA)
Nurse practitioners- mostly primary care
Certified nurse midwives (CNM)
Aspects of NPs
The largest group of non-physician practitioners
With competence as RNs in an expanded role with prescribing authority
Predominantly in primary care
Oriented toward HP and education
What are PA’s relationship to physicians?
Licensed to do procedures and care under their supervision (on or off-site) with prescribing authority
Other aspects of PAs
Evenly in primary and specialty care
Follow a medical model and focus on dz
Role of CNMs
RNs with additional training from a nurse midwifery program
Lower rates of C-section and less use of resources
Allied health professionals: training and responsibility
Trained in a science-related to HC
Responsible for delivery of health or related svcs
What are two broad categories of allied health professionals?
Technicians/assistants
- < 2 yrs of postsecondary education
Therapists/technologists
-More advanced training
Often in independent practices
What are examples of other allied professionals?
Dietitians
Dispensing opticians
Social workers
Surgical technologists
Where are health service administrators employed?
At various levels of orgs that deliver health svcs with bachelor’s or graduate level degree
What are common graduate level degrees for health service administrators?
MHA (Master in Health Administration)
MHSA (Master in Health Service Administration)
MBA
MPH
MPA (Master in Public Administration/Affairs)
Challenges of health service adminstrators
Changes in financing and payment structures
Decreasing levels of reimbursement
Pressure of uncompensated care
High quality
Community health service
Demands by both public and private payers
New policy developments
Changing competitive environment
Maintaining integrity
How many countries faced a workforce crisis in 2006?
57
In 2006, what was the workforce distribution and where was the workforce crisis?
< 23 health workers per 10,000 ppl
Mostly poor and predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa
Trends in workforce shortage
Shorter of PCPs in general
Shortage of geriatric workforce expected in Europe and the U.S.
The migration of health professionals is occurring where?
Developing to developed countries
