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EPPP > Social > Flashcards

Social Flashcards

1
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance

A

Bystander apathy

-Others aren’t attending to the emergency so it must not be an emergency.

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2
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

Bystander apathy

-there are other people around, someone else will help.

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3
Q

Evaluation Apprehension

A

Bystander apathy

-No one else is helping, if I help, then will I be judge?

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4
Q

Empathy - Altruism Hypothesis

A

Empathic concern provides altruistic motive for helping

*most research supports this hypothesis

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5
Q

Negative State Relief Model

A

People help others to reduce their own distress.

We experience empathy for someone experiencing pain, we feel sad, upset, distress and in order to relieve this feeling we help.

*less evidence that supports this hypothesis

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6
Q

Realistic Conflict Theory

A

Prejudice

-result of direct competition for scarce resources

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7
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

Prejudice

Natural tendency to categorize others into groups
Favor in-group members to increase self-esteem

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8
Q

Scape Goat Theory

A

Prejudice

Dominant group use minorities to vent their frustrations

*Nazi Germany

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9
Q

Authoritarian Personality Theory

A

Prejudice

Being responsible for behavior due to a harsh upbringing
*9 personality traits

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10
Q

Terror Management Theory

A

Prejudice

Biological drive to stay alive
Aware of own existence and threats to existence
Awareness of mortality = sense of terror

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11
Q

Intrahumanization Theory

A

Prejudice

in-group = fully human
out-group = animal like

Primary emotions (fear, anger) = non human emotions
Secondary emotions (guilt, shame) = human emotions

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12
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

*Attribution of other’s behavior

-Overestimate dispositional attributes
-Underestimate situation attributes

*affected by culture

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13
Q

The Actor- Observer Bias

A

-Overestimating other’s behaviors to dispositional attributes

-Overestimating your own behavior to situational attributes.

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14
Q

Ultimate Attribution Error

A

*Attributions made about entire group.

-Negative behaviors of in-group = situational factors
-Negative behavior of out-group = dispositional factors

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15
Q

Group Attribution Error

A

-Believe that an individual group member beliefs are reflective of those in the entire group.

or

-Believe that the decision drawn by a group reflect those of each individual member.

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16
Q

Self-verification bias

A

We seek feedback from and prefer to spend time with others who confirm our self-concept (whether positive or negative)

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17
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

We overestimate the relationship between 2 variables that are not related or slightly related.

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18
Q

Base Rate Fallacy

A

Tendency to ignore base rate information (info about most people) and instead be influenced by the distinctive features of the case being judged.

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19
Q

Gambler’s Fallacy

A

Belief that a particular chance event is affected by previous events and that chance event will ‘even out’ in the short run.

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20
Q

Counterfactual Thinking

A

Tendency to imagine what might have happened but did not and can involve imagining either better or worse outcomes.

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21
Q

Illusion of Transparency

A

When people overestimate the extent to which others can recognize their internal state.

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22
Q

Conjunction Fallacy

A

When we estimate that the odds of 2 uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event occurring alone.

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23
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

Central Route
-high elaborative processing
-thoughtful
-message is seen as personal
-Neutral or negative mood

Peripheral Route
-low elaborative processing
-automatic evaluation
-message is unimportant
-Good mood

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24
Q

Social Judgement Theory

A

Attitude Changes
*Latitude is affected by Ego involvement
*As ego involvement increases the latitude of
acceptance and non-commitment decreases and
latitude of rejection increases.

  1. Latitude of Acceptance:
    position we find acceptable due to it being close to
    our own position.
  2. Latitude of Non-Commitment:
    automatically accept or reject , but will consider
    because they are moderately different from their
    position.
  3. Latitude of Rejection:
    position we find unacceptable because they are
    extremely different from our position.
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25
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

When we are externally reinforced for engaging in an intrinsically rewarding behavior, the intrinsic interest decreases.

26
Q

Self-esteem & persuasion

A

Those with moderate self-esteem are most susceptible to influence

27
Q

Intelligence & persuasion

A

Higher level of susceptibility is associated with lower level of intelligence.

28
Q

Age & persuasion

A

Most likely to persuaded are adolescents, young adults and older adults.

29
Q

Behavioral Economics - Materialism

A

As materialism increases, well-being decreases

Polarization of materialistic values and goals strongly correlate with
1. compulsive spending
2. engaging in risky health behavior
3. negative self perception.

30
Q

Behavioral Economics - Scarcity

A

Having scarcity causes a reduction in mental bandwidth and limits our ability to pay attention, make good decisions, stick with plans an resist temptation.

31
Q

Information influence

A

We conform to the judgement of others because we think others know more than us.

Informational influence is usually stronger than normative influence when the task is ambiguous and difficult.

32
Q

Normative Influence

A

We conform to the judgement of others to avoid ridicule or rejection.

33
Q

Moscovici - Minority influence

A

Minority views must rely on behavioral style

To be affected minorities must be 1. Consistent 2. Concise 3. Confident

Opinion change due to minority influence = private acceptance.

Opinion change due to majority influence = public conformity

34
Q

Additive Tasks

A

-Final output is the sum of the contributions of each member

35
Q

Compensatory Task

A

Group output is the average of each members estimate

36
Q

Disjunctive Task

A

Group members choose the best solution from those provided by each member. (most competent member)

37
Q

Conjunctive Task

A

Performance of entire group is limited by the least competent member. (All members contribute)

38
Q

Discretionary Task

A

Group member decide how to combine the contribution of each member.

39
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

tendency to like things simply because we see or encounter the repeatedly

40
Q

Law of attraction

A

positive relationship between attitude similarity and attraction.

interacting with others with similar attitudes is reinforcing

41
Q

Pratfall effect

A

Attractiveness of a person seen as competent increases when the person commits a blunder = humanizing

Attractiveness of a person who is seen as average, decrease when they commit a blunder = confirms they are even less average.

42
Q

Gain-loss effect

A

We are more attracted to people who initially do not like us and then change their minds vs. those who constantly voice their liking of us.

We are less attracted to people who initially like us and then change their mind vs. people who express constant dislike for use

43
Q

Double Shot Hypothesis

A

Men believe if a woman is emotionally involves that doesn’t mean they have to be sexually involved.

Women believe if a man is sexually involved that doesn’t mean they are emotionally involved, but is a man is emotionally involved then they are sexually involved.

44
Q

Sherif & Robber’s Care Study

A

-Demonstrated effectiveness in cooperation to overcome intergroup conflict.

-11 y.o. boys at summer camp placed into 2 groups (made to hate each other through competition)

*Used strategies to reduce conflict between groups.

*Most effective strategy was:
Superordinate Goals

45
Q

Aronson - Jigsaw Classroom

A

-Evaluated effects of Superordinate Goals on prejudice and discrimination.

-Small multiethnic groups of children were studied in their classrooms.

-Children were divided into groups
-Each group member had to learn about different subject and teach the other member.

Outcome:
-reduced prejudice and positive effects on self-esteem and empathy of all students
-improved academic performance of ethnic minority students. **

46
Q

Covert Racism

A
  1. Symbolic
    (belief prejudice doesn’t exist / members of minority
    violate White American values)
  2. Aversive
    (Negative unconscious about minority groups/ avoid
    minority groups.
  3. Ambivalent
    (positive and negative attitudes towards minority
    groups/ extreme behavior to reduce feeling of
    ambivalence)
47
Q

Kelly - Covariation Model

A

People make attributions about another person’s behavior by considering 3 types of information:

  1. Consensus:
    when people do the same thing in similar situations.
  2. Consistency:
    does the person typically act this way in these
    situations?
  3. Distinctiveness:
    does the person act differently in different situations?
48
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Seek and pay attention to information that confirms our attitudes and beliefs.

Ignore information that refutes beliefs.

49
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

People inaccurately believe they predicted the event would occur or to overestimate the likelihood that they could have predicted that the event would occur.

50
Q

Sunk-cost fallacy

A

Tendency of people to continue to investing resources in an endeavor when they have already invested significant resources that have not produced desired outcomes and are not recoverable.

51
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Ignore base rate and other information and focus on the extent to which the event resembles a prototype (typical case).

52
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Base judgement about the frequency of an event on how easy it is to recall relevant examples of the event.

53
Q

Anchoring and adjustment heuristic

A

Estimate the frequency of an event or other values by beginning with a starting point and making upward or downward adjustments.

54
Q

Simulation Heuristic

A

We judge the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to imagine events happening to us or others.

55
Q

Theory of Planned Behavior

A

Intention to perform a behavior is the best predictor of behavior.

3 Intention factors:
1. attitude towards the behavior
2. what person believes others should do
2. confidence in the ability to perform the behavior.

56
Q

Prototype / Willingness Model

A

Assume that there are 2 paths to engaging in behaviors.

  1. Reasoned path:
    results of a person’s behavior intention
  2. Social reaction path:
    result of the person’s willingness to engage in the
    behavior in particular circumstances.

*Willingness is determined by ability.

57
Q

Balance Theory

A

P-O-X theory

Relationship among the person (P) another person or object (O) and attitude towards the object or event (X).

Relationship between POX are either balanced or unbalanced.

58
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

When people become aware of an inconsistency between 2 of their cognitions, they experience a state of mental discomfort, that they want to relieve.

The person will either:
1. Replace or subtract a dissonant cognition
2. Add a consonant cognition
3. increase importance of a consonant cognition or decrease it.

59
Q

Communicators are more effective when they are

A
  1. Attractive
  2. Likable
  3. Credible (most effective)
60
Q

Brehm- Psychological Reactance

A

People feel pressure to behave in a particular way and this threatens their personal freedom, they will attempt to regain freedom by doing the opposite of what was requested.

EPPP (38 decks)

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