Learning

Question 1

Delayed Conditioning

Answer 1

*Most effective conditioning
Present CS before & overlapping with US

*.5 second between presentation of CS and US is most effective

Question 2

Trace Conditioning

Answer 2

*Second most effective conditioning
Present and remove the CS prior to the US

Question 3

Simultaneous Conditioning

Answer 3

*Third most effective conditioning
Present and take away CS and US together at the same time.

Question 4

Latent inhibition

Answer 4

Preexposure to a neutral stimuli alone on multiple occasions prior to conditioning, reduces likelihood that the stimuli will become a CS and elicit a CR when paired with the US.

Question 5

Higher order conditioning

Answer 5

Treating the CS as a US and pairing it with a neutral stimuli.

The neutral stimuli becomes a CS and elicits a CR when presented alone.

Question 6

Blocking

Answer 6

The CS is paired with a neutral stimuli just before presenting the US.

*The prior conditioning of the CS BLOCKS conditioning of the neutral stimuli.

Question 7

Overshadowing

Answer 7

When 2 neutral stimuli are repeatedly presented together before a US and only 1 of the 2 elicits a CR when presented alone.

Question 8

Flooding

Answer 8

Sustained exposure to stimuli that elicits the most intense level of anxiety during all exposure sessions.

*Most effective vs. graded exposure

Question 9

Graded Exposure

Answer 9

Progressive exposure to anxiety arousing stimuli

Beginning with least anxiety provoking stimuli and moving up to most.

*Most preferred by clients.

Question 10

Cue Exposure Therapy

Answer 10

*Treatment of SUDs

Exposing the client to cues associated with the substance while prohibiting them from using.

Weakens relationship between cue and substance
-Results in extinction / habituation

Question 11

Implosive Therapy

Answer 11

Exposure in imagination
-elicit fear response and response prevention

*Behavioral and psychodynamic approach

Question 12

EMDR

Answer 12

Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing

*Based on Shapiro’s Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) Model

Research:
-it is effective for treating PTSD
-it is NOT superior to CBT or other evidence based treatment.

-Mixed findings on whether eye movement is needed.
-Some studies state that is it the cognitive
reprocessing/ re-exposure to trauma in
imagination.
-Other studies have found that eye movement is
necessary

Question 13

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 13

Wolpe

1. Muscle relaxation
2. Anxiety Hierarchy
3. Imagining stimuli and use relaxation strategies

Question 14

Counterconditioning/ Reciprocal Inhibition

Answer 14

Replacing a undesirable (anxiety) response with a incompatible and more desirable relaxation response.

CS = anxiety
US = relaxation training

*effective due to systematic desensitization due to classical extinction.

Question 15

Aversion Therapy

Answer 15

Stimuli associated with maladaptive response are paired with CS that naturally produce and unpleasant response, incompatible with the reinforcing response.

*Stimuli associated with maladaptive behavior becomes CS and produce unpleasant response when paired with the US (treatment).

Pedophilia
Child = CS
Electric shock = US
Bad feeling when thinking about children = CR

Question 16

Covert Sensitization

Answer 16

*Aversion therapy done in the imagination
*End of session the client imagines “release scene” and experience a sense of “relief”

Question 17

Law of Effect

Answer 17

Thorndike (learning through trial and error)

Behaviors that are followed by satisfying consequences are likely to occur again.

Behaviors followed by dissatisfying consequences are less likely to be repeated.

Question 18

Behavioral Contrast

Answer 18

When 2 different behaviors are reinforced and reinforcement for one behavior is terminated, the other behavior is likely to increase.

Question 19

Fixed interval

Answer 19

-reinforcement is provided after a set number of time (regardless of behavior)

Question 20

Variable interval

Answer 20

-reinforcement is provided after varying times and lengths.

Question 21

Fixed ratio

Answer 21

-reinforcement is provided after a specific number of responses.

Question 22

Variable ratio

Answer 22

*Least likely affected by operant extinction
*Highest rate of responding

-reinforcement is provided after a variable number of responses.

Question 23

Thinning

Answer 23

-gradual removal of a reinforcer

Question 24

Fading

Answer 24

-gradual removal of a prompt

Question 25

Matching Law

Answer 25

2 or more behavior are concurrently reinforced on different schedules, the rate of performing each behavior is proportional to the frequency of reinforcement

Question 26

Escape conditioning

Answer 26

a behavior occurs because it allows the individual to escape an unpleasant stimuli

Question 27

Avoidant conditioning

Answer 27

a stimuli signals that an unpleasant stimuli is about to be applied and a behavior occurs because it allows the individual to avoid the unpleasant stimuli.

Question 28

Habituation

Answer 28

gradual decline in the frequency or magnitude of a response.

Question 29

Shaping

Answer 29

-reinforcing successive approximation to the desired behavior.

Question 30

Chaining

Answer 30

used to establish a complex behavior that consist of separate responses.

Forward = teach each response separately
Backward = teach last response in the chain, then teach others.

Question 31

Premack Principle

Answer 31

a high frequency or preferred behavior is used to reinforce a low frequency/ less preferred behavior.

(You can play video games if you complete your home work)

Question 32

Overcorrection

Answer 32

*positive punishment

Restitution
-having the person correct the consequence of their behavior. (clean up mess after tantrum)

Positive Practice
-practicing alternative appropriate behavior. (run in place if they are getting upset) - **type of Habit Reversal Training

Question 33

Response Cost

Answer 33

*negative punishment
Removal of specific reinforcers when adaptive behavior is not performed.

Question 34

Differential Reinforcement incompatible Behavior (DRI)

Answer 34

reinforcing when they engage in a specific desirable behavior that is incompatible with the target behavior.

Question 35

Differential Reinforcement Alternative Behavior (DRA)

Answer 35

reinforcing when they engage in one or more specific alternative behaviors rather than the target behavior.

Question 36

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

Answer 36

reinforcing when engaging in other behaviors

Question 37

Differential Reinforcement Lower Rate Behavior (DRL)

Answer 37

Not reinforcing a desirable behavior.

Reinforces individual when engaging in target behavior at a low rate.

Question 38

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 38

When the CR is extinguished after a period of time and the CS is presented alone and the CR returns.

Occurs due to physiological process that suppresses the association between CS and CR. (Internal Inhibition)

Question 39

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 39

When stimulus similar to the CS but never paired with the US, produces a CR.

Question 40

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 40

Ability to discriminate between the CS and similar stimuli

Question 41

Experiment Neurosis

Answer 41

When discrimination between stimuli is too difficult, subjects become agitated and aggressive.

*caused by a conflict of excitatory and inhibitory processes in the CNS.

Question 42

Extinction Burst

Answer 42

Initial increase in behavior following the removal of a reinforcement.

Question 43

Stimulus Control

Answer 43

Behavior is brought under stimulus control when it occurs in the presence of one stimulus but no another stimulus.

Question 44

Response Generalization

Answer 44

Providing reinforcement for a specific behavior not only increases the behavior but also increases the likelihood that similar behavior will occur.

*Occurs when young children who’s praised for sharing toy with another child starts sharing other toys with other children.