Memory

Question 1

Mutli-store model of memory

Answer 1

• 3 levels of memory

1.Sensory memory
2.STM
3.LTM

Question 2

Sensory memory

Answer 2

-large amounts of info for brief time
- Length of storage is dependent on which sense is being used.

-Iconic (vision) = 1.5 second storage
-Echoic (auditory) = 2 second storage

Question 3

STM

Answer 3

-stores limited amount of info
-20 seconds or less

*Consist of:
-memory span
-working memory

-capacity is 7 +/- 2 (chunking helps to expand this amount)

Question 4

LTM

Answer 4

-Info transferred from STM to LTM
-unlimited capacity

*types:
1. recent (secondary) *Most effected in older adults
2. remote (tertiary)

Question 5

Serial Position Effect

Answer 5

1. Immediate Recall
   -exhibit primacy & recency effect (remembering letters from beginning and end of list)
   -Beginning due to LTM
   -End due to STM
2. Delayed Recall
   -exhibit only primacy effect (letters at the end of list are no longer in STM).

Question 6

Baddeley’s: Model of Working Memory

Answer 6

1. Central executive (controls 3 substages)

-Phonological Loop
(temporary storage of verbal info)

-Viso- Spacial sketchpad
(temporary storage of visual-spatial info)

-Episodic Buffer
(integrates verbal, visual and spacial information into LTM)

Question 7

Procedural Memory

Answer 7

LTM

1. Non-declarative memory
2. Learned skills and actions (riding a bike)
3. Information is stored in the Basal ganglia and Cerebellum (muscle memory)

Question 8

Declarative Memory

Answer 8

1.Semantic memory (facts, concepts, knowledge)
2. Episodic memory (personal experience)

Question 9

Retrospective Memory

Answer 9

-Memories of events that happened in the past.

Question 10

Prospective Memory

Answer 10

-Memories for events that will happen in the future.

Question 11

Explicit Memory

Answer 11

-Memories that take conscious effort to retrieve.

Question 12

Implicit Memory

Answer 12

-Memories that are recalled with out conscious effort.

Amnesia Study:
patients perform just as well as individuals without amnesia on word-stem completion, word-fragment completion due implicit memory not being affected. However, when asked about priming sessions (period of providing them list of words) they will report the don’t remember this priming session.

Question 13

Trace Decay Theory

Answer 13

-memory creates physical change in the brain that deteriorates over time when not used.

Question 14

Interference Theory

Answer 14

-disruption or memories by the preciously or more recently acquired information.

2 types retroactive and proactive

Question 15

Retroactive Interference

Answer 15

-newly acquired information interferes with previously acquired information.

Question 16

Proactive Interference

Answer 16

-previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn or recall new information.

Question 17

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 17

-making new information meaningful by relating it to something you already know or attributing it to personal meaning.

*Taking information from STM and putting into LTM (viewed as most effective way)

Question 18

Acronyms

Answer 18

first letter represents a word

Question 19

Acrostic

Answer 19

phrase or word that represents the concept

Question 20

Key word

Answer 20

paired associate learning (hippocampus = A hippo walking across campus)

Question 21

Method of Loci

Answer 21

-memorizing list of words
-link images of each word to a specific object in a familiar location.

Question 22

Encoding Specificity

Answer 22

retrieval from LTM is maximized when the conditions at the time of learning (encoding) new info are the same as the conditions at the time of recall.

-context-dependent
-state-dependent

Question 23

in their study comparing the effects of age-based stereotype threat and self-stereotyping on memory performance, O’Brien and Hummert (2006) found that late middle-aged adults ages 48 through 62 who had:

Answer 23

an older (vs. youthful) identity did more poorly on a memory task when they were told their performance would be compared to the performance of older (vs. younger) adults