Emotions & stress

Question 1

James-Lang Theory

Answer 1

1. exposed to a stimuli /situation
2. physiological response
3. perceives sensation as an emotion

*physiological response preceeds emotional response.

Question 2

Facial- feedback-hypothesis

Answer 2

-facial expression initiate physiological change that are consistent with emotions.

*mimicking facial expressions causes us to experience that emotion.

Question 3

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 3

-emotion and physiological arousal occur at the same time.

Question 4

Schachter & Singer: Two-Factor Theory

Answer 4

1. experience physiological arousal
2. attribution of the arousal response

*assumes physiological arousal is similar for all emotions

• differences in emotion experience are due to difference in attributions for arousal
  *Social comparison

Question 5

Zillmans- Excitation Transfer Theory

Answer 5

-Physical arousal of one event can affect the intensity of arousal by a later unrelated event.

Assumes:
-physiological arousal from emotions decays slowly.
-residue arousal can intensify arousal of a later event
-misattribution of transferred arousal is due to limited insight.

Question 6

Lazaru’s- Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Answer 6

-Difference in emotional reaction are due to differences in appraisal.

*assumes physiological arousal follows cognition.

3 types:
1. primary (evaluate situation to see if it is stressful or not)
2. secondary (if stressful, identify coping options)
3. Reappraisal (monitor situation)

Question 7

LeDoux’s- Two-systems theory

Answer 7

*fear consist of 2 separate interactive systems

1. subcortical system
   -survival system
   -reacts quickly and automatically
2. cortical system
   -conscious-emotional system
   -process info from senses

Question 8

Papez Ciruit

Answer 8

Combination of brain structures associated with emotion & memory

1. Mammillary Bodies
2. Anterior nuclei
3. Thalamus
4. Cingulate gyrus
5. Hippocampus

*Right hemisphere = negative emotions (damage = indifference or euphoria)

*Left hemisphere = positive emotions (damage = depression, anxiety, fear, paranoia)

Question 9

Seye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

Answer 9

1. Arousal
   -Hypothalamus released corticotropin-releasing hormone, activating sympathetic nervous system.
   -Adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine.
   -CRH stimulates pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
   -adrenal cortex releases cortisol
   (outcome = increase heart rate, respiration and increased glucose levels)
2. Resistance
   -physiological symptoms subside
   -cortisol continues to circulate at elevated levels.
3. Exhaustion
   -pituitary gland and adrenal gland lose their ability to maintain elevated hormones
   -physiological process begins to break down

Question 10

McEwen’s- Allostatic Load Model

Answer 10

*Brain is key organ to stress

Structures:
1. Amygdala
2. Hippocampus
3. Prefrontal cortex

Allostasis:
-body’s adaptation to change
*prolonged - break down of system

Allostatic load:
break down of systems

Allostatic overload:
-when allostatic load occurs for prolonged time, effecting degeneration of immune system, PTSD, SUD