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REPRO2 > Small Animals > Flashcards

Small Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What questions should you ask regarding the clinical history of the Bitch/Queen?

A 
Previous cycles (normal / abnormal)?
Normal mating?
Ovulation confirmed?
Previous pregnancy confirmed?
Pregnancy to term?
Reproductive tract discharge?
Behavioural manifestations?
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2
Q

What are some of the commensal bacteria present in the vagina and vestibule?

A 
Staph
Strep
E.coli
Mixed flora
Ureoplasma and mycoplasma are also normal
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3
Q

What is the only veneral pathogen present in dogs?

A

Brucella canis

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4
Q

What is the bacteriological state of the uterus?

A

Should be sterile

Vaginal bacteria may enter the uterus at oestrus

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5
Q

Where can you take vaginal swabs in the bitch?

A

Vestibule

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6
Q

What is only venereal pathogen that dogs can be screened for?

A

Canine Herpes Virus

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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of canine herpes virus?

A

Causes vesicular lesions in the genital tract of dogs and cats

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8
Q

What are some of the consequences of canine herpes virus in the bitch?

A

may cause resorption, abortion, stillbirths; depending upon when infection occurs

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9
Q

Is there a vaccine available for bitches against canine herpes virus to protect their litter?

A

A vaccine (Eurican Herpes) is available for bitches and is given twice during pregnancy to protect that litter

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10
Q

What are some other viral infections causing pregnancy loss?

A

Canine parvovirus
Canine adenovirus
Canine distemper virus

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11
Q

What are some examples of commensal bacteria in the Queen?

A 
Staph
Strep
E.coli 
Often mixed
Bacteria are commonly isolated from stillborn kittens and likely are opportunistic commensals
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12
Q

What is the bacteriological state of the uterus in the Queen?

A

Sterile, vaginal bacteria may enter the uterus at oestrus

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13
Q

What is the veneral virus that can be present in cats?

A

Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)

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14
Q

Why is FeLV relevant in Queens?

A

Most common cause of infectious infertility and therefore screening of Queens prior to breeding is important

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15
Q

What are some other viruses that can cause pregnancy loss associated with infection during pregnancy in the Queen?

A

Feline Herpes Virus

Feline panleukopenia

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16
Q

What does examination of the perineum and vulva include?

A

Distinguishing normality and abnormality
Presence of discharge?
Stage of oestrus cycle
Assess clitoris and vestibule

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17
Q

What does examination of the mammary glands include?

A

Determining stage of oestrus cycle

Mammary enlargement under influence of progesterone

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18
Q

What does examination of the vagina involve?

A

Can look for vaginal strictures and drosoventral bands (common)
Vaginal hyperplasia during oestrus
Vaginal endoscopy
Vaginal cytology

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19
Q

What is the significane of finding vaginal strictures/bands?

A

May need to be trasected prior to breeding

May require episiotomy

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20
Q

What is the significance of finding vaginal hyperplasia?

A

May progress and ultimately prolapse

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21
Q

What does vaginal endoscopy tell you?

A

Assessment of stage of the cycle

Documentation of normality or abnormality

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22
Q

What can vaginal cytology tell you?

A

Stage of cycle

Pathological conditions i.e. vaginitis or neoplasia

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23
Q

What stain would you use for vaginal cytology?

A

Diffquik

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24
Q

What are some of the changes of epithelial cells that occur during the oestrus cycle?

A

Elevated plasma oestrogen causes epithelial proliferation

Epithelium changes from cuboidal to stratified squamous

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25
Where is the uterus positioned in relation to the bladder?
Dorsal
26
What are common conditions of the bitch that can be diagnosed on ultrasound?
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia, mucometra, pyometra complex
27
When can you PD using ultrasound in the bitch and queen?
bitch - from day 20, Normally undertaken 28 days from mating as day of ovulation not always known queen- from day 18
28
Where are the ovaries normally situated?
Dorsal abdomen, caudal to the kidneys
29
Why is ultrasound of ovaries difficult to do?
Fatty ovarian bursa | Ovulation difficult to determine as early CLs have fluid cavities
30
What is the commenest abnormality of the ovaries where ultrasound is used to investigate the abnormlaity?
Ovarian neoplasia
31
What is radiology of the repro tract used for in small animals?
Usually conducted to determine pregnancy or fetal number / fetal death Otherwise less commonly used to examine the reproductive tract as been replaced by ultrasound
32
When does mineralisation of the fetal skeleton occur in the bitch?
Day 45
33
How can you detect fetal death radiographically in the queen or bitch?
Loss of normal posture Overlapping of skull bones Accumulation of gas in fetus / uterus
34
What does pre-mate measure?
ELISA method | Measures progesterone
35
What are the uses of pre-mate?
Can be used to find out when Bitch ovulating | Can be used to see when parturition is to occur or overdue (would be low)
36
What endocrinology assays can be used to PD a bitch or queen?
Acute phase proteins Plasma relaxin Not progesterone
37
What are some tests that can be done to confirm functioning presence of the ovary in the bitch?
hCG and GNRH stimulation test (+ also does pituitary)
38
How can you use hCG and GnRH sitmulation tests in the queen to confirm presence of ovaries?
When in oestrus give it hCG or GnRH to get it to ovulate then measure P4
39
What is the commenst cause of infertility in the bitch?
Mating at incorrect time
40
What is the commenst cause of infertility in the queen?
Mating insufficient number of times on the correct day
41
What are common endocrine repro problems in the bitch?
Pseudopregnancy Cyclical problems at puberty Ovulation failure
42
What are common endocrine repro problems in the queen?
Failure to ovulate (number and time of mating) | Failure to cycle
43
What are common mating difficulties in the bitch?
Attempting mating at wrong time Female or male behaviour including inexperience Size differences Pain at coitus (strictures / hyperplasia)
44
What are common mating difficulties in the queen?
Female dominance | Lack of time for social interaction
45
What are common infectious repro causes in the bitch?
Mis-conceptions about normal vaginal commensal organisms Pre-pubertal vaginitis Pyometra (NB underpinned by endocrine environment) Canine herpes virus Post-partum metritis
46
What are common infectious repro causes in the queen?
FeLV
47
What are common pregnancy problems in the bitch?
Failure to get pregnant Dystocia Pregnancy loss
48
What are common pregnancy problems in the queen?
Dystocia Failure to ovulate and get pregnant Infectious pregnancy loss
49
What are common conditions post partum in the bitch?
``` Fading puppies Concerns about retained placenta All the others (haemorrhage, metritis, mastitis, hypocalcaemia, hypoglycaemia) Poor nursing behaviour Sub-involution of placental sites ```
50
What are common conditions post partum in the queen?
All the others (haemorrhage, metritis, mastitis, hypocalcaemia, hypoglycaemia) Poor nursing behaviour
51
What is the definition of urinary incontinence?
”Urinary incontinence is defined as involuntary leaking of urine from the bladder during the storage phase of micturition and can result from anatomical or functional abnormalities”
52
What are the causes of urinary incontinence in small animals?
* Urinary obstruction with outflow * Urethral dz * Neuro dz * Bladder dz * Vaginal dz * Congenital abnormalities * Iatrogenic * Idiopathic- acquired urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence USMI
53
What do you want to do in your clinical history of urinary incontinence?
Work out if the animal is PU/PD instead
54
What questions can you ask in a dog with urinary incontinence?
Could the animal be PU/PD instead? Is the dog urinating where sleeping? Is drinking more than 100ml/kg/24hr = PUPD
55
What are you looking for on further investigations of urinary incontience?
Want to rule out causes of PU/PD such as CKD, Diabetes, Cushings
56
What are risk factors of urine sphincter mechanism incompetence?
- Size and breed - Neutering - Urethral tone - Obesity
57
What are the medical management options of urinary incontinence
Phenylpropanolamine (Propalin) Oestradiol (Incurin)
58
How does Phenylpropanolamine (Propalin) act?
Alpha 2 agonist - sympathomimetic to increase urethral tone
59
What are some of the side effects of Phenylpropanolamine (Propalin)?
Anxiety Tachycardia Increased BP
60
How does Oestradiol (Incurin) act?
Oestrogen therapy, thickens urethral mucosa and induces alpha 2 receptors
61
Why would Oestradiol (Incurin) be better over Phenylpropanolamine (Propalin) for the client?
Easier to give incurin- only one tablet a day
62
What are some side effects of Oestradiol (Incurin)?
May see signs of oestrus | Short acting, so not cumulative
63
What are some of the surgical options of urinary incontience?
Colposuspension Urethropexy Medical grade collagen injections; continence Transobturator Vaginal Tape Inside Out
64
What do you do in colposuspension?
Move the vagina <=> the bladder & urethra cranially => under same compressive forces in the abdomen
65
What do you do in urethropexy?
Move urethra cranially – increased risk too tight
66
What is the normal length of proestrus and oestrus in the bitch?
20d
67
What is the normal length of luteal phase in the bitch?
65d
68
What is the normal length of anoestrus in the bitch?
150d
69
What are common problems at puberty in SA?
Delayed puberty Prolonged proestrus/oestrus Split oestrus Silent oestrus
70
What is a common problem in delayed puberty in the bitch?
Owner not observing the clinical signs of oestrus Documented by progesterone measurement (elevated values means oestrus was within last 60 days)
71
What are some causes of true delayed puberty in SA?
Systemic disease (including hypothyroidism) Slow to reach adult bodyweight Chromosomal abnormality
72
What are the problems with oestrus induction in a young dog?
Cannot identify any conditions the dog may have i.e. Atopy, heart disease etc
73
What are some common causes of delayed puberty in the Queen?
Seasonal | Body weight
74
What are some causes of prolonged proestrus/oestrus in SA?
- can be normal (ovulation may be as late as day32 in bitch after onset of vulva bleeding-proestrus) - mating may be at wrong time - follicular cysts (rare) - ovarian tumour (rare) - adrenal tumour (rare) - non oestrus attraction (rare)
75
What is a split oestrus?
In cases of prolonged oestrus without ovulation, the follicles regress and the bitch will come back into oestrus after 3-5week period. At this oestrus, ovulation occurs and so normal cyclicity will begin.
76
What is a silent oestrus?
Normal cyclicity without external signs
77
How can you overcome silent oestrus in SA?
weekly vaginal cytology | Measuring progesterone
78
What are some causes of prolonged anoestrus in the bitch?
- failure of observation - systemic disease i.e. cushings or hyperT - drug induced (corticosteroid, progesterones)
79
What can you use to induce cyclicity in a bitch with prolonged anoestrus?
Cabergoline - Galastop (prolactin inhibitor)
80
What are some causes of prolonged anoestrus in the queen?
Photoperiod- more than 14h of light will abolish anoestrus Systemic disease Exogenous hormones
81
Why do you get ovulation failure in queens?
- not mated enough i.e. too early
82
How can you overcome ovulation failure in the queen?
- ensure multiple matings occur on day 2 or 3 of oestrus | - induction of ovulation with hCG on day 1 of oestrus
83
How can you check ovulation in the queen?
- if there has not been ovulation following oestrus cat with come back into oestrus 2-3 weeks later - if ovulates but not pregnant will have a pseudopregnancy and will only come back into oestrus 45-50days - Progesterone concentrations
84
What is the commenest cause of infertility in the bitch?
Mating at an appropriate time
85
What is the commenest cause of infertiity in the queen?
Mating insufficient number of times on correct day
86
What are soome physical changes that occur and can be used to identify the correct mating time in the bitch?
Onset of vulva softening occurs one day after LH surge
87
What are soome clinical parameters that can be used to identify the correct mating time in the bitch?
Vaginal cytology Vaginal endoscopy Measurement of plasma hormone- progesterone
88
What are some causes of pain at coitus in the bitch?
Vestibulo-vaginal remnants or dorso-ventral bands | Small vaginal hyperplasia before protrusion
89
How can you treat vestibulo-vaginal remnants in the bitch?
Transection via episiotomy
90
What is vaginal hyperplasia?
Exaggerated response of the vaginal wall to normal oestrogen concnetrations during oestrus
91
What changes occur in vaginal hyperplasia to the repro tract of the bitch?
Ventral vaginal wall thickens May prolapse Occasionally circumferential
92
What are the treatment options for vaginal hyperplasia?
Conservative (disappears end of oestrus) Surgical resection Ovariohysterectomy
93
What are some causes of a bitch failing to get pregnant or maintain pregnancy?
- inappropriate mating time - male factor infertility - abnormal uterine environment
94
What are some consequences of cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
Uterine clearance of commensal bacteria impaired ?sperm transport / oocyte affected ?inability to form normal placenta Increased risk of pyometra
95
What is the sequele of cystic endometrial hyperplasia?
CEH --> sterile fluid accumulation in uterus --> pyometra
96
What is the clinical significance of bursal cysts?
None- no hormones produced, no clinical signs
97
What hormone do follicular cysts produce?
Oestrogen
98
What hormone do luteal cysts produce?
Progesterone
99
What signs would you get with a follicular cyst?
Persistent oestrus
100
What signs would you get with a luteal cyst?
Acyclitcity and occasionally pyometra

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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