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REPRO2 > Small Animals > Flashcards

Small Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What questions should you ask regarding the clinical history of the Bitch/Queen?

A 
Previous cycles (normal / abnormal)?
Normal mating?
Ovulation confirmed?
Previous pregnancy confirmed?
Pregnancy to term?
Reproductive tract discharge?
Behavioural manifestations?
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2
Q

What are some of the commensal bacteria present in the vagina and vestibule?

A 
Staph
Strep
E.coli
Mixed flora
Ureoplasma and mycoplasma are also normal
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3
Q

What is the only veneral pathogen present in dogs?

A

Brucella canis

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4
Q

What is the bacteriological state of the uterus?

A

Should be sterile

Vaginal bacteria may enter the uterus at oestrus

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5
Q

Where can you take vaginal swabs in the bitch?

A

Vestibule

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6
Q

What is only venereal pathogen that dogs can be screened for?

A

Canine Herpes Virus

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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of canine herpes virus?

A

Causes vesicular lesions in the genital tract of dogs and cats

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8
Q

What are some of the consequences of canine herpes virus in the bitch?

A

may cause resorption, abortion, stillbirths; depending upon when infection occurs

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9
Q

Is there a vaccine available for bitches against canine herpes virus to protect their litter?

A

A vaccine (Eurican Herpes) is available for bitches and is given twice during pregnancy to protect that litter

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10
Q

What are some other viral infections causing pregnancy loss?

A

Canine parvovirus
Canine adenovirus
Canine distemper virus

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11
Q

What are some examples of commensal bacteria in the Queen?

A 
Staph
Strep
E.coli 
Often mixed
Bacteria are commonly isolated from stillborn kittens and likely are opportunistic commensals
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12
Q

What is the bacteriological state of the uterus in the Queen?

A

Sterile, vaginal bacteria may enter the uterus at oestrus

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13
Q

What is the veneral virus that can be present in cats?

A

Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)

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14
Q

Why is FeLV relevant in Queens?

A

Most common cause of infectious infertility and therefore screening of Queens prior to breeding is important

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15
Q

What are some other viruses that can cause pregnancy loss associated with infection during pregnancy in the Queen?

A

Feline Herpes Virus

Feline panleukopenia

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16
Q

What does examination of the perineum and vulva include?

A

Distinguishing normality and abnormality
Presence of discharge?
Stage of oestrus cycle
Assess clitoris and vestibule

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17
Q

What does examination of the mammary glands include?

A

Determining stage of oestrus cycle

Mammary enlargement under influence of progesterone

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18
Q

What does examination of the vagina involve?

A

Can look for vaginal strictures and drosoventral bands (common)
Vaginal hyperplasia during oestrus
Vaginal endoscopy
Vaginal cytology

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19
Q

What is the significane of finding vaginal strictures/bands?

A

May need to be trasected prior to breeding

May require episiotomy

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20
Q

What is the significance of finding vaginal hyperplasia?

A

May progress and ultimately prolapse

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21
Q

What does vaginal endoscopy tell you?

A

Assessment of stage of the cycle

Documentation of normality or abnormality

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22
Q

What can vaginal cytology tell you?

A

Stage of cycle

Pathological conditions i.e. vaginitis or neoplasia

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23
Q

What stain would you use for vaginal cytology?

A

Diffquik

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24
Q

What are some of the changes of epithelial cells that occur during the oestrus cycle?

A

Elevated plasma oestrogen causes epithelial proliferation

Epithelium changes from cuboidal to stratified squamous

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25
Q

Where is the uterus positioned in relation to the bladder?

A

Dorsal

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26
Q

What are common conditions of the bitch that can be diagnosed on ultrasound?

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia, mucometra, pyometra complex

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27
Q

When can you PD using ultrasound in the bitch and queen?

A

bitch - from day 20, Normally undertaken 28 days from mating as day of ovulation not always known
queen- from day 18

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28
Q

Where are the ovaries normally situated?

A

Dorsal abdomen, caudal to the kidneys

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29
Q

Why is ultrasound of ovaries difficult to do?

A

Fatty ovarian bursa

Ovulation difficult to determine as early CLs have fluid cavities

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30
Q

What is the commenest abnormality of the ovaries where ultrasound is used to investigate the abnormlaity?

A

Ovarian neoplasia

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31
Q

What is radiology of the repro tract used for in small animals?

A

Usually conducted to determine pregnancy or fetal number / fetal death

Otherwise less commonly used to examine the reproductive tract as been replaced by ultrasound

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32
Q

When does mineralisation of the fetal skeleton occur in the bitch?

A

Day 45

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33
Q

How can you detect fetal death radiographically in the queen or bitch?

A

Loss of normal posture
Overlapping of skull bones
Accumulation of gas in fetus / uterus

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34
Q

What does pre-mate measure?

A

ELISA method

Measures progesterone

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35
Q

What are the uses of pre-mate?

A

Can be used to find out when Bitch ovulating

Can be used to see when parturition is to occur or overdue (would be low)

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36
Q

What endocrinology assays can be used to PD a bitch or queen?

A

Acute phase proteins
Plasma relaxin
Not progesterone

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37
Q

What are some tests that can be done to confirm functioning presence of the ovary in the bitch?

A

hCG and GNRH stimulation test (+ also does pituitary)

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38
Q

How can you use hCG and GnRH sitmulation tests in the queen to confirm presence of ovaries?

A

When in oestrus give it hCG or GnRH to get it to ovulate then measure P4

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39
Q

What is the commenst cause of infertility in the bitch?

A

Mating at incorrect time

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40
Q

What is the commenst cause of infertility in the queen?

A

Mating insufficient number of times on the correct day

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41
Q

What are common endocrine repro problems in the bitch?

A

Pseudopregnancy
Cyclical problems at puberty
Ovulation failure

42
Q

What are common endocrine repro problems in the queen?

A

Failure to ovulate (number and time of mating)

Failure to cycle

43
Q

What are common mating difficulties in the bitch?

A

Attempting mating at wrong time
Female or male behaviour including inexperience
Size differences
Pain at coitus (strictures / hyperplasia)

44
Q

What are common mating difficulties in the queen?

A

Female dominance

Lack of time for social interaction

45
Q

What are common infectious repro causes in the bitch?

A

Mis-conceptions about normal vaginal commensal organisms
Pre-pubertal vaginitis
Pyometra (NB underpinned by endocrine environment)
Canine herpes virus
Post-partum metritis

46
Q

What are common infectious repro causes in the queen?

A

FeLV

47
Q

What are common pregnancy problems in the bitch?

A

Failure to get pregnant
Dystocia
Pregnancy loss

48
Q

What are common pregnancy problems in the queen?

A

Dystocia
Failure to ovulate and get pregnant
Infectious pregnancy loss

49
Q

What are common conditions post partum in the bitch?

A 
Fading puppies
Concerns about retained placenta
All the others (haemorrhage, metritis, mastitis, hypocalcaemia, hypoglycaemia)
Poor nursing behaviour
Sub-involution of placental sites
50
Q

What are common conditions post partum in the queen?

A

All the others (haemorrhage, metritis, mastitis, hypocalcaemia, hypoglycaemia)
Poor nursing behaviour

51
Q

What is the definition of urinary incontinence?

A

”Urinary incontinence is defined as involuntary leaking of urine from the bladder during the storage phase of micturition and can result from anatomical or functional abnormalities”

52
Q

What are the causes of urinary incontinence in small animals?

A
  • Urinary obstruction with outflow
  • Urethral dz
  • Neuro dz
  • Bladder dz
  • Vaginal dz
  • Congenital abnormalities
  • Iatrogenic
  • Idiopathic- acquired urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence USMI
53
Q

What do you want to do in your clinical history of urinary incontinence?

A

Work out if the animal is PU/PD instead

54
Q

What questions can you ask in a dog with urinary incontinence?

A

Could the animal be PU/PD instead? Is the dog urinating where sleeping?
Is drinking more than 100ml/kg/24hr = PUPD

55
Q

What are you looking for on further investigations of urinary incontience?

A

Want to rule out causes of PU/PD such as CKD, Diabetes, Cushings

56
Q

What are risk factors of urine sphincter mechanism incompetence?

A
  • Size and breed
  • Neutering
  • Urethral tone
  • Obesity
57
Q

What are the medical management options of urinary incontinence

A

Phenylpropanolamine (Propalin)

Oestradiol (Incurin)

58
Q

How does Phenylpropanolamine (Propalin) act?

A

Alpha 2 agonist - sympathomimetic to increase urethral tone

59
Q

What are some of the side effects of Phenylpropanolamine (Propalin)?

A

Anxiety
Tachycardia
Increased BP

60
Q

How does Oestradiol (Incurin) act?

A

Oestrogen therapy, thickens urethral mucosa and induces alpha 2 receptors

61
Q

Why would Oestradiol (Incurin) be better over Phenylpropanolamine (Propalin) for the client?

A

Easier to give incurin- only one tablet a day

62
Q

What are some side effects of Oestradiol (Incurin)?

A

May see signs of oestrus

Short acting, so not cumulative

63
Q

What are some of the surgical options of urinary incontience?

A

Colposuspension
Urethropexy
Medical grade collagen injections; continence
Transobturator Vaginal Tape Inside Out

64
Q

What do you do in colposuspension?

A

Move the vagina <=> the bladder & urethra cranially => under same compressive forces in the abdomen

65
Q

What do you do in urethropexy?

A

Move urethra cranially – increased risk too tight

66
Q

What is the normal length of proestrus and oestrus in the bitch?

A

20d

67
Q

What is the normal length of luteal phase in the bitch?

A

65d

68
Q

What is the normal length of anoestrus in the bitch?

A

150d

69
Q

What are common problems at puberty in SA?

A

Delayed puberty
Prolonged proestrus/oestrus
Split oestrus
Silent oestrus

70
Q

What is a common problem in delayed puberty in the bitch?

A

Owner not observing the clinical signs of oestrus

Documented by progesterone measurement (elevated values means oestrus was within last 60 days)

71
Q

What are some causes of true delayed puberty in SA?

A

Systemic disease (including hypothyroidism)
Slow to reach adult bodyweight
Chromosomal abnormality

72
Q

What are the problems with oestrus induction in a young dog?

A

Cannot identify any conditions the dog may have i.e. Atopy, heart disease etc

73
Q

What are some common causes of delayed puberty in the Queen?

A

Seasonal

Body weight

74
Q

What are some causes of prolonged proestrus/oestrus in SA?

A
  • can be normal (ovulation may be as late as day32 in bitch after onset of vulva bleeding-proestrus)
  • mating may be at wrong time
  • follicular cysts (rare)
  • ovarian tumour (rare)
  • adrenal tumour (rare)
  • non oestrus attraction (rare)
75
Q

What is a split oestrus?

A

In cases of prolonged oestrus without ovulation, the follicles regress and the bitch will come back into oestrus after 3-5week period. At this oestrus, ovulation occurs and so normal cyclicity will begin.

76
Q

What is a silent oestrus?

A

Normal cyclicity without external signs

77
Q

How can you overcome silent oestrus in SA?

A

weekly vaginal cytology

Measuring progesterone

78
Q

What are some causes of prolonged anoestrus in the bitch?

A
  • failure of observation
  • systemic disease i.e. cushings or hyperT
  • drug induced (corticosteroid, progesterones)
79
Q

What can you use to induce cyclicity in a bitch with prolonged anoestrus?

A

Cabergoline - Galastop (prolactin inhibitor)

80
Q

What are some causes of prolonged anoestrus in the queen?

A

Photoperiod- more than 14h of light will abolish anoestrus
Systemic disease
Exogenous hormones

81
Q

Why do you get ovulation failure in queens?

A
  • not mated enough i.e. too early
82
Q

How can you overcome ovulation failure in the queen?

A
  • ensure multiple matings occur on day 2 or 3 of oestrus

- induction of ovulation with hCG on day 1 of oestrus

83
Q

How can you check ovulation in the queen?

A
  • if there has not been ovulation following oestrus cat with come back into oestrus 2-3 weeks later
  • if ovulates but not pregnant will have a pseudopregnancy and will only come back into oestrus 45-50days
  • Progesterone concentrations
84
Q

What is the commenest cause of infertility in the bitch?

A

Mating at an appropriate time

85
Q

What is the commenest cause of infertiity in the queen?

A

Mating insufficient number of times on correct day

86
Q

What are soome physical changes that occur and can be used to identify the correct mating time in the bitch?

A

Onset of vulva softening occurs one day after LH surge

87
Q

What are soome clinical parameters that can be used to identify the correct mating time in the bitch?

A

Vaginal cytology
Vaginal endoscopy
Measurement of plasma hormone- progesterone

88
Q

What are some causes of pain at coitus in the bitch?

A

Vestibulo-vaginal remnants or dorso-ventral bands

Small vaginal hyperplasia before protrusion

89
Q

How can you treat vestibulo-vaginal remnants in the bitch?

A

Transection via episiotomy

90
Q

What is vaginal hyperplasia?

A

Exaggerated response of the vaginal wall to normal oestrogen concnetrations during oestrus

91
Q

What changes occur in vaginal hyperplasia to the repro tract of the bitch?

A

Ventral vaginal wall thickens
May prolapse
Occasionally circumferential

92
Q

What are the treatment options for vaginal hyperplasia?

A

Conservative (disappears end of oestrus)
Surgical resection
Ovariohysterectomy

93
Q

What are some causes of a bitch failing to get pregnant or maintain pregnancy?

A
  • inappropriate mating time
  • male factor infertility
  • abnormal uterine environment
94
Q

What are some consequences of cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Uterine clearance of commensal bacteria impaired
?sperm transport / oocyte affected
?inability to form normal placenta
Increased risk of pyometra

95
Q

What is the sequele of cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

A

CEH –> sterile fluid accumulation in uterus –> pyometra

96
Q

What is the clinical significance of bursal cysts?

A

None- no hormones produced, no clinical signs

97
Q

What hormone do follicular cysts produce?

A

Oestrogen

98
Q

What hormone do luteal cysts produce?

A

Progesterone

99
Q

What signs would you get with a follicular cyst?

A

Persistent oestrus

100
Q

What signs would you get with a luteal cyst?

A

Acyclitcity and occasionally pyometra

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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