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REPRO2 > Principles of Breeding and Fertility > Flashcards

Principles of Breeding and Fertility Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the cow oestrus cycle?

A

21 days

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2
Q

How long is the luteal phase in the cow

A

17 days

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3
Q

When does the LH surge occur in the cow?

A

Mid oestrus

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4
Q

When does ovulation occur in the cow oestrus cycle?

A

12 hours after the end of oestrus

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5
Q

How long does oestrus last in the cow?

A

5-18hours

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6
Q

When does mating occur in the cow?

A

1 day prior to ovulation

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7
Q

When does AI occur in the cow?

A

6-12hours prior to ovulation, same day oestrus has been observed

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8
Q

How long is the ewe oestrus cycle?

A

17 days

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9
Q

How long does oestrus last in the ewe?

A

24-36h

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10
Q

When does ovulation occur in the ewe?

A

30-36hours from beginning of oestrus

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11
Q

How long is the oestrus cycle in the sow?

A

21 days

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12
Q

How long does oestrus last in the sow?

A

48-72h

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13
Q

When does ovulation occur in the sow?

A

35-45hours from begining of oestrus

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14
Q

How long is the oestrus cycle in the mare?

A

21-23days

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15
Q

How long does oestrus last in the mare?

A

4-8 days

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16
Q

When does ovulation occur in the mare?

A

1-2 days before end of oestrus

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17
Q

How long is the oestrus cycle in the bitch?

A

210 days

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18
Q

How long does oestrus last in the bitch?

A

7-14days

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19
Q

When does ovulation occur in the bitch?

A

Variable- often 2 days after onset of standing oestrus

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20
Q

What is the timing of insemination/mating in the cow?

A

Inseminate/mate at oestrus.

Relatively easy since oestrus is short and tightly regulated to time of ovulation

The problem is detecting oestrus.

21
Q

What is the timing of insemination/mating in the ewe?

A

AI: insemination is slightly delayed in comparison to the cow. 12h after onset of oestrus.

22
Q

What is the key issue when mating/insemination ewes?

A

Correct ram:ewe ratio/ identification of mated ewes

23
Q

What is the timing of insemination/mating in the sow?

A

Mating and AI usually start on day 2 after the onset of standing oestrus.

2 inseminations

24
Q

What is the timing of insemination/mating in the mare?

A

Mares are a problem! Return of oestrus is variable. Oestrus cycle variable. Normal practice is to tease daily and breed throughout this period or to monitor ovaries with u/s

25
Q

What is the timing of insemination/mating in the bitch?

A

Bitches are a problem!

Mono-oestrus

Oestrus very variable / very poorly indicate time of ovulation

Thus oestrus detection – poor tool for planning mating

26
Q

What are better tools to plan for mating in the bitch?

A

vaginal cytology and/or plasma progesterone measurement

27
Q

What are some of oestrus behaviours carried out by the cow?

A 
Swelling of vulva, mucous discharge
Chin pressing 
Reduced milk yield 
Brawling, restless
Mounts other cows
Stands to be mounted 
Bloody discharge occurs after the end of oestrus.
28
Q

What are some of the strategies for detecting oestrus in the cow?

A

Examine cows >4 times per day

Detection aids e.g. Kamars, pedometers, Estrotect, GPS, electronic noses??

Van Eerdenburg’s scoring

29
Q

What are some of the clinical assessment/measurements that can be carried out to detect oestrus in the cow?

A

Low plasma/milk progesterone

Detection of a large follicle (in absence of CL)

Other methods include: crystallisation patterns in the vaginal mucus, a fall in body temperature prior to oestrus and a reduction in vaginal pH

30
Q

What factors might inhibit oestrus behaviour?

A 
Hard, non-supportive floor is best
Concrete reduces oestrous behaviour by up to 50% especially when wet and slippery
High environmental temperature
Overcrowding
Recent mixing / stress
Lameness
FEEDING
31
Q

What are some detection methods/aids in detecting oestrus in the ewe?

A

Only important when AI regimes.
Vasectomised ram with raddle.
Synchronisation protocols.
Low plasma progesterone.

32
Q

What are the signs of oestrus in the dow?

A

Vulval swollen and congested prior to oestrus

Seeks the boar

Stands firmly to be mounted (the back pressure test; very reliable)

Stands for a smelly old boar that produces lots of saliva

Other signs:
Restlessness with repetitive grunts
Pacing and searching
Lowered feed intake and loss of appetite
Red, swollen vulva 
Male-like sexual behaviour 
Increase in vaginal mucus
Response to boar pheromones
33
Q

Whare are the signs of oestrus in the mare?

A

Vulva: Oedema / mucoid discharge

Elevated tail and lean her hindquarters towards the stallion

“winking” (repeated exposure of clitoris)

Induces “flehmen” response in stallion

Commonly, daily teasing is performed

34
Q

What are the clinical assessments/measurements that can be carried to detect oestrus in the mare?

A

Detection of a large follicle (>20mm) in absence of a CL - by palpation or u/s

Demonstration of follicle size, follicle wall thickening, follicle softening on u/s exam.

35
Q

What are the signs of proestrus in the bitch?

A

Very long (classically 9 days)

Bitch is attractive but not allow mating

Vulval swelling

Presence of a serosanguinous discharge

36
Q

What are the signs of oestrus in the bitch?

A

Standing to be mated
Deviation of tail
Discharge becomes paler in colour
Reduction in vulval oedema

37
Q

What clinical assessments can be carried out in the bitch to detect oestrus?

A

Assessment of vaginal epithelial cells

Assessment of vulval softening

Examination of the appearance of the vaginal wall

Plasma progesterone concentrations (detecting a rise in progesterone that precedes ovulation)

38
Q

What kind of ovulator is the queen?

A

Induced

39
Q

What are the signs of oestrus in the queen?

A

Increased vocalisation, rubbing and rolling

Increased activity and will seek tom

Possible slight mucoid vulval discharge

40
Q

How is ovulated induced in the queen?

A

Copulation results in a neuro-endocrine response resulting in LH release and then ovulation.

The presence of an antral follicle and increased oestrogen is still a prerequiste for LH release and ovulation.

41
Q

What are some examples of induced ovulators?

A

Cat, rabbit, ferret, mink, camelids

42
Q

What are some examples of induced ovulators?

A

Cat, rabbit, ferret, mink, camelids

43
Q

What occurs during dioestrus?

A

1) Stimulation development of antral follicles and selection of dominant/ ovulatory follicles.
2) Get an increase in oestradiol which leads to decreased FSH resulting in degeneration of subordinate follicles

Also get an increase in inhibin.

44
Q

What occurs during (pro)oestrus?

A

Non pregnant: Uterine PGF2a resulting in luteolysis, decreased progesterone, increased oestradiol from ovulatory follicle and an LH surge

45
Q

What are some of the causes for anoestrus?

A

Gestation
Lactation/ presence of offspring - foal shy
Seasonality
Stress (metabolic and heat)
Ovarian pathologies (cystic ovarian disorders, inactive ovarian activity)
Monoestrus breeders (bitches)

46
Q

What is a silent oestrus

A

Ovulation with limited signs of oestrus

47
Q

When does the silent oestrus occur?

A

Often at first oestrus after seasonal anoestrus/parturition

48
Q

Why does a silent oestrus occur mostly at the first oestrus after seasonal anoestrus/ parturition?

A

No progesterone priming
No progesterone fall
No sudden release of oestrogen or LH suppression

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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