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REPRO2 > Small animals 2 > Flashcards

Small animals 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some treatment options for follicular cysts?

A

May respond to hCG

May need suppression with progestogens

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2
Q

What are some treatment options for luteal cysts?

A

Usually only diagnosed when OVH because of pyometra. No treatment reported.

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3
Q

What type of tumour is the most common in the ovary?

A

Granulosa cell tumour

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4
Q

What are some of the signs of an ovarian tumour?

A

Signs related to a mass effect or ascites
If produce oestrogen:
Persistent oestrus & bone marrow suppression
If produce progesterone:
Failure to cycle
Occasionally pyometra

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5
Q

What is the treatment for ovarian tumours?

A

OVH

Can spread by trans-coelomic seeding therefore care when remove ovaries

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6
Q

What are some signs of intersex- phenotypic female?

A

Clitoris enlarges at puberty
Odd shaped vulva
Male behaviour

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7
Q

What are some signs of intersex- phenotypic male?

A

Small penis
Slit-like prepuce
May have penile bleeding (oestrus)
May develop pyometra

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8
Q

What are some reasons for conception failure in the bitch?

A
  • Inappropriate timing of mating
  • Male factor infertility
  • Abnormal mating
  • Abnormal uterine environment
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9
Q

What are some reasons for conception failure in the

A
  • Inadequate mating, inappropriate time
  • Male factor infertility
  • Abnormal mating
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10
Q

What percentage of pregnancies have resorption of one of the embryos (with continuation of pregnancies?)

A

10%

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11
Q

What are some infectious causes of resoprtion/abortion in the bitch?

A 
CHV
Canine parvovirus 
Canine Adenovirus 
Canine distemper virus
Brucella canis
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12
Q

What should you send off for diagnosis of infectious causes of resorption/abortion in the bitch?

A

Send unfrozen fetus and membranes

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13
Q

What are some non infectious causes of resorption/abortion in the bitch?

A
  • abnormal uterine environment
  • fetal abnormalities
  • low progesterone
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14
Q

What are some infectious causes of resoprtion/abortion in the queen?

A 
Feline leukaemia virus
Feline herpes virus
Feline panleucopenia virus
Feline infectious peritonitis virus
Chlamydia psittaci
Toxoplasma gondii
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15
Q

What are some non infectious causes of resorption/abortion in the queen?

A

Abnormal uterine environment
Fetal abnormalities
Low progesterone

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16
Q

How can you manage abortion in SA?

A

Treatment of dam: systemic antimicrobials, ecbolic agents (oxytocin), parenteral fluid therapy

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17
Q

What are some diagnostic techniques that you could ise in a dystocia case?

A 
Digital exam
Endoscopy - is cervix open
Ultrasound- fetal HR? alive?
Radiopgrahy- number and size of feotus
Measure progesterone
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18
Q

What are some radiographic signs of dead fetus?

A

change in posture, overlapping skull bones, fetal/uterine gas.

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19
Q

What is the normal fetal HR at term?

A

170-230bpm (4x maternal HR)

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20
Q

What does a fetal HR of <150bpm indicate?

A

Stress (hypoxia)

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21
Q

What does a fetal HR of <130bpm indicate?

A

Poor survival if not delivered within 2-3hours

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22
Q

What does fetal HR of <100bpm indicate?

A

Immediate (medical or surgical) intervention to hasten delivery before demise of pups

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23
Q

What are some treatment options of dystocia in SA?

A
  1. Correction of foetal orientation
  2. Oxytocin administration
  3. Calcium administration
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24
Q

When is oxytocin contraindicated?

A
  • If fetuses bradycardic –> causes compression of placenta and will worsen fetal hypoxia
  • Don’t administer if the cervix is closed or in cases of obstructive dystocia
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25
How long does normal involution take in the bitch?
12weeks
26
How long does normal involution take in the Queen?
6weeks
27
How long is the normal vulva discharge post parturition?
3-4weeks
28
What are some post partum disease in SA?
``` Haemorrhage Suspected retained fetal membranes Post partum metritis Hypocalcaemia Sub-involution of placental sites ```
29
What are the treatment options for haemorrhage post partum in SA?
Use of vaginal tampon Ecbolic agents If uterine origin and severe may need OVX (rare) Also if severe in specific breeds may consider an underlying coagulopathy
30
When would you suspect an RFM in sa?
If green/black discharge persists after parturition.
31
How can you diagnose RFM in SA?
U/S- palpation unreliable
32
How can you treat RFM in SA?
Oxytocin Antibiotics Consider low prostaglandin after 36 hours of oxytocin administration
33
What is a common sequelae to RFM in SA?
Metritis
34
What is metritis?
Bacterial contamination / infection of the uterus
35
What are the clinical signs of metritis in SA?
Depression, pyrexia, anorexia Purulent vulval discharge Neutrophilia with left shift Uterine enlargement
36
How can you manage metritis in SA?
Broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs Fluid therapy Ecbolic agents- Prostaglandins (synthetic naturally occurring)
37
What are some clincal signs of hypocalcaemia in SA following parturition?
nervousness, panting, whining, hypersalivation, stiff gait, tetany Frequently marked pyrexia
38
How can you treat hypocalcaemia in SA?
Calcium borogluconate slowly by IV infusion followed by same dose SC Feed pups artificially for 24 hours May consider cabergoline (Galastop) to stop lactation and wean pups if difficult to control
39
What are the signs of sub-involution of placental sites in SA?
Haemorrhagic vulval discharge for longer than the normal 4 to 6 week duration post-partum
40
What are the percentages of known and unknown causes of fading puppies?
45% known | 55% unknown
41
What are some of the known causes of fading puppies?
Maternal/management linked causes: injuries due to dystocia/ c section, tempereament factors and poor mothering, concurrent illness in dam and so poor lactation Infections (CHV) Low birth weight Severe congenital abnormality
42
What are some of the clinical signs of canine herpes virus in the neonate?
``` acutely fatal disease sudden death haemorrhage vomiting/diarrhoea weight loss and failure to suck (“fading puppy”) constant complaining neurological signs ocular disorders ```
43
What are some of the clinical signs of canine herpes virus in the adult?
respiratory tract disease carrier re-activates during periods of stress reproductive problems infertility, genital lesions, abortion, placentitis
44
How can you diagnose CHV?
Serology Send whole fresh carcass and placenta Virus isolation
45
How can you prevent CHV in puppies?
Vaccination of dam during pregnancy
46
What is proposed cause for many of the causes of mortality in the unknown section of causes of fading pups?
Role of lung surfactant? - > Poor respiratory function - > Respiratory distress - > Inability to suck - > Fatal cycle of hypoxia, dehydration, low blood sugars, hypothermia and death
47
What are some of the treatment options of a sick puppy with minor disease?
1. early supplemental feeding - tube feeding if necessary 2. Frozen-thawed or replacement colostrum before day 3 3. Maintain body temperature 4. Assess if dehydrated 5. General nursing to ensure urine and faecal voiding 6. +/- antimicrobials
48
How can you assess dehydration in a neonate?
normal urine is colourless, and the presence of colour in the urine may be a useful and simple indicator of dehydration Recordings of weight gain (measured three times daily) Evaluating skin elasticity
49
What is the approach to a sick puppy with significant disease?
1. rigorous clinical exam every 4hours. TPR, urine colour, mm and CRT 2. Hypothermia- slow reheating, maintain temp 29-32oC 3. oxygen administration 4. fluid therapy
50
What are the steps to acute haemorrhage?
1. Stop bleeding 2. Re-establish intravenous access 3. Reassess cardiovascular status, depth of anaesthesia and start fluids if necessary 4. Re-evaluate the patient and check whether further fluid therapy or medical treatment is required 5. Think about post-op care
51
Where should you check for haemorrhage post spay?
Right ovarian stump first –usually problem one as it lies more cranially – retract the duodenum out of the way towards the midline to expose If this is not bleeding, go to the left side – retract the colon towards the midline to expose left ovarian stump. If this is not bleeding, then check the cervical stump.
52
How can you improve visualisation to stop haemorrhage?
Make incision bigger | duodenal manovre
53
What would the pulse feel post op haemorrhage?
Pulse would be rapid, weak and thready.
54
How can you confirm the presence of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity?
You can sometimes ballot fluid within the abdomen, or see it leaking from the abdominal incision Ultrasound Paracentesis
55
What are the effects of progestogens?
``` Exert powerful negative feedback effect upon the hypothalamus/pituitary Central sedative effects (Alfaxalone) Closes cervix Stimulate endometrial proliferation Suppress myometrial activity Mammary enlargement ```
56
What are some examples of progesten products?
* Megestrol (Ovarid) * Delmadinone (Tardak) * Proligestone (Delvosteron) * Osaterone (Ypozane)
57
What are some of the uses of progestogens?
1. control of oestrus- main use 2. Tx of pseudopregnancy 3. In males to treat anti-socail behaviour, prostate disease and anal adenomas
58
Why aren't androgens used to treat poor libido?
Suppress spermatogenesis
59
What are the effects of oestrogens?
Causes oedema of reproductive tract Pheromone production Changes in function of the uterine tube and uterus (support sperm transport and the environment for fertilisation)
60
What are some adverse effects of oestrogens?
Potentiate the effects of progesterone on the uterus -> pyometra Dose-related bone marrow suppression -> anaemia, thrombocytopaenia->death? Stimulate signs of oestrus Non pruritic bilaterally symmetrical alopecia and hyperpigmentation If administered during pregnancy may produce abortion Gynaecomastia and squamous metaplasia of the prostate
61
What are some examples of oestrogens drugs?
``` Oestradiol benzoate (Mesalin) Estriol (Incurin) ```
62
What are some of the uses of oestrogens?
Unwanted mating Treat urinary incontinence Treat vaginitis
63
What are some of the short term in action GnRH agonist effects
Causes stimulation of LH and FSH release Aiming to hasten ovulation Aiming to force ovulation of persistent or cystic follicles Aiming to test the H-P-G Axis by measurement of oestrogen or testosterone
64
What is an example of a short term in action GnRH agonist?
buserelin [Receptal] injection or deslorelin [Ovuplant] implant
65
What are some of the long term in action GnRH agonist effects
Causes initial stimulation and then receptor down-regulation For suppression of cyclical activity in female For temporary sterilisation in males For treatment of male hormone stimulated conditions (behaviour, prostate, anal adenoma)
66
What is an example of a long term in action GnRH agonist?
deslorelin [Suprelorin] implant
67
What drug has FSH like activity?
eCG (PMSG-Intervet)
68
What is the effect of eCG?
- promotes growth and maturation of follicles | - stimulates spermatogenesis in the male
69
What is the effect of hCG?
final maturation of follicles / formation of CL | stimulates androgen production in the male
70
What drug has LH like activity?
hCG Chorionic gonadotrophin (Chorulon)
71
What is the clinical use of eCG in dogs?
No clinical use
72
What is the clinical use of hCG in dogs?
Testing of Gonadal function (are there any ovaries / testes?) Hastening of ovulation Forcing of ovulation
73
What are some examples of prostaglandin drugs?
``` Synthetic Natural PG: - Dinoprost (Lutalyse) PG Analogues: Cloprostenol (Estrumate) Luprostiol (Prosolvin) ```
74
What are the effects/actions of prostaglandins?
Lysis of the corpora lutea Early CLs are usually not responsive Ecbolic
75
What are some adverse effects of prostaglandins?
``` Restlessness Hypersalivation Vomiting Abdominal pain Diarrhoea Pyrexia ```
76
When are prostaglandins effective in the bitch?
After day 20
77
What are some of the clinical uses of prostaglandins?
Treatment of luteal phase conditions e.g. open cervix pyo or termination of pregnancy, post partum metritis Now superseeded by prolactin inhibitors with PGs
78
What are the actions of oxytocin?
Contraction of uterine smooth muscle when receptors are present Pharmacological contraction of uterine smooth muscle when few receptors are present Milk `let-down‘
79
What are some adverse effects of oxytocin?
May cause uterine spasm if overdose
80
What are some clinical uses of oxytocin?
Stimulation of uterine contractions Promote involution of post partum uterus Aid in control of post partum haemorrhage Promotion of milk let down
81
What are the actions of prolactin?
Luteoptrophic | Stimulate milk production
82
What prolactin agonists are used to stimulate milk production?
Metoclopramide at 0.1-0.2 mg/kg, SC, tid-qid | Phenothiazines at low dose may also stimulate mild production
83
What are some actions of prolactin inhibitors?
Termination of luteal phase
84
What is an example of a prolactin inhibitor drug?
Cabergoline (Galastop)
85
What are some adverse effects of prolactin inhibitors?
Nausea and vomiting Lethargy (abortion) (return to oestrus)
86
What are the licensed uses of prolactin inhibitors?
Treatment of Pseudopregnancy | Suppression of Lactation e.g. Post weaning
87
What are some off licensed uses of prolactin inhibitors?
To end the luteal phase to terminate pregnancy (often done in combination with prostaglandin) To end the luteal phase to treat pyometra (often done in combination with prostaglandin) To induce oestrus (mechanism uncertain)
88
What is an example of a progesterone receptor antagonist?
Aglepristone (Alizin)
89
What is the action of progesterone receptor anatognists?
Progesterone cannot bind to its receptor - essentially progesterone becomes ‘invisible’ and not effective
90
What are some adverse effects of progesterone receptor antagonits?
Injection site reaction
91
What is the licensed use for progesterone receptor anatagonist?
Tx of unwated mating up to 20days after mating and pyometra
92
What are common regimes for prevention of oestrus?
Currently progestogens either daily orally or by depot injection In the future will be GnRH agonists
93
What are common regimes for suppresion of oestrus?
Higher dose oral progestogens
94
What are common regimes for treatment of pseudopregnancy?
Oral prolactin inhibitor
95
What are common regimes for treatment of unwanted pregnancy?
Injected aglepristone (some practices still have oestradiol benzoate)
96
What is the common regime for termination of pregnancy?
Injection of aglepristone or combination of prolactin inhibitor and prostaglandin
97
What is the common regime for unwanted male behaviour?
Depot progestogen

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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