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REPRO2 > Small animals 2 > Flashcards

Small animals 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some treatment options for follicular cysts?

A

May respond to hCG

May need suppression with progestogens

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2
Q

What are some treatment options for luteal cysts?

A

Usually only diagnosed when OVH because of pyometra. No treatment reported.

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3
Q

What type of tumour is the most common in the ovary?

A

Granulosa cell tumour

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4
Q

What are some of the signs of an ovarian tumour?

A

Signs related to a mass effect or ascites
If produce oestrogen:
Persistent oestrus & bone marrow suppression
If produce progesterone:
Failure to cycle
Occasionally pyometra

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5
Q

What is the treatment for ovarian tumours?

A

OVH

Can spread by trans-coelomic seeding therefore care when remove ovaries

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6
Q

What are some signs of intersex- phenotypic female?

A

Clitoris enlarges at puberty
Odd shaped vulva
Male behaviour

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7
Q

What are some signs of intersex- phenotypic male?

A

Small penis
Slit-like prepuce
May have penile bleeding (oestrus)
May develop pyometra

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8
Q

What are some reasons for conception failure in the bitch?

A
  • Inappropriate timing of mating
  • Male factor infertility
  • Abnormal mating
  • Abnormal uterine environment
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9
Q

What are some reasons for conception failure in the

A
  • Inadequate mating, inappropriate time
  • Male factor infertility
  • Abnormal mating
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10
Q

What percentage of pregnancies have resorption of one of the embryos (with continuation of pregnancies?)

A

10%

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11
Q

What are some infectious causes of resoprtion/abortion in the bitch?

A 
CHV
Canine parvovirus 
Canine Adenovirus 
Canine distemper virus
Brucella canis
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12
Q

What should you send off for diagnosis of infectious causes of resorption/abortion in the bitch?

A

Send unfrozen fetus and membranes

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13
Q

What are some non infectious causes of resorption/abortion in the bitch?

A
  • abnormal uterine environment
  • fetal abnormalities
  • low progesterone
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14
Q

What are some infectious causes of resoprtion/abortion in the queen?

A 
Feline leukaemia virus
Feline herpes virus
Feline panleucopenia virus
Feline infectious peritonitis virus
Chlamydia psittaci
Toxoplasma gondii
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15
Q

What are some non infectious causes of resorption/abortion in the queen?

A

Abnormal uterine environment
Fetal abnormalities
Low progesterone

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16
Q

How can you manage abortion in SA?

A

Treatment of dam: systemic antimicrobials, ecbolic agents (oxytocin), parenteral fluid therapy

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17
Q

What are some diagnostic techniques that you could ise in a dystocia case?

A 
Digital exam
Endoscopy - is cervix open
Ultrasound- fetal HR? alive?
Radiopgrahy- number and size of feotus
Measure progesterone
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18
Q

What are some radiographic signs of dead fetus?

A

change in posture, overlapping skull bones, fetal/uterine gas.

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19
Q

What is the normal fetal HR at term?

A

170-230bpm (4x maternal HR)

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20
Q

What does a fetal HR of <150bpm indicate?

A

Stress (hypoxia)

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21
Q

What does a fetal HR of <130bpm indicate?

A

Poor survival if not delivered within 2-3hours

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22
Q

What does fetal HR of <100bpm indicate?

A

Immediate (medical or surgical) intervention to hasten delivery before demise of pups

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23
Q

What are some treatment options of dystocia in SA?

A
  1. Correction of foetal orientation
  2. Oxytocin administration
  3. Calcium administration
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24
Q

When is oxytocin contraindicated?

A
  • If fetuses bradycardic –> causes compression of placenta and will worsen fetal hypoxia
  • Don’t administer if the cervix is closed or in cases of obstructive dystocia
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25
Q

How long does normal involution take in the bitch?

A

12weeks

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26
Q

How long does normal involution take in the Queen?

A

6weeks

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27
Q

How long is the normal vulva discharge post parturition?

A

3-4weeks

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28
Q

What are some post partum disease in SA?

A 
Haemorrhage
Suspected retained fetal membranes
Post partum metritis
Hypocalcaemia
Sub-involution of placental sites
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29
Q

What are the treatment options for haemorrhage post partum in SA?

A

Use of vaginal tampon
Ecbolic agents
If uterine origin and severe may need OVX (rare)
Also if severe in specific breeds may consider an underlying coagulopathy

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30
Q

When would you suspect an RFM in sa?

A

If green/black discharge persists after parturition.

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31
Q

How can you diagnose RFM in SA?

A

U/S- palpation unreliable

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32
Q

How can you treat RFM in SA?

A

Oxytocin
Antibiotics
Consider low prostaglandin after 36 hours of oxytocin administration

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33
Q

What is a common sequelae to RFM in SA?

A

Metritis

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34
Q

What is metritis?

A

Bacterial contamination / infection of the uterus

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35
Q

What are the clinical signs of metritis in SA?

A

Depression, pyrexia, anorexia
Purulent vulval discharge
Neutrophilia with left shift
Uterine enlargement

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36
Q

How can you manage metritis in SA?

A

Broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs
Fluid therapy
Ecbolic agents- Prostaglandins (synthetic naturally occurring)

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37
Q

What are some clincal signs of hypocalcaemia in SA following parturition?

A

nervousness, panting, whining, hypersalivation, stiff gait, tetany
Frequently marked pyrexia

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38
Q

How can you treat hypocalcaemia in SA?

A

Calcium borogluconate slowly by IV infusion followed by same dose SC
Feed pups artificially for 24 hours
May consider cabergoline (Galastop) to stop lactation and wean pups if difficult to control

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39
Q

What are the signs of sub-involution of placental sites in SA?

A

Haemorrhagic vulval discharge for longer than the normal 4 to 6 week duration post-partum

40
Q

What are the percentages of known and unknown causes of fading puppies?

A

45% known

55% unknown

41
Q

What are some of the known causes of fading puppies?

A

Maternal/management linked causes: injuries due to dystocia/ c section, tempereament factors and poor mothering, concurrent illness in dam and so poor lactation

Infections (CHV)
Low birth weight
Severe congenital abnormality

42
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of canine herpes virus in the neonate?

A 
acutely fatal disease
sudden death
haemorrhage
vomiting/diarrhoea
weight loss and failure to suck (“fading puppy”)
constant complaining
neurological signs
ocular disorders
43
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of canine herpes virus in the adult?

A

respiratory tract disease
carrier
re-activates during periods of stress
reproductive problems infertility, genital lesions, abortion, placentitis

44
Q

How can you diagnose CHV?

A

Serology
Send whole fresh carcass and placenta
Virus isolation

45
Q

How can you prevent CHV in puppies?

A

Vaccination of dam during pregnancy

46
Q

What is proposed cause for many of the causes of mortality in the unknown section of causes of fading pups?

A

Role of lung surfactant?

  • > Poor respiratory function
  • > Respiratory distress
  • > Inability to suck
  • > Fatal cycle of hypoxia, dehydration, low blood sugars, hypothermia and death
47
Q

What are some of the treatment options of a sick puppy with minor disease?

A
  1. early supplemental feeding - tube feeding if necessary
  2. Frozen-thawed or replacement colostrum before day 3
  3. Maintain body temperature
  4. Assess if dehydrated
  5. General nursing to ensure urine and faecal voiding
  6. +/- antimicrobials
48
Q

How can you assess dehydration in a neonate?

A

normal urine is colourless, and the presence of colour in the urine may be a useful and simple indicator of dehydration
Recordings of weight gain (measured three times daily)
Evaluating skin elasticity

49
Q

What is the approach to a sick puppy with significant disease?

A
  1. rigorous clinical exam every 4hours. TPR, urine colour, mm and CRT
  2. Hypothermia- slow reheating, maintain temp 29-32oC
  3. oxygen administration
  4. fluid therapy
50
Q

What are the steps to acute haemorrhage?

A
  1. Stop bleeding
  2. Re-establish intravenous access
  3. Reassess cardiovascular status, depth of anaesthesia and start fluids if necessary
  4. Re-evaluate the patient and check whether further fluid therapy or medical treatment is required
  5. Think about post-op care
51
Q

Where should you check for haemorrhage post spay?

A

Right ovarian stump first –usually problem one as it lies more cranially – retract the duodenum out of the way towards the midline to expose
If this is not bleeding, go to the left side – retract the colon towards the midline to expose left ovarian stump.
If this is not bleeding, then check the cervical stump.

52
Q

How can you improve visualisation to stop haemorrhage?

A

Make incision bigger

duodenal manovre

53
Q

What would the pulse feel post op haemorrhage?

A

Pulse would be rapid, weak and thready.

54
Q

How can you confirm the presence of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity?

A

You can sometimes ballot fluid within the abdomen, or see it leaking from the abdominal incision
Ultrasound
Paracentesis

55
Q

What are the effects of progestogens?

A 
Exert powerful negative feedback effect upon the hypothalamus/pituitary
Central sedative effects (Alfaxalone) 
Closes cervix
Stimulate endometrial proliferation
Suppress myometrial activity
Mammary enlargement
56
Q

What are some examples of progesten products?

A
  • Megestrol (Ovarid)
  • Delmadinone (Tardak)
  • Proligestone (Delvosteron)
  • Osaterone (Ypozane)
57
Q

What are some of the uses of progestogens?

A
  1. control of oestrus- main use
  2. Tx of pseudopregnancy
  3. In males to treat anti-socail behaviour, prostate disease and anal adenomas
58
Q

Why aren’t androgens used to treat poor libido?

A

Suppress spermatogenesis

59
Q

What are the effects of oestrogens?

A

Causes oedema of reproductive tract
Pheromone production
Changes in function of the uterine tube and uterus (support sperm transport and the environment for fertilisation)

60
Q

What are some adverse effects of oestrogens?

A

Potentiate the effects of progesterone on the uterus -> pyometra
Dose-related bone marrow suppression
-> anaemia, thrombocytopaenia->death?
Stimulate signs of oestrus
Non pruritic bilaterally symmetrical alopecia and hyperpigmentation
If administered during pregnancy may produce abortion
Gynaecomastia and squamous metaplasia of the prostate

61
Q

What are some examples of oestrogens drugs?

A 
Oestradiol benzoate (Mesalin)
Estriol (Incurin)
62
Q

What are some of the uses of oestrogens?

A

Unwanted mating
Treat urinary incontinence
Treat vaginitis

63
Q

What are some of the short term in action GnRH agonist effects

A

Causes stimulation of LH and FSH release
Aiming to hasten ovulation
Aiming to force ovulation of persistent or cystic follicles
Aiming to test the H-P-G Axis by measurement of oestrogen or testosterone

64
Q

What is an example of a short term in action GnRH agonist?

A

buserelin [Receptal] injection or deslorelin [Ovuplant] implant

65
Q

What are some of the long term in action GnRH agonist effects

A

Causes initial stimulation and then receptor down-regulation
For suppression of cyclical activity in female
For temporary sterilisation in males
For treatment of male hormone stimulated conditions (behaviour, prostate, anal adenoma)

66
Q

What is an example of a long term in action GnRH agonist?

A

deslorelin [Suprelorin] implant

67
Q

What drug has FSH like activity?

A

eCG (PMSG-Intervet)

68
Q

What is the effect of eCG?

A
  • promotes growth and maturation of follicles

- stimulates spermatogenesis in the male

69
Q

What is the effect of hCG?

A

final maturation of follicles / formation of CL

stimulates androgen production in the male

70
Q

What drug has LH like activity?

A

hCG
Chorionic gonadotrophin
(Chorulon)

71
Q

What is the clinical use of eCG in dogs?

A

No clinical use

72
Q

What is the clinical use of hCG in dogs?

A

Testing of Gonadal function (are there any ovaries / testes?)
Hastening of ovulation
Forcing of ovulation

73
Q

What are some examples of prostaglandin drugs?

A 
Synthetic Natural PG:
- Dinoprost (Lutalyse)
PG Analogues:
Cloprostenol (Estrumate)
Luprostiol (Prosolvin)
74
Q

What are the effects/actions of prostaglandins?

A

Lysis of the corpora lutea
Early CLs are usually not responsive
Ecbolic

75
Q

What are some adverse effects of prostaglandins?

A 
Restlessness
Hypersalivation
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Diarrhoea
Pyrexia
76
Q

When are prostaglandins effective in the bitch?

A

After day 20

77
Q

What are some of the clinical uses of prostaglandins?

A

Treatment of luteal phase conditions e.g. open cervix pyo or termination of pregnancy, post partum metritis
Now superseeded by prolactin inhibitors with PGs

78
Q

What are the actions of oxytocin?

A

Contraction of uterine smooth muscle when receptors are present
Pharmacological contraction of uterine smooth muscle when few receptors are present
Milk `let-down‘

79
Q

What are some adverse effects of oxytocin?

A

May cause uterine spasm if overdose

80
Q

What are some clinical uses of oxytocin?

A

Stimulation of uterine contractions
Promote involution of post partum uterus
Aid in control of post partum haemorrhage
Promotion of milk let down

81
Q

What are the actions of prolactin?

A

Luteoptrophic

Stimulate milk production

82
Q

What prolactin agonists are used to stimulate milk production?

A

Metoclopramide at 0.1-0.2 mg/kg, SC, tid-qid

Phenothiazines at low dose may also stimulate mild production

83
Q

What are some actions of prolactin inhibitors?

A

Termination of luteal phase

84
Q

What is an example of a prolactin inhibitor drug?

A

Cabergoline (Galastop)

85
Q

What are some adverse effects of prolactin inhibitors?

A

Nausea and vomiting
Lethargy
(abortion)
(return to oestrus)

86
Q

What are the licensed uses of prolactin inhibitors?

A

Treatment of Pseudopregnancy

Suppression of Lactation e.g. Post weaning

87
Q

What are some off licensed uses of prolactin inhibitors?

A

To end the luteal phase to terminate pregnancy (often done in combination with prostaglandin)

To end the luteal phase to treat pyometra (often done in combination with prostaglandin)

To induce oestrus (mechanism uncertain)

88
Q

What is an example of a progesterone receptor antagonist?

A

Aglepristone (Alizin)

89
Q

What is the action of progesterone receptor anatognists?

A

Progesterone cannot bind to its receptor - essentially progesterone becomes ‘invisible’ and not effective

90
Q

What are some adverse effects of progesterone receptor antagonits?

A

Injection site reaction

91
Q

What is the licensed use for progesterone receptor anatagonist?

A

Tx of unwated mating up to 20days after mating and pyometra

92
Q

What are common regimes for prevention of oestrus?

A

Currently progestogens either daily orally or by depot injection
In the future will be GnRH agonists

93
Q

What are common regimes for suppresion of oestrus?

A

Higher dose oral progestogens

94
Q

What are common regimes for treatment of pseudopregnancy?

A

Oral prolactin inhibitor

95
Q

What are common regimes for treatment of unwanted pregnancy?

A

Injected aglepristone (some practices still have oestradiol benzoate)

96
Q

What is the common regime for termination of pregnancy?

A

Injection of aglepristone or combination of prolactin inhibitor and prostaglandin

97
Q

What is the common regime for unwanted male behaviour?

A

Depot progestogen

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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