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REPRO2 > Farm animals 6 > Flashcards

Farm animals 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What two key factors can toxic mastitis in dairy herds be considered as a combination of?

A
  • Environmental infection pressure

- Inadequate immune function

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2
Q

Discuss the prevention of toxic mastitis in dairy herds

A
  • Environmental management: stocking density (1.25m^2/1000L annual mean cow milk prod. needed), clean bedding and passageways daily, ensure good ventilation, ensure sufficient feed trough space
  • Vaccination against E coli and Strep aureus mastitis
  • Imrestor to support innate immune system (admin 7 days before anticipated calving date)
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3
Q

When is the breeding season for camelids in the UK?

A

Potential to breed all year round, but generally breed December to April

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4
Q

Briefly describe the key facts about the oestrus cycle in South American Camelids

A
  • Follicular growth occurs in regular waves during rutting season
  • Induced ovulators - no luteal phase between oestrus cycles unless ovulation occurs
  • Females do not show overt signs of oestrus other than acceptance of male when hand teased
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5
Q

Explain what is meant by kushing in camelids

A

Position where alpaca folds its legs under body to rest, keep warm, or if female receptive to breeding

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6
Q

Explain what is meant by spitting off in camelids

A

When mated female that has ovulated is re-introduced to stud male, will reject advances by kicking, running away and spitting

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7
Q

What is the gestation length of alpacas?

A

335-372 days

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8
Q

Why should males and third trimester pregnant females be kept separate in camelids?

A

Placental derived oestrogens produced may be mistaken by male for oestrus

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9
Q

List the non-infectious causes of abortion in camelids

A
  • Uterine torsion
  • Twinning
  • Umbilical cord torsion
  • Placental insufficiency
  • Luteal insufficiency
  • Environmental stress
  • Iatrogenic
  • Nutritional deficiencies
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10
Q

List the viral causes of abortion in camelids

A
  • BVDV
  • Equine herpesvirus 1
  • Equine arteritis
  • Bluetongue
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11
Q

List the bacterial causes of abortion in camelids

A
  • Brucellosis
  • Chlamydiosis
  • Leptospirosis
  • Listeriosis
  • Campylobacteriosis
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12
Q

List the protozoal causes of abortion in camelids

A
  • Toxoplasmosis

- Neospora

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13
Q

Outline the risk factors for uterine torsion in camelids

A
  • Large foetal size
  • Male foetus
  • Breed predisposition
  • Maternal illness
  • Excessive rolling (females moved to new area in late gestation)
  • Right horn pregnancies
  • Prolonged gestation
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14
Q

What are the treatment options for uterine torsion in camelids?

A
  • Rolling female whilst stabilising uterus to untwist the tosion
  • Surgical: left flank paralumbar fossa approach and untwist
  • Where possible, leave gestating cria in utero to then continue to a natural birthing process (poor survival if premature)
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15
Q

Outline the possible complications of uterine torsion in camelids

A
  • Haemorrhagic shock, toxemia
  • Foetal death/compromise
  • Rupture of uterine/ovarian artery
  • Uterine rupture and subsequent peritonitis
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16
Q

When called out to a difficult calving, what advice should you give to the owner over the phone?

A
  • Do not keep in crush if will take >15 mins to get there
  • Avoid too much manipulation of calf/dam (risk of injury, stress)
  • Provide lots of clean bedding
  • If possible isolate from rest of herd
17
Q

Discuss the use of drugs in the management of a dystocia case in calving

A
  • Sedatives only if dam is fractious, avoid due to effects on foetus reducing viability
  • Use analgesia
  • Consider epidural anaesthesia, will control abdominal straining but if only minor repositioning needed, abdominal effort from dam may be helpful
18
Q

Outline the steps in the vaginal examination fo a cow with dystocia

A
  • Check for injury/abnormalities in birth canal
  • Check dilation of vagina, vestibule, then cervix
  • Check if foetus is alive
  • Assess relative size of foetus
  • Assess position of uterus, foetus and umbilical cord
19
Q

Briefly outline the maternal causes of dystocia in cows

A
  • Inadeqate expulsive forces (primary/secondary uterine inertia or weak abdominal straining)
  • Inadequate size of birth canal (incomplete dilation/constriction of birth canal, inadeqate pelvic diameter)
20
Q

Briefly outline the foetal factors that can cause dystocia in cows

A
  • Oversize: relative and absolute (breed, prolonged gestation etc.), congenital monsters, foetal pathology (ascites, anisarca etc.)
  • Foetal disposition i.e. presentation/position
21
Q

Discuss the advantages of manual correction of dystocia in a cow

A
  • Less invasive than c-section
  • Lower cost
  • Shorter recovery time
22
Q

Discuss the disadvantages of manual correction of dystocia in a cow

A
  • Risk of foetal hypoxia
  • Trauma to birth canal
  • Painful to dam
  • Risk of nerve damage and haemorrhage to dam
  • May need to convert C-section if foetus too large/cannot reposition
23
Q

Discuss the advantages of caesarean section for the correction of dystocia in a cow

A
  • May be faster

- Reduced risk of hypoxia

24
Q

Discuss the disadvantages of a caesarean section for the correction of dystocia in a cow

A
  • Invasive
  • Cost
  • Greater risk of peritonitis and systemic illness
  • Antibiotic use
25
Q

Discuss the management of a traumatic lesion in the vaginal wall of a cow following manual assistance in dystocia

A
  • If small lesion (<3cm), may be allowed to heal alone
  • Check vaccination status for clostridia
  • Consider antibiotic use (e.g. TMPS, penicillin, streptomycin, amoxicillin, procaine benzylpenicillin)
26
Q

Which pathogens are of greatest concern in a case with trauma to the vaginal wall following manual correction of dystocia in a cow?

A
  • Trueperella pyogenes
  • Clostridium septicum/chauvoei/sordelli/novyi
  • Fusobacterium necrophorum
27
Q

Outline the post-operative care in the case of uncomplicated manual correction of a dystocia case in a cow

A
  • Keep separate in order to keep a closer eye on her, provide energy source (e.g. propylene glycol), good quality and quantity feed and water, soft dry bedding
  • Check udder for mastitis by stripping and if n any doubt, do CMT
  • Advise revisit if temp up, anorexic, placenta not out in 24hours
  • Adhere to withdrawal times for each drug used

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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