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REPRO2 > Puerperium and Post partum conditions > Flashcards

Puerperium and Post partum conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What changes of the reproductive tract occur during the puerperium?

A

Uterine involution
Elimination of bacterial contamination
Resumption of ovarian function
Lactation/suckling

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2
Q

When do mares come into heat after foaling?

A

Most mares come into heat about a week after foaling. Can be as early as 5 days or as long as 14days

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3
Q

What may be the consequences for a mare if she is not bred at foal heat?

A

Mares foaling date will slip later in the spring each year, will evntually need to take a year off to avoid producing summer foal
Foal will be born further away from Jan 1st (TB birthday), will be at a disadvantage when racing

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4
Q

What conditions should preclude breeding a mare at foal heat?

A

RFM
Dystocia
Metritis

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5
Q

When does the uterus of the normal cow become sterile?

A

6-8w post partum

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6
Q

What consequences are there for the cow when there is persistence of bacteria and bacterial endotoxin in the uterus?

A

Leads to post-partum infections: metritis, endometritis.
Subfertility caused by clinical metritis/endometritis
Reduced milk yield

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7
Q

What is the rationale for giving GnRH to post partum cows?

A

Return to cyclicity- causes ovulation, opens cervix to allow for flushing

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8
Q

What is the rationale for giving oestrogen to post partum cows (no longer possible under EU legilsation)

A

Similar effect to GnRH

Increased uterine blood flow and stimulate immune response as occurs in oestrus

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9
Q

What is the rationale for giving prostaglandin to to post partum cows?

A
  • Luteolysis, so therefore reduced P4 concentrations and sends them into oestrus (Increased uterine blood flow and stimulate immune response)
  • Encourages uterine involution and open cervix
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10
Q

What conditions can occur immediately postpartum?

A

Haemorrhage (vaginal/uterine artery) - common - pale mucous membranes

Nerve damage (obturator, gluteal/sciatic nerve) - -common - recumbency

Fracture (pelvis / femur / vertebral column)-rare - recumbency

Rupture (vagina, uterus, gastrocnemius muscle)

Toxaemia (puerperal metritis, retained fetal membranes) - common - recumbency

Hypocalcaemia - common- recumbency

Prolapse (uterus/cervix/vagina/bladder) - common - may be recumbent

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11
Q

What species does blood leak from the maternal surface occur in normally?

A

Carnivores- have an endothelio-chorial placenta

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12
Q

What are some causes of bleeding in other species?

A

Breakage of the umbilicus and blood leaking from the placenta

Uterine artery rupture (bleeding from uterine artery into the broad ligament may occur, in those cases external blood loss is not noted, rather collapse and death)

Vaginal artery haemorrhage in heifer after forced extraction

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13
Q

How would you diagnose a vaginal artery laceration in a heifer after a forced extraction?

A

By placing your hand in the vagina and feel the pulsing blood hemorrhaging from the side of the vaginal cavity and leak into the uterine cavity.

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14
Q

How would you manage a vaginal artery laceration?

A

place a hemostat on the artery to stop the bleeding, place 1 suture to keep the hemostat in place and return the next day to remove the clamp, blood flow in the vaginal region is then reduced and no ligature needs to be placed.

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15
Q

How may a uterine rupture present?

A

Prolapse of the dam’s intestines

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16
Q

What is the aetiology of uterine rupture?

A

May be by extremities perforating the uterus during repositioning and traction (particularly fetal monsters)
May be due to excessive vigorous retropulsion
May be by forceful movements due to asphyxia fetus
May be spontaneous with uterine torsion (friable uterus)
May be secondary to instrument perforation (fetotomy)

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17
Q

What is the prognosis of a uterine rupture (As well as uterine artery rupture)?

A

Generally very poor. Peritonitis and sepsis occurs if a perforating lesion exists. Closing the lesion intra abdominally is difficult, as is everting the uterus to suture the lesion outside the animal.

For those reasons treatment is generally not attempted.

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18
Q

Which animals is vaginal rupture often seen in?

A

Obese heifers with assisted calvings

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19
Q

What can prolapse into the vaginal cavity during a vaginal rupture?

A

Usually just peri-vaginal fat.

Can sometimes get small intestines, bladder or uterus.

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20
Q

What is a complication of a vaginal rupture?

A

Secondary infection, necrotic vaginitis (F. necrophorum & Clostridia) can be life threatening

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21
Q

What should you advise to a vaginal rupture case?

A

Clostridial vaccination preventatively and clean calving procedures.

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22
Q

What can you do to prevent vaginal ruptures?

A

Take the time and work with the abdominal contractions when the animal is in parturition to give the soft tissue in the vaginal cavity sufficient time to relax

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23
Q

What species are perineal injuries most common in and why?

A

mare as the result of a foal’s foot forceful perforating the roof of the vagina leading to a rectovaginal fistula (RVF)

24
Q

When are RVF repaired?

A

At least 1 month after

25
Q

Why would you repair an RVF at least one month after?

A

necessary for initial inflammation to subside, leaving healed and healthy mucosal edges and a fibrous scar capable of holding of sutures under tension during the repair

26
Q

Why is an RVF a more common postpartum condition in mares compared to other species?

A

The parturition process in the mare is forceful compared to other species, combined with the long extremities of the foal this can lead to RVF during dystocia

27
Q

What can you see in a prolapse of the bladder in the mare?

A

sometimes in the mare the bladder everts through the fairly wide urethra; the internal [mucosal] surface of the bladder is visible.

28
Q

What can you see in a prolapse of the bladder in the ewe or cow?

A

bladder can prolapse through a tear in the vagina; the external [serosal] surface of the bladder is visible.

29
Q

When are prolapses of vagina and cervix more commonly seen?

A

Pre partum

30
Q

What are the 3 stages of a vagina and cervix prolapse?

A

Stage 1: Mucosa protrudes when female recumbent but disappears when she stands
Stage 2: Mucosa protrudes when dam stands
Stage 3: All vagina protrudes and cervix is visible

31
Q

What are risk factors for a vaginal prolapse in ewes?

A

a. oestrogen rich diet
b. bulky feed
c. large litter
d. rectal/vaginal irritation leading to prolonged straining
e. high BCS (over conditioned)
f. short tail docking

32
Q

What are some treatment options for vaginal prolapse?

A
  • consider risk facotrs
  • Buuhner suture using the appropriate Gerlach needle
  • a harness
  • a spoon placed in the vagina or prolapse pins palced across the vulva
33
Q

What is the incidence of uterine prolapse in the cow?

A

Cow: common postpartum, usually complete inversion of previously pregnant horn

34
Q

What is the incidence of uterine prolapse in the sow?

A

Infrequent, inversion of one horn

35
Q

What is the incidence of uterine prolapse in the mare?

A

Rare, inversion of the whole of the uterus, may be associated with traction of retained placenta

36
Q

What is the incidence of uterine prolapse in the bitch and queen?

A

Rare, inversion of one horn

37
Q

Why is a uterine prolapse more common in cattle compared to other species?

A

a. Cows are monotocous and consequently a large fetus may lead to protracted straining leading to eversion of a poorly involuted uterus
b. Hypocalcaemia is a risk factor which is common in (dairy) cattle

38
Q

What is the prognosis of a prolapssed uterus in the cow?

A

Good when replaced imminently

39
Q

Which peripheral nerves are easily damaged during a forced extraction?

A

Gluteal and obturator nerve

40
Q

Which species is sciatic paralysis seen in?

A

Mare often at spontaenous births

41
Q

What is the clinical presenation of sciatic paralysis?

A

Dam has difficulty rising and when walks appears to have weak hind legs

42
Q

What are the general treatments for sciatic paralysis?

A

NSAIDs, help rising, slings, provision of firm footing

43
Q

What is the prognosis for sciatic paralysis?

A

If the dam does not rise for several days the prognosis is guarded

44
Q

Which nerves in cattle are damaged in sciatic paralysis?

A

sciatic nerve paralysis (L6, S1-S2)

peroneal nerve paralysis (cranial branch sciatic nerve)

45
Q

What is the prognosis of bilateral cases of obturator nerve paralysis?

A

Hopeless

46
Q

What is the prognosis of unilateral cses of obturator nerve paralysis?

A

Have risk of slipping and fracture

47
Q

What is the treatment for obturator nerve paralsysis?

A

NSAIDs, hobbling, and provision of firm footing

General nursing and attention to mammary glands is important

48
Q

What is the significance of finding M.abbuctor muscle rupture in obturator nerve paralysis

A

Prognosis is 0% and cow needs to tbe euthansied

49
Q

What is the incidence of RFM in cattle?

A

Common, 6-8% overall and 25-50% of dystocias

50
Q

What is the incidence of RFM in the mare?

A

less common: incidence 1-10%

51
Q

What is the incidence of RFM in the ewe?

A

Uncommon

52
Q

What is the incidence of RFM in the bitch and queen?

A

Uncommon

53
Q

What are the consequence of RFM in the mare?

A

Metritis –> laminitis can be very severe

54
Q

What are the consequence of RFM in the ewe?

A

Metritis

55
Q

What are the consequence of RFM in the bitch and queen?

A

Metritis

56
Q

What is the aetiology of RFM?

A

Failure of normal process of dehiscence and expulsion

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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