Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

REPRO2 > Farm animals > Flashcards

Farm animals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the indications for intrauterine antibiotic treatment in cattle?

A

Endometritis only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which antibiotic is suitable for intrauterine treatment in cattle?

A

Cefapirin (Metricure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Outline the method for intrauterine antibiotic treatment in cattle

A
  • Clean vulva, then pass catheter into the cervix
  • With the other hand, rectally palpate the cervix and hold onto it
  • Gently pass the catheter through the cervix, making sure to manoeuvre with the shape of the cervix rather than push against it
  • Keep going until the catheter is palpable just on the other side of the cervix, deposit the antibiotics and withdraw the catheter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a key contraindication for use of intrauterine antibiotics?

A

Metritis - wall is more friable and there is a risk of perforation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What traction methods can be used for dystocia cases in cattle?

A
  • Vink calving aid
  • Pulley system
  • Manual traction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List the indications for foetotomy in cattle

A
  • Size of foetus is too big for birth canal of dam (oversized foetus or undersized/juvenile dam)
  • Abnormal presentations which cannot be corrected, or where correction would present unacceptable risk to the dam
  • Abnormal foetus e.g. monstrum or schistosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When are partial and total foetotomies appropriate?

A
  • Partial for abnormal presentation

- Total if all parts are oversized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List the methods of pregnancy diagnosis in cattle

A
  • Non-return to oestrus
  • Laboratory based methods
  • Transrectal ultrasonography
  • Transrectal palpation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List the laboratory based methods that may be used in the pregnancy diagnosis in cattle

A
  • Early pregnancy factor/early conception factor
  • Pregnancy specific proteins
  • Plasma and/or milk progesterone
  • Oestrone sulphate in milk or plasma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Discuss the use of non-return to oestrus as a method of diagnosing pregnancy in cattle

A
  • Not 100% effective, depends on efficient and accurate detection of oestrus
  • Some cows show oestrus behaviour when pregnant (most commonly between 4-8 months)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Discuss the use of EPF/ECF for the diagnosis of pregnancy in cattle

A
  • Can be detected in serum or milk as early as 3 days after insemination, but most accurate if collected at 7-8 days
  • Only demonstrate conception, not pregnancy retention
  • Not completely reliable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Discuss the use of pregnancy specific proteins for the diagnosis of pregnancy in cattle

A
  • Good where transrectal palpation or ultrasonography are not possible
  • Can be detected long after foetal death or parturition - false positives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Discuss the use of plasma/milk progesterone for the diagnosis of pregnancy in cattle

A
  • Milk better, greater difference between oestrus and pregnant progesterone concentrations
  • Milk progesterone can be measured with ELISA kit on farm or in practice
  • 85% specificity at 24 days pregnant, 100% sensitivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List potential reasons for false positives on plasma and/or milk protesterone for the diagnosis of pregnancy in cattle

A
  • Incorrect timing of AI
  • Persistent CL
  • Luteal/luteinised cysts
  • Short return to oestrus interval
  • Pre-natal death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Discuss the use of oestrone sulphate in plasma/milk for the diagnosis of pregnancy in cattle

A
  • Major oestrogen produced by foeto-placenta unit
  • By 106 days pregnant, is present in plasma and milk of all pregnant cows
  • Very reliable method from 105 days of pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the earliest time at which ultrasound can be used to detect pregnancy in cattle?

A

B mode can detect as early as 9-12 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Outline the advantages of transrectal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of pregnancy in cattle

A
  • Able to assess viability of conceptus
  • Able to detect twins
  • Determine stage of pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What features are indicative of pregnancy on transrectal palpation and at what time points?

A
  • Persistence of CL (mature CL ~3 weeks after insemination suggestive of pregnancy)
  • Palpation of amniotic vesicle (10mm by 30 days, 17mm by 35 days)
  • Disparity in horn size and change in texture (from 30-35 days)
  • Palpation of chorioallantois (35-40 days)
  • Palpation of foetus (65 days)
  • Palpation of placentomes (10-11 weeks)
  • palpation of middle uterine artery (from 3-4 months unilaterally, bilaterally from ~6 months)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the change in texture of the uterus that occurs in pregnancy in cattle

A
  • Uterine wall thinner, less tubular
  • Soft, fluctuant feel on palpation
  • One horn larger than the other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Discuss the safety of palpation of the amniotic vesicle for pregnancy diagnosis in cattle

A
  • Can be palpated from 30 days

- But palpation may cause trauma which may lead to embryonic death - not recommended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Briefly describe the palpation of the chorioallantois for the diagnosis of pregnancy in a cow

A
  • Aka membrane slip
  • Grasp horn between thumb and index figer, roll and squeeze gently allowing grasped structures to fall away
  • Chorioallantoic membrane is first to fall away (is thin and sharply demarcated)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Discuss the value of palpation of the chorioallantois for the diagnosis of pregnancy in cattle

A
  • Positive result may occur after foetal death

- Risk of damage to foetal membranes which can cause embryonic/foetal death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the semen preparation stage of performing straw insemination

A
  • Check empty tank to ensure able to lift canister
  • Prepare thawing bath at 90-94degreesF for thawing (32.2-34.4C)
  • Select straw quickly (<10 seconds)
  • Thaw 3 or fewer straws for 30-40 seconds
  • If difficult to locate straw after thawing, replace cannister and wait 15 seconds
  • Once straw removed, close lid of tank
  • Dry straw with paper towel and protect from sunlight and cold shock
  • Do not return thawed or partially thawed straw to tank
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the method for loading the AI gun

A
  • Prewarm AI gun to body temp by rubbing with paper towel and placing inside shirt or into warmer
  • Cut crimped end of straw, place into gun, then sheath over gun and straw
  • Check if plunger of AI gun fits cotton plug end of straw
  • Lock sheath with O-ring
  • Place in gun warmer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the method for performing the AI procedure

A
  • Clean the perineal area
  • Insert gun at 40-45degree angle until toughing roof of vagina
  • Manipulate cervix over gun
  • Keep finger at end of cervical canal to ensure correct location
  • Remove finger and infuse semen into uterine body
  • Withdraw gun and arm, release sheath and straw
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe the preoperative management for vasectomy of a ram

A
  • Bed ram on clean straw for at least 24 hours, fast for 12 hours
  • Shave scrotal and abdominal wool and surgically prepare area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the anaesthesia and restraint for vasectomy of a ram

A
  • GA recommended, not always possible, if used place in dorsal recumbency
  • Sedation with IM xylazine and local anaesthetic can be used, place in sitting position on Shepherd’s chair and restrain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe the procedure for vasectomy of a ram

A
  • Vertical skin incision ~4cm length on cranial surface of neck of scrotum to left of midline (left scrotal sac)
  • Left spermatic sac freed by blunt dissection, exteriorise through skin incision, hold in place with haemostats or tissue forceps
  • Roll sac outwards to access medially located ductus deferens (solid texture, small artery and vein run close to it)
  • Make nick in vaginal tunic over ductus, use spay hook to hold duct out
  • Portion of duct exteriorised and length of at least 3cm is resected
  • Ends of vas ligated, one end anchored in faty tissue outside vaginal tunic
  • Hole in spermatic sac does not need to be sutured
  • Close any significant dead space in sac, but not usually needed
  • Skin sutured/stapled closed
  • Repeat procedure on the right
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

List the indications for a caesarean section in a cow

A
  • Foetal oversize
  • Maternal undersize
  • Foetal deformity
  • Inadequate cervical dilation
  • Uterine rupture
  • Uterine torsion that cannot be rectified before surgery
  • Uterine inertia
  • Narrow, undersized pelvis
  • Abnormal pelvic conformation
  • Malpresentation of foetus that cannot be correct manually
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the assessment of the patient prior to performing a caesarean section in a cow

A
  • Reiterate to farmer that calf not guaranteed to be alive
  • Activity of calf per vagina: overly active suggests distress e.g. hypoxia
  • Assess potential cause (hypoCa, uterine torsion, delayed second stage labour etc.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Discuss the different approaches to caesarean in cows

A
  • Midline if in hospital conditions
  • Left flank is procedure of choice on farm
  • Right flank approach if there have been previous left flank laparotomies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What questions should be asked when approaching a caesarean in a cow?

A
  • Has cow had previous problems, incl. previous C-sections
  • Breed of sire?
  • Sire known to produce difficult calvings?
  • How long has cow/heifer been trying to calve?
  • Has farmer intervened?
  • Is patient undergoing treatment for other problems?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe the patient restraint and preparation for a caesarean in a cow

A
  • Secure cow in area that is well lit, w/ clean straw
  • Right side of animal against firm structure
  • Tie cows head out of the way to prevent contamination of the wound
  • Xylazine in fractious patients
  • Systemic pain relief into jugular vein (or IM if cannot safely access jugular) e.g. flunixin meglumine, meloxicam, ketoprofen, carprofen
  • Administer uterine relaxants e.g. buscopan, clenbuterol
  • Administer antibiotics with broad spec + good penetration e.g. pen+strep
  • +/- Epidural anaesthesia (5ml lidocaine)
  • Sterile prep of site
  • Local block with procaine hydrochloride and adrenaline (paraverteral or L block)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe the method for the incision made for a bovine caesarean

A
  • Stand as close to shoulder as possible
  • Make incision through skin over line where LA has been infiltrated
  • Use rat tooths, or blunt dissection scissors to retract skin and dissect fascia beneath
  • Dissect through 3 muscle layers
  • Artery forceps applied if there is excessive haemorrhage (must be removed before manipulation+ removal of foetus)
  • Retract peritoneum laterally w/ forceps to prevent incision of rumen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe the method for locating and removing the calf in a bovine caesarean section

A
  • Insert hand into abdomen, locate gravid uterus
  • Make decision re. position of foetus and condition of uterus
  • Attempt to bring gravid horn towards abdominal incision (locate limb within uterus, to stabilise uterus and aid control + accuracy of incision)
  • Make incision over limb ~9 inches long
  • Try to exteriorise limb within uterus, ideally with grater curvature of uterus towards surgeon
  • Tie calving ropes to limb, retrieve second limb, attach more calving ropes
  • once head exteriorised and if calf not too heavy, support calf and allow umbilicus to rupture naturally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe the method of finishing and closing a bovine c-section post removal of a calf

A
  • Remove as much placental material as possible, do not spend too much time separating placental cotyledons from uterine caruncles
  • Check for another foetus
  • Close uterus with continuous inverting suture e.g. modified Lembert, absorbable material (start at proximal commissure nearest cervix)
  • Ideally apply second layer of sutures
  • Scoop out debris from abdomen with cupped hand, consider lavage with sterile saline if risk of contamination
  • Begin suturing the peritoneum and muscle layers with simple continuous pattern
  • 2 layer - peritoneum +transverse abdominal muscle, and second layer for obliques
  • Avoid dead space
  • Subcut layer can be placed, close skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe the post operative care following a C-section in a cow

A
  • Oxytoxin 4ml IM
  • Continue parenteral ABs for 4 days min
  • Additional NSAIDs following day, longer if required
  • Assess cow for signs of endotoxaemia, haemorrhage, hypoCa, metritis, RFM, peritonitis
  • Examine calf - ensure no haemorrhage from navel, dress with antiseptic, ensure calf able to stand and suck, check for cleft palate
  • Ensure dam delivering colostrum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Approximately what is the cost of each “non-pregnant” day for a cow

A

£2-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Describe the features of a typical post-natal check for a dairy vet

A
  • ~14-28 DIM
  • Check clean, check cycling
  • Not always necessary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Describe the features of a typical “oestrus-not-observed” or “Not seen bulling” check for a dairy vet

A
  • > 21 days past VWP OR had previous PD-ve and no subsequent service
  • Check for abnormal findings
  • +/- treatment to reduce days to next service
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Describe the features of a typical “pregnancy diagnosis” visit for a dairy vet

A
  • 28-60days after service
  • Pregnancy diagnosis made
  • Treat as ONO if -ve
42
Q

Why might a pregnancy diagnosis check be repeated after 40 days pregnant?

A

Most pregnancies lost between 28-40 days, need to make sure they do not lose and pregnancy and if they do that this is diagnosed

43
Q

In broad terms, what are the most common findings for a dairy vet in any examination?

A

Normal: pregnant, or not pregnant but cycling
Abnormal: endometritis, ovarian cyst, anoestrus, other

44
Q

Discuss the use of hormone diagnostic tests for dairy cattle

A
  • Milk progesterone: confirms luteal/pregnant/oestrus (most useful for confirming oestrus - low milk P4)
  • bPAG: milk tested, 60-80d after serve, £3-4/test, useful if currently carrying out no pregnancy diagnostics incl. vet
45
Q

Discuss the financial benefit of routine fertility visits from a vet for a dairy farm

A
  • Overall net benefit in >83% of herds

- Typical median herd would gain 317/cow/year from routine visits (based on identifying CLs and administering PGs)

46
Q

What are the options available for a cow presented as ONO, not seen before, no previous heat recorded, cycling normally, CL present, clean on vaginal exam

A
  • Has ovulated but not recently
  • Can either leave alone (if think heat was 15+ days ago)
  • Or treat with PG in order to bring back into oestrus more rapidly (would save money - PG £4 to bring into oestrus in 3-4 days, vs possible £3/day for number of days)
47
Q

Discuss the role of the vet in the management of a dairy herd

A
  • Routine fertility visits
  • Monitor health, performance and welfare as well
  • Look at milk recording data
  • Look at management records i.e. calving dates, drying off dates, serves etc.
  • Fertility, lameness, mastitis, production etc.
48
Q

Discuss how “no-data” monitoring can be achieved by the vet in dairy farms

A
  • No. of pregnancies per unit time e.g. per visit
  • % of PD+ve (indicator of heat detection)
  • Other disease monitoring e.g. no. of cases of mastitis last month scaled up to look at approximate year
  • Current bulk milk SCC (but can be manipulated)
  • Prevalence of lameness in cows seen (selection bias risk)
49
Q

List the questions to ask in a case of a cow that a farmer would hope to be pregnant by now

A
  • Previous calving?
  • Previous calving uneventful?
  • Shown any other abnormalities/disease?
  • How many DIM and current yield?
  • Has he seen oestrus behaviour? Method of oestrus detection?
  • Individual or herd problem?
50
Q

In a cow that is not getting pregnant, what cause would the following history suggest?
2nd calver, 60 DIM, BCS 3, 25L yield (< herd average), no oestrus observed since calving, uneventful calving, no specific issues after calving

A

Anoestrus due to presence of risk factors e.g. endometritis, pyometra, cystic ovarian disease, lameness

51
Q

Discuss the difficulties with diagnosing true anoestrus in a dairy cow

A
  • Single examination insufficient
  • Small ovaries, no CL, normal external and internal gentialia may be anoestrus or could have just ovulated
  • Second examination 7-14 days later required for diagnosis
  • Lack of CL at this stage will confirm diagnosis
  • Need good records to be able to compare findings
52
Q

Discuss the treatment of anoestrus in a dairy cow

A
  • Remove calf if beef suckler cows
  • Address underlying cause e.g. NEB, subclinical ketosis, uterine infection etc.
  • Once these are treated, PRID/CIDR for 12 days
53
Q

Define what is meant by an ovarian cyst in cows

A

Fluid filled structure >25mm diameter persisting >10 days in absence of a CL

54
Q

Explain the development of ovarian cysts in dairy cattle

A
  • Subluteal levels of P4 often observed in high yeilders, esp. if NEB
  • → inadequate LH receptor formation, → decreased sensitivity of LH of growing follicle → persistent dominant follicule/cyst → anovulation and anoestrus
  • Cyst can be follicular or luteal
55
Q

Compare follicular and luteal ovarian cysts in cattle

A
  • Thin walled follicular cysts are early stage cysts (may produce more oestrogen and cause nymphomania)
  • Luteal cysts more common, thicker walled, secrete progesterone, may have fluid filled centre
56
Q

List the options for management of cystic ovarian disease in cattle

A
  • PGF2a
  • Inject GnRH and pGF2a 7-14 days later
  • Insert PRID for 12 days
  • Ovsynch protocol (d1 GnRH, d7 PGF2a, d9 GnRH, optional PRID d1-8)
57
Q

When would use of PGF2a to treat ovarian cystic disease in a cow be appropriate?

A

If it is a luteal cyst

58
Q

Explain the use of GnRH followed by PGF2a 7-14 days later as a treatment for ovarian cystic disease

A
  • May work for follicular cysts
  • Increase FSH → new follicular wave → CL to be lysed at 7-14 days
  • After this, normal ovulation of dominant follicle should occur
59
Q

Explain the use of a PRID for the treatment of ovarian cystic disease in cattle

A
  • May work for follicular cysts
  • Increase plasma P4 → reduce LH pulse frequency
  • Also increases FSH and new follicular wave on removal
60
Q

Explain the use of the Ovsynch protocol for the treatment of ovarian cystic disease in cattle

A
  • More expensive

- When not certain if follicular or luteal, combination willl cover for both

61
Q

Define a “repeat breeder” in cattle

A

> 3 inseminations and not pregnant, with repeated regular returns
- Usually normal inter-service intervals, no evidence of clinical disease, examination of genital tract normal

62
Q

List potential causes of a cow being “repeat breeder”

A
  • Infectious causes e.g. BVDV, BHV-1, Leptospira hardjo
  • Luteal deficiencyi.e. low P4
  • Poor AI technique
  • Oviduct obstruction e.g. salpingitis
  • Poor semen quality
  • Impaired embryo development
  • Poor uterine environment
  • Poor conception due to delayed ovulation or an extended follicular phase
63
Q

Outline the possible medical management methods for repeat breeders and how these work

A
  • GnRH 11-13 days post insemination: enhance CL function throughout period of maternal recognition of pregnancy
  • Embryo transfer: improves chance of embryo successfully embedding in a uterus
  • PRID for up to 10 days post AI: increase P4 when luteolysis is expected
  • GnRH at insemination: augment LH surge, enhance CL function
64
Q

List the benefits of AI for beef farmers

A
  • Avoid bull costs and bull management
  • Avoid inbreeding
  • Utilise superior genetics
65
Q

List the benefits of synchronisation protocols for beef farmers

A
  • Synchronise oestrus making cows easier to identify

- Efficiently breed cows with blind AI (difficult to observe if at grass the rest of the time)

66
Q

What are the disadvantages of AI and synchronisation for beef farmers?

A
  • Need to have excellent management facilities

- Space to be able to manage cows and calf crop in short period of time

67
Q

At what age are heifers usually run with bull for the first time?

A

14mo (aim to calve ~24mo)

68
Q

Outline the options for termination of pregnancy following an unwanted mating in cattle

A
  • Wait 7-14 days then inject with PGF2a
  • Observe over next 25 days, if NSB give PGF2a
  • Wait 30 days, scan for pregnancy, and abort any with PGF2a
69
Q

Describe the follow up to an abortion in cattle

A
  • Monitor for abortion/return to oestrus in 3-5 days post injection
  • If in doubt, follow up with rectal reproductive examination
70
Q

What are the potential consequences of inducing dairy heifers/cows with short acting corticosteroids e.g. dexamethasone?

A
  • Will often not bag up

- Milk production may not increase enough post-calving to keep her in the milking herd

71
Q

Briefly describe the luteal phase in cattle

A
  • Lasts ~15 days
  • P4 high, PG sensitive
  • Minimal/tacky vaginal mucus
  • Low uterine tone
72
Q

Briefly describe the oestrus phase in cattle

A
  • Lasts ~6 days
  • Mucus increases, ovulation occurs (copious clear mucus)
  • Following ovulation, mucus decreases, often blood stained, no large follicles
73
Q

Briefly outline prostaglandin in the reproductive management of cattle (incl. cost)

A
  • E.g. Estrumate
  • Causes luteolysis, reduce P4
  • Cow back into oestrus in 3-4 days
  • ~£4/dose
  • Variations in half life between products, may be important re. ecbolic effects
74
Q

Briefly outline GnRH treatments for the reproductive management of cattle (incl. cost)

A
  • E.g. Receptal
  • Causes large release of LH → luteinisation of follicles/ovulation
  • New luteal tissue form, P4 increases
  • £4/dose: synchronisation
  • £8/dose: treatment of pathology e.g. cyst
75
Q

Briefly outline the use of progesterone releasing intra-vaginal decises for the reproductive management of cattle (incl. cost)

A
  • PRID/CIDR
  • Slow release of P4 over 7-11 days
  • Acts as removable CL
  • If no other luteal tissue present, removal → oestrus 2-4 days later
  • £11/device
76
Q

What are the different types of method for synchronisation of oestrus in cattle?

A
  • CL regressing methods
  • Induction of follicle ovulation
  • progesterone based methods
77
Q

Describe the CL regressing method of oestrus synchronisation in cattle

A
  • Luteolysis using PGF2a
  • Either single or double dose
  • Next ovulation depends on stage of follicular wave, could be 2-7 days, so heat detect for next week
  • Double injections 11-14 days apart tightens luteal phase and fixes ovulation (fixed time AI at 72 and 96hrs, or one at ~80hrs post PG)
78
Q

Describe the follicle ovulation induction method of synchronisation in cattle

A
  • Fix ovulation
  • No heat observed
  • Ovsynch:GnRH d0, PG d7, GnRH d9 then AI 16hrs later
  • Conception rates vary between herds
  • Presynch-Ovsynch: double PG then ovsynch, more accurate synchronisation of follicular waves
  • Double ovsynch: Ovsynch, week gap, another ovsynch (serve on second)
  • Not good in heifers
79
Q

Describe progesterone based methods for synchronisation of cattle

A
  • Mostly for synchronisation of non-cyclic or maiden heifers

- PRID in on day 0, remove on day 7

80
Q

Outline the management options for the following presentation:
- 52 DIM, ONO, VWP 45days, vagina clean, uterus involuted, right ovary CL, left ovary 10mm follicle, BCS 3

A
  • Leave and reassess in 14 days (only one week past VWP), should have oestrus in this time
  • Lyse with PG (may have financial benefit, waiting may cost ~£17.5, PG costs £4)
81
Q

Outline the management options for the following presentation:
- 46DIM, ONO, VWP 45 days, vagina clean, right ovary 15mm follicle, left ovary small, BCS 2

A
  • Wait for oestrus behaviour, should occur soon
  • Administer GnRH to stimulate follicle (but this may not be that helpful although is skinny cow so may need help ovulating)
  • Re-examine
82
Q

Outline the management options for the following presentation:
64DIM (VWP 45 days), not served, vaginal exam clean, uterus involuted, both ovaries small and inactive

A
  • Improve BCS and look for underlying cause
  • PRID
  • GnRH - licensed, but no follicle so may not be that useful
  • Possible that ovulation has occurred and no CL yet but ovaries small so less likely, would expect bloody vaginal discharge
83
Q

Outline the management options for the following presentation:
- 77 DIM, PG 14 days ago, not served, NSB, vaginal exam clean, uterus involuted, left ovary Cl, BCS 2.5

A
  • Likely missed oestrus, now luteal phase
  • Administer PG again (now is double PG synch regime), serve in 3-4 days time
  • Consider heat detectors and serving at fixed time
  • OR start ovsynch regime and serve in 10 days (better chance of pregnancy)
84
Q

Outline the management options for the following presentation:

Bulling heifers currently at grass, ~12mo, considering AI, hire bull not an option, wanting sexed semen for heifers

A
  • Outsource: pay company to heat detect and AI heifers
  • Or heat detect and AI themselves, but need to keep separate from milking herd (more effort)
  • Or synchronise with fixed time AI regime e.g. Ovsynch, or more commonly CIDR in heifers
  • Or PG approach
85
Q

What is the best treatment for a vaginal prolapse in a sheep?

A
  • Harness
  • Epidural lidocaine
  • +/-xylazine
86
Q

Compare the breeding season and oestrus of different sheep breeds

A
  • Primitive/hill breeds have tighter breeding season
  • Modern breeds e.g. Texels, Merinos etc. have longer breeding cycle
  • 12-36hrs oestrus in British breeds, 1-24hrs in gimmers, 48-72hrs in Merinos
87
Q

Describe the oestrus cycle of the sheep

A
  • 17 days (range 14-18)
  • Luteal phase 13 days, follicular phase 3-4 days
  • ovulation spontaneous at end of oestrus (lasts ~30h)
88
Q

Discuss the importance of the sheep year

A
  • Follicles develop ~6 months before ovulation, affected by Spring conditions
  • Summer conditions can affect condition of ewes affecting fertility
  • Flushing of traditional breeds can increase no. of follicles and thus fecundity
  • Poor nutrition around tupping affects lambs
89
Q

Outline the ewe fertility KPIs

A
  • Conception rates >90% to first service
  • <2% barren ewes after 2 cycles, 5% start to worry
  • Abortion rates >2% must be infectious cause
90
Q

How should individual non-pedigree sheep that don’t breed as shearlings be managed?

A

Culled - many don’t breed the following year

91
Q

List the key zoonotic causes of abortion in sheep

A
  • Chlamydophila abortus
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • Q fever
  • Listeria
  • Salmonella
  • Campylobacter
92
Q

Outline the risk factors for acute mastitis in ewes

A
  • Teat lesions
  • Chilling of udder
  • Mismatch of supply and demand of milk
  • Higher incidence in lowland
93
Q

What are the main causative pathogens of acute mastitis in ewes?

A

Staphylococcus and Pasteurella

94
Q

Describe the clinical signs of acute mastitis in ewes

A
  • Rapid onset gangrenous black bag, H lameness, depression, inappetance
  • Udder painful, swollen
  • Initially red → purple → black and cold
  • NB not all cases gangrenous
  • Milk watery/flaky/clots
95
Q

Discuss the prognosis for a ewe with acute mastitis

A
  • If ewe survives, black necrotic bag will slough away, lengthy healing, consider PTS
  • Rapid treatment with antibiotic (tilmicosin, amoxycillin, oxytet) and NSAID will save ewe but rarely saves udder
96
Q

Discuss the importance of chronic mastitis in ewes

A
  • More economically significant vs acute mastitis
  • Flock prevalence 1-15%
  • Major cause of culling ewes
  • Often found at weaning, culling or next lambing (abscesses in bag or thick fibrous cord in teat canal)
97
Q

Which conditions should be checked in particular if there is a high barren rate when scanning ewes?

A
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Border disease
  • Se and iodine
98
Q

What are the key components of a breeding soundness exam for a ram?

A
  • General physical exam
  • Genitalia (standing)
  • Genitalia (sitting)
  • +/- semen sample
  • +/- ultrasound
99
Q

Outline the general clinical examination for a breeding soundness exam of a ram

A
  • BCS (aim for 3-4/5)
  • Conformation
  • Fleece
  • Brisket
  • Limb soundness
  • Eyes
  • Teeth
  • Neck for lumps and bumps
100
Q

Outline the standing examination for the genitalia for a breeding soundness exam of a ram

A
  • Scrotum: testes fully descended, scrotum not too woolly, neck of scrotum no restrictions e.g. lumps, bumps or scars
  • Testes and epididymes: even shapes, firm, freely moving, no lumps, bumps, scars
  • Scrotal measurement: measure at widest point, compare to minimum acceptable scrotal circumference within 3 weeks of breeding season (NB only gives information on quantity of semen)

REPRO2 (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions