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REPRO2 > Porcine Reproduction > Flashcards

Porcine Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are they key targets for farrowing rate in indoor and outdoor sows?

A

Indoor - 89%
Outdoor- 87%

(gilts +4%)

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2
Q

What is the target farrowing index for indoor and outdoor sows?

A

Both 2.35

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3
Q

What are the targets for the piglets born alive?

A

Indoor- 14

Outdoor- 13

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4
Q

What are the targets for weaned/sow?

A

Indoor- 12.5

Outdoor- 11

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5
Q

What are the targets for pigs/sows/year?

A

Indoor: 27.5
Outdoor:25

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6
Q

When should boar contact begin?

A

Straight after weaning (Day 1)

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7
Q

What contact of boar to sow is best?

A

Not continuous, should be twice a day for short time.

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8
Q

What is the wean-to-service interval usually in sows?

A

5 days

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9
Q

When should sows be served?

A

24 hours after onset of standing heat (gilts- 8-12h)

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10
Q

How many inseminations should you have in the sow?

A 
2 minimum. 
24hr intervals (Sows)
12hr intervals (Gilts)
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11
Q

When should you move sows after insemination?

A

either <5days or 35 days after insemination

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12
Q

How does excessive weight loss effect W-S interval and numbers born?

A

Increase W-S and lowers number born

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13
Q

How long is the average lactation in the sow?

A

26days

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14
Q

How much should you aim for the BCS to go down in the sow during lactation?

A

0.5

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15
Q

When should the feed be increased during gestation?

A

Last 3 weeks

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16
Q

How is

progestagen synchronization dosed?

A

5ml orally for 18 days – must be same time each day

Oestrus around 5 days later

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17
Q

What is autumn infertility?

A

Infertility in the autumn as a result of sows not cycling.
Typically gilts and young sows affected.
Caused by short days, variations in day night temperature.
Natural in the pig!

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18
Q

How can you prepare for seasonal infertility?

A

Increase feed level 0.25-0.5 kg/sow/day
Increase boar contact 30-60 min/day
Avoid chilling

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19
Q

Why do some sows get summer infertility?

A

Heat stress and sunburn can create PGF2a.

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20
Q

What are some of the signs of poor fertility as a result of infectious disease?

A
  • Sows or boars off-feed
  • Sows or boars pyrexic
  • Abortions/mummified foetuses
  • Irregular returns to heat
  • Weak and premature pigs
  • High incidence of mummies and/or stillbirths
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21
Q

What are the common virus infections that result in porcine reproductive failure?

A

PRRSv
Swine influenza
SMEDI

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22
Q

What is PRRSv also called?

A

Blue Ear Disease

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23
Q

How is PRRSv spread?

A

Movement of pigs, airborne?

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24
Q

What is the pathogensis of PRRSv?

A

Invades and kills macrophages

Secondary bacterial infections common (mostly respiratory)

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25
What are the different disease statuses of PRRSv?
Negative- serologically negative Positive, stable Positive unstable
26
How can a negative PRRSv disease status be maintained?
Biosecruity key | Check status maintained with serology
27
What is a positive stable PRRSv disease status?
Sows serologically positive but not shedding virus. | Piglets weaned virus -ve
28
How can you achieve a positive stable disease status of PRRSv?
Vaccination
29
What is a positive unstable PRRSv disease status?
Sows serologically positive and shedding virus Piglets weaned virus +ve Restabilisation can be difficult to achieve
30
What is the replacement strategy for PRRS -ve herds?
Buy –ve replacements Quarantine min 8wks and check with own sentinels after 5wks Strict biosecurity Home breed
31
What is the replacement strategy for PRRS +ve herds?
Isolate and vaccinate replacements Vaccination Do not serve gilts until >6wks since infection/vaccination
32
What are some of the sampling methods for PRRSv control?
PCR: - oral fluids (easy, but rarely enough to sequence the virus, contamination) - bloods (ear pin prick in 30x piglets at weaning), aborted sows - tissue: esp. spleen (can use foetal thymus and lung)
33
What is the mainstay of PRRSv control?
Vaccination
34
How does swine influenza cause a delayed return?
Pyrexia
35
What are the common strains of swine influenza?
H1N1, H1N2, H3N2
36
How can you diagnose swine influenza?
Clinical signs, nasal swabs and serology
37
What does SMEDI stand for?
Stillbirth Mummification Embryonic Death Infertility
38
What are some of the causes of SMEDI?
Parvovirus (PPV) Teschoviruses (Sapelovirus, Teschen/ Talfan) Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV) PCV2
39
What is the pathogensis of SMEDI?
Get transplacental infection of fetuses resulting in fetal death. Abortion rare
40
Why is PPV clinical disease only seen usually in gilts?
Sows develop life long immunity
41
When do you tend to get clinical signs of PPV?
Pregnant sow that has been exposed to virus
42
What occurs if the sow becomes infected with PPV <35d gestation?
Return to service
43
What occurs if the sow becomes infected with PPV 35-70d gestation?
- Sequential death of piglets and mummification | - Variable sized mummies
44
What occurs if the sow becomes infected with PPV >70d gestation?
Some weak piglets/ stillbirths
45
How can you diagnose PPV
Fetal serology and PCR
46
How can you control PPV?
Vaccination - every parity
47
What serotypes of teschoviruses cause repro dz?
1,3,6 and 8
48
What is the transmission of teschoviruses?
Faeco-oral
49
What is the presentation of teschoviruses?
SMEDI
50
How can you diagnose teschoviruses?
Serology and virus isolation
51
How can you control teschoviruses?
Controlled Exposure to faeces to immunise gilts/ sows at least 6wks prior to breeding.
52
What are the different types of Encephalomyocarditis virus?
Type A- repro disease | Type B- heart failure
53
When does clinical disease of EMCV tend to occur?
High prevalence of rats
54
What are the signs of EMCV infection?
SMEDI
55
How can you diagnose EMCV?
Serology/ virus isolation
56
How can you control EMCV?
Check source of incoming breeding stock for pathogenic strains
57
What does porcine circovirus 2 cause in the developing fetus?
Heart muscle damage | SMEDI
58
How can you diagnose PCV2?
Fetal myocarditis and immunohistochemistry
59
How can you control PCV2?
Vaccination of gilts pre breeding
60
What are the repro signs of Aujezskys disease?
Usually no clinical signs in the sow Abortions seen, with neurological signs in newborn piglets Signs become milder as age increases.
61
How is classical swine fever spread?
Spread by pigs eating infectious meat or meat products, contact with infected pigs or their faeces or body fluids, contact from infected sows to their piglets
62
What are the signs of CSF?
Important cause of congenital tremor | Vary, abortion may occur at any stage
63
What are the main clinical signs of African Swine fever?
Pyrexia, anorexia, lethargy, sudden death Also causes abortions, stillbirths and weak litters Similar to CSF clinically
64
What are some bacterial causes of porcine reproductive failure?
Leptospirosis Erysipelas Brucella suis Of dubious significance: Chlamydophila Toxolasma gondii
65
What are the c/s of leptospirosis in pigs?
Abortions Sillbirths Vaginal discharge
66
How can you diagnose leptospirosis in pigs?
Difficult (chronic). Serology in returning sows. Foetal tissues (FAT).
67
How can you treat leptospirosis in pigs?
Antimicrobials (tetracyclines)
68
How can you control leptospirosis in pigs?
use of AI, hygiene in service areas, vaccination, rodent control
69
How is erysipelas excreted?
Saliva, faeces, urine
70
Is erysipelas zoonotic?
Has the potential but rare
71
What are the repro signs of erysipelas?
Abortions, mummified fetuses, returns to service
72
How can you treat erysipelas?
Penicillin
73
How can you control erysipelas?
Vaccination
74
What species is Brucella suis carried by?
European hare, not in any species in the UK
75
What are the repro signs of Brucella suis?
Infertility Abortions Weak piglets Abscesses
76
What is endometritis and vulval discharge syndrome?
Discharge at 14-21d post service Normal up to 2 days post service Many different bacteria May cause reduced fertility
77
How can you control endometritis and vulva discharge syndrome?
Cull affected sows, service management
78
What are the 4 notifiable diseases causing porcine repro failure?
Brucella suis Aujezsky’s disease Classical Swine Fever African Swine Fever
79
What are the main areas that affect anoestrus in the sow?
Gilts: group management, health & nutrition, acclimatisation, boar contact, light, housing Sows: nutrition, environmental management
80
What are the main areas that affect ovulation in the sow?
Nutrition Hybrid vigour Good general health Ensure good feed intake during lactation Manage sows so they come into oestrus during the early fertile period (4-6d) Disease causing early embryonic death or foetal damage later on
81
What are the main areas that affect fertilisation in the sow?
``` Accurate oestrus detection Served at correct time Nutrition Care with group changes after service Boar management if natural service – very rare Disease ```
82
What are the main areas that affect implantation in the sow?
``` Nutrition Boar contact for >28d post-service 16hrs light Stress 2-25d post-service General sow health ```
83
What is the likely effect of embryos dying before and after 35d
<35d - resoprtion, return to service aprox 63d | >35d - mummifrication
84
What are the main areas that affect stillbirths in the sow?
Usually related to sow factors: - Fat sows, prolonged farrowing/dystocia - Large litters, large piglets - Fresh born dead is usually poor supervision around farrowing Usually not infectious
85
What samples should you send off if sows are systemically ill?
- Serum (paired), nasal swabs, other tissues as appropriate | - Fetuses/fetal tissues often unrewarding
86
What samples should you send off if sows are clinically well?
- Fetuses/fetal tissues, placenta - Serology from sow may be helpful to rule out disease (seroconverted) - Foetus usually better than sow samples due to vaccine complications
87
How many samples should you submit for infectious causes of porcine repro failure?
Try to submit samples from 4-6 fetuses/litter from at least 3 litters.

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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