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REPRO2 > Porcine Reproduction > Flashcards

Porcine Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are they key targets for farrowing rate in indoor and outdoor sows?

A

Indoor - 89%
Outdoor- 87%

(gilts +4%)

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2
Q

What is the target farrowing index for indoor and outdoor sows?

A

Both 2.35

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3
Q

What are the targets for the piglets born alive?

A

Indoor- 14

Outdoor- 13

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4
Q

What are the targets for weaned/sow?

A

Indoor- 12.5

Outdoor- 11

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5
Q

What are the targets for pigs/sows/year?

A

Indoor: 27.5
Outdoor:25

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6
Q

When should boar contact begin?

A

Straight after weaning (Day 1)

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7
Q

What contact of boar to sow is best?

A

Not continuous, should be twice a day for short time.

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8
Q

What is the wean-to-service interval usually in sows?

A

5 days

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9
Q

When should sows be served?

A

24 hours after onset of standing heat (gilts- 8-12h)

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10
Q

How many inseminations should you have in the sow?

A 
2 minimum. 
24hr intervals (Sows)
12hr intervals (Gilts)
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11
Q

When should you move sows after insemination?

A

either <5days or 35 days after insemination

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12
Q

How does excessive weight loss effect W-S interval and numbers born?

A

Increase W-S and lowers number born

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13
Q

How long is the average lactation in the sow?

A

26days

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14
Q

How much should you aim for the BCS to go down in the sow during lactation?

A

0.5

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15
Q

When should the feed be increased during gestation?

A

Last 3 weeks

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16
Q

How is

progestagen synchronization dosed?

A

5ml orally for 18 days – must be same time each day

Oestrus around 5 days later

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17
Q

What is autumn infertility?

A

Infertility in the autumn as a result of sows not cycling.
Typically gilts and young sows affected.
Caused by short days, variations in day night temperature.
Natural in the pig!

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18
Q

How can you prepare for seasonal infertility?

A

Increase feed level 0.25-0.5 kg/sow/day
Increase boar contact 30-60 min/day
Avoid chilling

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19
Q

Why do some sows get summer infertility?

A

Heat stress and sunburn can create PGF2a.

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20
Q

What are some of the signs of poor fertility as a result of infectious disease?

A
  • Sows or boars off-feed
  • Sows or boars pyrexic
  • Abortions/mummified foetuses
  • Irregular returns to heat
  • Weak and premature pigs
  • High incidence of mummies and/or stillbirths
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21
Q

What are the common virus infections that result in porcine reproductive failure?

A

PRRSv
Swine influenza
SMEDI

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22
Q

What is PRRSv also called?

A

Blue Ear Disease

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23
Q

How is PRRSv spread?

A

Movement of pigs, airborne?

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24
Q

What is the pathogensis of PRRSv?

A

Invades and kills macrophages

Secondary bacterial infections common (mostly respiratory)

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25
Q

What are the different disease statuses of PRRSv?

A

Negative- serologically negative
Positive, stable
Positive unstable

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26
Q

How can a negative PRRSv disease status be maintained?

A

Biosecruity key

Check status maintained with serology

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27
Q

What is a positive stable PRRSv disease status?

A

Sows serologically positive but not shedding virus.

Piglets weaned virus -ve

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28
Q

How can you achieve a positive stable disease status of PRRSv?

A

Vaccination

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29
Q

What is a positive unstable PRRSv disease status?

A

Sows serologically positive and shedding virus
Piglets weaned virus +ve
Restabilisation can be difficult to achieve

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30
Q

What is the replacement strategy for PRRS -ve herds?

A

Buy –ve replacements
Quarantine min 8wks and check with own sentinels after 5wks
Strict biosecurity
Home breed

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31
Q

What is the replacement strategy for PRRS +ve herds?

A

Isolate and vaccinate replacements
Vaccination
Do not serve gilts until >6wks since infection/vaccination

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32
Q

What are some of the sampling methods for PRRSv control?

A

PCR:

  • oral fluids (easy, but rarely enough to sequence the virus, contamination)
  • bloods (ear pin prick in 30x piglets at weaning), aborted sows
  • tissue: esp. spleen (can use foetal thymus and lung)
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33
Q

What is the mainstay of PRRSv control?

A

Vaccination

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34
Q

How does swine influenza cause a delayed return?

A

Pyrexia

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35
Q

What are the common strains of swine influenza?

A

H1N1, H1N2, H3N2

36
Q

How can you diagnose swine influenza?

A

Clinical signs, nasal swabs and serology

37
Q

What does SMEDI stand for?

A

Stillbirth
Mummification
Embryonic Death
Infertility

38
Q

What are some of the causes of SMEDI?

A

Parvovirus (PPV)
Teschoviruses (Sapelovirus, Teschen/ Talfan)
Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV)
PCV2

39
Q

What is the pathogensis of SMEDI?

A

Get transplacental infection of fetuses resulting in fetal death. Abortion rare

40
Q

Why is PPV clinical disease only seen usually in gilts?

A

Sows develop life long immunity

41
Q

When do you tend to get clinical signs of PPV?

A

Pregnant sow that has been exposed to virus

42
Q

What occurs if the sow becomes infected with PPV <35d gestation?

A

Return to service

43
Q

What occurs if the sow becomes infected with PPV 35-70d gestation?

A
  • Sequential death of piglets and mummification

- Variable sized mummies

44
Q

What occurs if the sow becomes infected with PPV >70d gestation?

A

Some weak piglets/ stillbirths

45
Q

How can you diagnose PPV

A

Fetal serology and PCR

46
Q

How can you control PPV?

A

Vaccination - every parity

47
Q

What serotypes of teschoviruses cause repro dz?

A

1,3,6 and 8

48
Q

What is the transmission of teschoviruses?

A

Faeco-oral

49
Q

What is the presentation of teschoviruses?

A

SMEDI

50
Q

How can you diagnose teschoviruses?

A

Serology and virus isolation

51
Q

How can you control teschoviruses?

A

Controlled Exposure to faeces to immunise gilts/ sows at least 6wks prior to breeding.

52
Q

What are the different types of Encephalomyocarditis virus?

A

Type A- repro disease

Type B- heart failure

53
Q

When does clinical disease of EMCV tend to occur?

A

High prevalence of rats

54
Q

What are the signs of EMCV infection?

A

SMEDI

55
Q

How can you diagnose EMCV?

A

Serology/ virus isolation

56
Q

How can you control EMCV?

A

Check source of incoming breeding stock for pathogenic strains

57
Q

What does porcine circovirus 2 cause in the developing fetus?

A

Heart muscle damage

SMEDI

58
Q

How can you diagnose PCV2?

A

Fetal myocarditis and immunohistochemistry

59
Q

How can you control PCV2?

A

Vaccination of gilts pre breeding

60
Q

What are the repro signs of Aujezskys disease?

A

Usually no clinical signs in the sow
Abortions seen, with neurological signs in newborn piglets
Signs become milder as age increases.

61
Q

How is classical swine fever spread?

A

Spread by pigs eating infectious meat or meat products, contact with infected pigs or their faeces or body fluids, contact from infected sows to their piglets

62
Q

What are the signs of CSF?

A

Important cause of congenital tremor

Vary, abortion may occur at any stage

63
Q

What are the main clinical signs of African Swine fever?

A

Pyrexia, anorexia, lethargy, sudden death
Also causes abortions, stillbirths and weak litters
Similar to CSF clinically

64
Q

What are some bacterial causes of porcine reproductive failure?

A

Leptospirosis
Erysipelas
Brucella suis

Of dubious significance:
Chlamydophila
Toxolasma gondii

65
Q

What are the c/s of leptospirosis in pigs?

A

Abortions
Sillbirths
Vaginal discharge

66
Q

How can you diagnose leptospirosis in pigs?

A

Difficult (chronic). Serology in returning sows. Foetal tissues (FAT).

67
Q

How can you treat leptospirosis in pigs?

A

Antimicrobials (tetracyclines)

68
Q

How can you control leptospirosis in pigs?

A

use of AI, hygiene in service areas, vaccination, rodent control

69
Q

How is erysipelas excreted?

A

Saliva, faeces, urine

70
Q

Is erysipelas zoonotic?

A

Has the potential but rare

71
Q

What are the repro signs of erysipelas?

A

Abortions, mummified fetuses, returns to service

72
Q

How can you treat erysipelas?

A

Penicillin

73
Q

How can you control erysipelas?

A

Vaccination

74
Q

What species is Brucella suis carried by?

A

European hare, not in any species in the UK

75
Q

What are the repro signs of Brucella suis?

A

Infertility
Abortions
Weak piglets
Abscesses

76
Q

What is endometritis and vulval discharge syndrome?

A

Discharge at 14-21d post service
Normal up to 2 days post service
Many different bacteria
May cause reduced fertility

77
Q

How can you control endometritis and vulva discharge syndrome?

A

Cull affected sows, service management

78
Q

What are the 4 notifiable diseases causing porcine repro failure?

A

Brucella suis
Aujezsky’s disease
Classical Swine Fever
African Swine Fever

79
Q

What are the main areas that affect anoestrus in the sow?

A

Gilts: group management, health & nutrition, acclimatisation, boar contact, light, housing
Sows: nutrition, environmental management

80
Q

What are the main areas that affect ovulation in the sow?

A

Nutrition
Hybrid vigour
Good general health
Ensure good feed intake during lactation
Manage sows so they come into oestrus during the early fertile period (4-6d)
Disease causing early embryonic death or foetal damage later on

81
Q

What are the main areas that affect fertilisation in the sow?

A 
Accurate oestrus detection
Served at correct time
Nutrition
Care with group changes after service
Boar management if natural service – very rare
Disease
82
Q

What are the main areas that affect implantation in the sow?

A 
Nutrition
Boar contact for >28d post-service
16hrs light
Stress 2-25d post-service
General sow health
83
Q

What is the likely effect of embryos dying before and after 35d

A

<35d - resoprtion, return to service aprox 63d

>35d - mummifrication

84
Q

What are the main areas that affect stillbirths in the sow?

A

Usually related to sow factors:

  • Fat sows, prolonged farrowing/dystocia
  • Large litters, large piglets
  • Fresh born dead is usually poor supervision around farrowing

Usually not infectious

85
Q

What samples should you send off if sows are systemically ill?

A
  • Serum (paired), nasal swabs, other tissues as appropriate

- Fetuses/fetal tissues often unrewarding

86
Q

What samples should you send off if sows are clinically well?

A
  • Fetuses/fetal tissues, placenta
  • Serology from sow may be helpful to rule out disease (seroconverted)
  • Foetus usually better than sow samples due to vaccine complications
87
Q

How many samples should you submit for infectious causes of porcine repro failure?

A

Try to submit samples from 4-6 fetuses/litter from at least 3 litters.

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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