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REPRO2 > Fertility Monitoring > Flashcards

Fertility Monitoring Flashcards

1
Q

How does monitoring fertility increase profitability?

A

Detects problems early
Minimises loses
More time to put things right

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2
Q

What is the fertility outcome for dairy cows?

A

Calve each cow as close to once a year as possible with minimum culling

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3
Q

What is the fertility outcome for beef/sheep?

A

Target calves/lambs per dam per year in tight breeding season with minimum culling.

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4
Q

What is the fertility outcome for pigs?

A

Maximise piglets weaned per sow per year with min culling.

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5
Q

What is the gestation period for a sow?

A

3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days

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6
Q

What is the objective for breeding units in pig herd?

A

Maximise piglets weaned/sow/year

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7
Q

What is the target litters/slow/year?

A

> 2.3

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8
Q

What affects litters/sow/year and thus needs to be monitored?

A

Return to cyclicity
Detecting heats
Returns to service
Abortions

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9
Q

What affects the piglets/litter and thus needs to be monitored?

A

Number born live
Number born dead
Number ‘mummified’

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10
Q

What is the target for piglets/litter?

A

> 11

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11
Q

What is the target for pre-weaning mortality?

A

<10%

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12
Q

Is sheep fertility seasonal or non seasonal?

A

Seasonal

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13
Q

How do you calculate lambing %age

A

(Lambs born alive/ ewes put to ram) x100

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14
Q

What is the target for lambing %age

A

120-200% (lowland>upland>hill)

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15
Q

How do you calculate weaning %age

A

(lambs weaned/ ewes put to ram) x 100

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16
Q

What is the target for length of lambing period?

A

95% should be pregnant within 2 cycles (i.e 35 day period)

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17
Q

How do you calculate the %age of barren ewes?

A

(1-(ewes lambing/ ewes put to ram)) x 100

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18
Q

What is the target for barren ewes %age

A

<2-3%

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19
Q

What aids can be used to monitor a season’s performance in sheep?

A

Raddle- identifies ewes returning to serve and those not served

Scanning- identifies empty ewes at the end of the breeding season and estimates lambing %age

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20
Q

What are common problems with sheep fertility?

A

Nutrition (Energy/ micronutrient) and ram factors

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21
Q

What are the major objectives for beef cattle calving?

A
  1. One calf per cow per year
  2. 90% herd should calve within 9wk period, with 65% in first 3w
  3. <5% barren/empty cows
22
Q

What is the centralised record keeping system in cattle called?

A

Cattle Traching Scheme

23
Q

How are beef cattle bred?

A

Vast majority of herds run bull(s) with cows.
No need for stock people to detect oestrus.
Usually no recording of serves/heats

24
Q

When do beef cattle have a PD session?

A

After end of breeding season (+/- at/during)

25
What goes wrong in beef cattle breeding?
Post partum anoestrus (really common,unlike sheep) | Low pregnancy/conception rate (can take lots of serves before gets pregnant)
26
What are common causes of poor performance?
Nutrition (energy/ micronutrient), dystocia and bull factors
27
How long approximately is the voluntary wait period in dairy cattle?
45days
28
What is the calving interval/index?
Time from one calving to another
29
What does the first service submission rate tell us?
Whether cows are getting their first serve on time, i.e. if heat is being detected.
30
What is the target for first service submission rate?
80%
31
What is the inter-service interval?
How many days there is in between first service and success
32
What is the target for inter-service intervals
Hoping for most of cows to fall in the 18-24d category
33
What does an inter-service interval of 0-17 tell you?
Short return | Inaccurate heat detection (or fol. cyst)
34
What does an inter-service interval of 18-24d tell you?
Normal return | Correct oestrus detection
35
What does an inter-service interval of 25-35 tell you?
Abnormal return | Inaccurate heat detection or LED
36
What does an inter-service interval of 36-48d tell you?
Return after missed heat
37
What does an inter-service interval of more than 48 days tell you?
Multiple missed heats | Fetal death
38
What can affect heat expression?
``` Lameness Environment Nutrition Use of bull Genetics ```
39
What affects the detection of heat?
``` Time observing Timing of observation Training Use of bull technology Heat detection aids ```
40
How do you monitor pregnancy rate in cattle?
Ideally via PD but can also use non-return to serve or next calving
41
What is the target for pregnancy/conception rate?
>35-40%
42
What can affects pregnancy rate target?
Milk yield, lower targets for higher yielding herds.
43
What 4 factors can affect pregnancy rate?
1. Nutrition 2. AI related 3. Disease 4. Bull
44
What nutritional factors affect pregnancy rate?
Energy balance Micronutrients SARA Excess protein?
45
What AI factors affect pregnancy rate?
``` Technique Semen quality Semen storage Thawing & handling Timing of AI ```
46
What diseases can affect pregnancy rate?
Lameness Herd level infectious diseases (IBR/BVD/lepto) Uterine bacterial diseases Venereal (e.g. campylobacter)
47
What bull factors can affect pregnancy rate
True infetility Lameness Lack of libido
48
What is the target for return to service submission rates?
About 60%
49
What is the normal rate of abortions?
5% or below
50
What is the target for incidence of endometritis?
Between 0.1 and 0.2 cases/cow/year

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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