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REPRO2 > Exotics > Flashcards

Exotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the neoplasms that occur in male ferrets?

A

Testicular

Prepuce

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2
Q

What are the different prostate disorders in the ferret?

A

Hyperplasia and cysts

Urinary obstruction, tenesmus and infection

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3
Q

What is the most common aetiology of prostatic disease in ferrets?

A

Adrenal disease

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4
Q

What is the treatment for obstructive prostatic diseae in ferrets?

A

Catherterisation, cystostomy, marsupialisation

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5
Q

What is the treatment for prostate disease secondary to adrenal disease?

A

adrenalectomy and/or deslorelin

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6
Q

What are the most common site for neoplasia in the female ferret?

A

Ovary most common site –> may cause persistent oestrus

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7
Q

What is a stump pyometra secondary to in female ferrets?

A

adrenal disease or a retained ovarian remnant

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8
Q

What are some causes of pregnancy toxaemia in ferrets?

A

Negative energy balance in late gestation

Usually due to reduced food intake/provision or very large litters

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9
Q

What is the treatment and prognosis of pregnancy toxaemia in the ferret?

A

Aggressive medical stabilisation and prompt caesarean required

Prognosis very guarded

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10
Q

What is the incidence of persistent oestrus in ferrets?

A

About 50% of females will remain in oestrus unless mated

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11
Q

What does prolonged oestrus result in in ferrets?

A

Prolonged oestrus results in oestrogen-induced bone marrow toxicosis

Results in pancytopaenia and eventually death

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of persistent oestrus in the ferret?

A

Swollen vulva
Pale mucus membranes
Symmetrical alopoecia of flanks and tail
Petichiae and/or ecchymoses

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13
Q

How can you prevent persistent oestrus occuring in ferrets?

A

OVH before first oestrus
Vasectomised hob
Proligestone
GnRH agonist implant i.e. Deslorelin

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14
Q

What is the treatment of persistent oestrus in ferrets?

A

OVH but patients are poor surgical candidates, stabilise first
Blood transfusion may be required
Stimulate ovulation by hCG or proligestone (most commonly used)
GnRH agonist implent e.g. deslorelin

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15
Q

What is the aetiology and pathogenesisi of ferret HAC?

A

Due to increase in sex hornomes not cortisol
Appears to develop as a result of neutering
Increased circulating levels of gonadotrophins due to no negative feedback from the gonads.
Adrenal cortex is persistently stimulated leading to adrenal hyperplasia, tumour formation and raised circulating sex hormones
Keeping ferrets indoors may result in similar physiological effected due to the lack of natural, seasonal light cycles

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of ferret HAC?

A 
Symmetrical alopoecia & ‘rat tail’
Vulvar swelling in neutered jills
Sexual behaviour in neutered hobs
Pruritus with no evidence of skin dz
Urinary obstruction in males due to prostate disease
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17
Q

How can you diagnose HAC in the ferret?

A

Clinical signs & history are highly suggestive

May be able to palpate enlarged adrenal

Serum elevation in one or more of the sex hormones → Androstenedione, oestradiol & 17 α-hydroxyprogesterone

Abdominal ultrasound → enlarged adrenal(s)

Exploratory laparotomy

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18
Q

What are some differential diagnoses of HAC in the ferret?

A

Retained ovarian remnant
Persistent oestrus
Gonad neoplasia
Allergic and non-allergic skin disease

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19
Q

How can you prevent HAC in the ferret?

A

Ideally do not neuter ferrets

Problems in entire ferrets with malodour in hobs and persistent oestrus in jills and sometimes aggression especially in jills

Alternatives to neutering include vasectomised hob, proligestone injection (‘jill jab’), Deslorelin implant

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20
Q

What are the surgical treatment options of ferret HAC?

A

Left adrenalectomy relatively straightforward

Right adrenalectomy may require vascular and or microsurgical techniques

Some advocate partial right adrenalectomy

Post-operative medical treatment required if partial adrenalectomy performed

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21
Q

What are the medical treatment options of HAC in the ferret?

A

Depot GnRH-agonists currently favoured

Deslorelin implant (9.4mg implant has UK license for male ferrets) lasts up to 4 years

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22
Q

What are some repro disorders in the male rabbit?

A 
Testicular neoplasia 
Cryptorchidism 
Orchitis 
Trauma 
Inguinal hernia
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23
Q

What are some repro disorders in the female rabbit?

A 
Uterine adenocarcinoma
Endometrial hyperplasia
Endometritis
Pyometra
Endometrial venous aneurisms
Pregnancy toxaemia
Dystocia
Pseudopregnacy
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24
Q

How can you prevent female repro disorders in the rabbit?

A

OVH

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25
Q

What is the incidence of uterine adenocarcinoma in the rabbits?

A

Up to 80% in does >4y

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26
Q

How long does pseudopregnancy last in the rabbit?

A

About 17days

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27
Q

What is the organism causing rabbit syphilis?

A

spirochete Treponema cuniculi

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28
Q

How is rabbit syphilis spread?

A

Copulation and close contact

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29
Q

What are the clinical signs of rabbit syphillis?

A

Crusting lesions on the mucocutaneous junction of nose, lips, eyelids, genitalia and anus

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30
Q

How can you treat rabbit syphilis?

A

Penicillin injections

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31
Q

What are some of the male reproductive disorders in the guinea pig?

A

Inguinal hernia (iatrogenic following castration)
Orchitis
Testicular neoplasia
Spermatic plug causing urethral obstruction

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32
Q

What are some of the female reproductive disorders in the guinea pig?

A 
Uterine Neoplasia
Uterine Prolapse
Pyometra
Ovarian Neoplasia
Ovarian Cysts
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33
Q

What is the incidence of ovarian cysts in the guinea pig?

A

> 75% incidence in sows over 18 months of age

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34
Q

What is the clinical significance of finding ovarian cysts in a guinea pig?

A

Often incidental finding

Most cases very small and non active

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35
Q

What are some of the clincial signs of ovarian cysts in the guinea pig?

A

Bilateral symmertrical alopecia

Abdominal discomfort, gut stasis and anorexia

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36
Q

What is the treatment of choice for ovarian cysts in guinea pigs?

A

OVH

Percutaneous drainage followed by hCG or GnRH therapy may give some relief if surgery is not an option

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37
Q

When should you breed from guinea pigs to prevent dystocia

A

Before 8 months of age as pubic symphysis less likely to separate

38
Q

When does pregnancy toxaemia occur in guinea pigs?

A

From 2 weeks before and 1 week after parturition

39
Q

What are some of the risk factors for pregnancy toxaemia in the guinea pig?

A

Obesity, stress and fsating

40
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of pregnancy toxaemia in the guinea pig?

A

Acute onset depression, hypoglycaemia, ketosis

Coma and death son after

41
Q

What are some repro disorders in the male chinchilla ?

A

Fur ring –> paraphimosis
Inguinal hernia
Spermatic plugs

42
Q

What are some repro disorders in the female chinchilla?

A

Pyometra
Uterine neoplasia
Dystocia –> similar to G.pig but pubic symphysis does not separate

43
Q

What are some repro disorders in gerbil?

A

Cystic ovaries

Neoplasia

44
Q

What are some repro disorders in the hamster?

A

cystic ovaries, neoplasia, pyometra (normal creamy vulval discharge occurs following oestrous)

45
Q

What are some repro disorders in the rat/hedgehog?

A

Pyometra and neoplasia

46
Q

What are some methods of sex determination used in reptiles?

A

Secondary sexual characteristics e.g. size, crests, horns, femoral pores…

Cloacal probing 
Hemipene eversion  manual or hydrostatic
Cloacal palpation (crocodilians)

Ultrasound
Radiography
Endoscopy

47
Q

What are some causes for hemipene/pene prolapse?

A 
Traumatic separation
Iatrogenic
Neurological
Hypocalcaemia
Dysecdysis
Tenesmus
48
Q

What are some causes for hemipene imapction?

A

Usually husbandry related

Often results in infection

49
Q

What is the cause of femoral pore impaction?

A

Inappropriate humidity

50
Q

What are some ‘normal’ repro disorders in reptiles?

A

Aggression- iguanas
Hyperactivity- male snakes, male tortisoes wont stop walking
Anorexia

51
Q

What are some female repro disorders in reptiles?

A 
Hypocalcaemia (see endocrine lectures)
Oviduct and cloacal prolapse
Follicular stasis (Pre-ovulatory oostasis)
Dystocia (Post-ovulatory egg binding)
Neoplasia
52
Q

What is the treatment for POOS (pre-ovulatory oostasis) in reptiles?

A

Surgery

53
Q

What is the treatment for POEB (post ovulatory egg binding) in reptiles?

A

Need to identify whether obstructive or non-obstructive

Surgical or medical

54
Q

What are some causes for obstructive dystocia in reptiles?

A

Uroliths
Egg/foetus oversize
Pelvic abnormalities
Renomegaly

55
Q

What are some causes for non obstructive dystocia in reptiles?

A

Most common
Hypocalcaemia
Inadequate husbandry, diet, nesting site etc.
Poor muscle tone

56
Q

What are the indications for medical dystocia treatment and what is given in reptiles?

A

Patient fit and healthy with no obstruction

Oxytocin, husbandry, calcium

57
Q

What are the indications for surgical dystocia treatment in reptiles?

A 
Patient too ill or weak to deliver clutch
Obstruction or eggs entered the bladder
Prolonged egg-retention
Patients with MBD?
Failure to respond to medical therapy
58
Q

What are some of the surgical options for dytocia in the reptile?

A

Salpingotomy- remove eggs only
Ovariectomy- remove ovaries only
Ovariosalpingectomy- remove oviduct and ovaries

59
Q

How can you treat behavioural changes associated with seasonal reproductive disorders in birds?

A
  • adjust photo period
  • curtail cavity seeking
  • prevent nesting stimuli
  • downgrade amount and calorie level of food
  • increase exercise and foraging time
  • avoid stroking and petting, mouth to mouth feeding
  • hormonal control (synthetic GnRH antagonists)
60
Q

What are some changes that can be found on blood in birds that are in reproductive mode (females)

A

Have increased TOTAL Ca levels (not ionised)
Increased uric acid levels
Increased serum proteins (mainly globulins)
Increased cholesterol

61
Q

What are some predisposing factors for chronic egg laying in birds?

A

Increased photoperiod
Food type availability (High fat)
Presence of actual or perceived mates-toys, owners, mirrors, other birds
Short-circuit in the reproductive hard-wiring?

62
Q

What are some treatment options for chronic egg laying in birds?

A

Environmental changes- Move cage; decrease photoperiod (8-10 hrs); remove all nesting material; rearrange the cage
Behavioural modification- Remove real/perceived mates; discourage territorial behaviour; prevent ‘petting’ allow?? a limited period of brooding
Diet modification- Important to ensure health. Reduction of high fat foods–seeds
Pharmacological actions- GnRH antagonists, Leuprolide acetate (Lupron)
Surgical salpingohysterectomy

63
Q

What are some examples of abnormal eggs in birds?

A

Soft shelled, abnormal shell texture, small size

64
Q

What are some causes for abnormal eggs in birds?

A

Repro tract abnormalities
Nutritional - Ca, Vit A and D deficiences
Chronic oviductal pathologies

65
Q

What are common causes of egg retention and egg binding in birds?

A 
Malnutrition (deficiencies Ca, Vit A and E and Obesity)
Chronic egg laying
Malformed eggs
First-time layers
Systemic disease
Genetic predisposition
Oviductal disease
Lack of exercise
Low temperatures
66
Q

Why is egg retention and egg binding a problem in birds?

A

Egg lodged in pelvic canal may compress the pelvic blood vessels, kidneys, ureters and ischiatic nerves causing circulatory disorders, lameness, parersis, paralysis and pressure necrosis of the oviductal wall

67
Q

What may dystocia cause in bird species?

A

Metabolic disturbances by interfering with normal defecation and micturition, and cause ileus and renal disease, respectively

68
Q

What are some clinical signs of egg bound in birds?

A

Depression, drooped wing, anorexia, dyspnoea, abdominal straining +/- blood from vent, broad stance, hunched back
Leg paresis or paralysis (cf trauma) due to pressure on the ischiatic nerves; especially when hypocalcaemia present
Sudden death

69
Q

What are clinical signs of egg retention in birds?

A

Less severe – poss only abdominal distension

Consider ectopic egg – x-ray

70
Q

What is the initial treatment of egg retention and egg binding in birds?

A

Considered an emergency
Stabilise before attempted egg removal - Heat, fluids, calcium, analgesia
Prolapsed tissue should be lubricated and rehydrated and replaced where possible

71
Q

What medical treatment options can be used if fluids, calcium and analagesia doesn’t treat egg binding in birds?

A

Topical Prostaglandin E dramatically relaxes the uterovaginal sphincter and stimulates oviductal contractions. Potentiates oxytocin
Oxytocin (0.5iu/kg IM) repeated up to 3x @30-60ml

72
Q

If supportive and medical treatment fail to deliver the egg what else can be done in birds with egg binding?

A

Manual manipulation - milk egg into pelvic canal
Ovocentesis - transabdominally or via the cloaca, can then leave up to 36hours, consider adding Ca or oxytocin
Surgery

73
Q

What are some causes of oviductal prolapse?

A

Excessive or chronic straining due to egg laying
Loss of uterine tone (hypocalcaemia)
Metritis

74
Q

What is the treatment for oviductal prolapse in birds?

A

critical in prognosis and treatment options
Keep moist and reduce swelling with 50% dextrose
Replace and hold in place with suture (ensure bird able to defecate)
Amputation
Replace by abdominal surgery (Uterus)

75
Q

What is coelomitis? List the causes

A 
Egg yolk peritonitis
Causes:
	- Ectopic eggs
	- Ovarian neoplasia
        - Cystic ovarian disease
	- Salpingitis and oviductal disease
76
Q

Outline the treatment of coelomitis in birds

A 
Therapeutic abdominocetesis to alleviate abdominal distress and dyspnoea
Supportive care
Antibiosis
Analgesics
Hormone therapy
Surgery (less common)
77
Q

What are the clinical signs of coelomitis?

A

Abdominal distension
Dyspnoea
Depression
History of prior egg laying

78
Q

What are some supportive diagnostics for coelomitis in birds?

A

Heterophilia, hyperglobulinaemia, hypercolesterolaemia

79
Q

What species of birds are prolapse of phallus most commonly seen in?

A

Most commonly seen in Anseriformes during the breeding season

80
Q

What is the treatment for prolapsed phallus in birds?

A

Reduction (often not easy) with vent stay sutures

For recurrent prolapse or necrotic phallus – amputation (will prevent breeding!)

81
Q

What are some reasons for salpingohysterotomy/ectomy in birds?

A 
Egg retention
Egg binding
Chronic egg laying
Egg related coelomitis
Oviductal disease
Ovarian cysts and tumours
Sterilisation to prevent breeding
Diagnostics
82
Q

What is the approach for salpingohysterotomy/ectomy in birds?

A

Left lateral or Midline can be used

Close with 6-0, 8-0 absorbable suture with atraumatic needle, inverting continuous pattern

83
Q

What are some indications for vasectomy in birds?

A

Prevention of breeding

Research

84
Q

What are some indications for orchidectomy?

A

Tumours

Hormonally derived adverse behaviour

85
Q

What are some therapeutic considerations in young birds?

A

Do not use fluids or antimicrobials
Be aware of drugs metabolised by liver/kidneys
S/C injections preferable

86
Q

What are some surgical considerations in young birds?

A

Major concern is thermoregulation during anaesthesia

87
Q

What do you need to do in constricted toe syndrome in young birds?

A

Usually needs amputation

88
Q

What can be done about spraddle or splay leg in young birds?

A

If caught early (and not a malformation of the stifle or hip) can be corrected by use of soft-foam- hobbles and improving footing

89
Q

What are some causes of beak malformations in young birds?

A

Trauma
Scissor beaks
Mandibular prognathism

90
Q

What are primary causes of crop stasis?

A

Infections (mainly yeasts- Candida)

Crop atony due to overstretching

91
Q

What are secondary causes of crop stasis?

A

Generalised GI tract stasis (Environment, disease, FB ingestion

92
Q

What is the treatment for crop burns?

A

Allow to fistulate prior to surgery
Antifungals (nystatin), antibiotics (TMPS), smaller more frequent feeds, pain relief in early stage
Ensure adequate hydration

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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