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REPRO2 > Equine 3 > Flashcards

Equine 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some intra op complications of castration?

A

Failure to achieve adequate anaesthesia
Failure to remove testis
Haemorrhage
Incision into penile tissue

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2
Q

What are some immediate post op complications of castration?

A 
Penile damage, protrusion/haemorrhage post op
Post op swelling
Scrotal abscess/ post op infection
Herniation of omentum
Herniation of intestinal contents
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3
Q

What are some delayed onset complications of castration?

A

Champignon
Schirrous cord
Hydrocoele

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4
Q

What should pre op assessment of castration include?

A

Full pre-anaesthetic exam
Tetanus vaccination
Current health problems

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5
Q

What are some indications for performing castration under GA?

A

Small pony
Mature large breed horse
Donkeys
Large inguinal ring (fits >3 fingers)
Testicle retained in inguinal canal
History of soft fluctuant swelling of testes
Other structures palpable in scrotal region
Horse persistently kicks despite sedation

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6
Q

What is teh correct way round to position the emasculators?

A

flat side facing the inguinal area so that the protruding wing nut is pointing to the testicle (‘nut to nut’).

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7
Q

How long should you leave emasculators on?

A

2 mins minumum

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8
Q

What would a skin bleeder look like?

A

Stready drip of blood - can count the drips

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9
Q

What major vessels are likely to be bleeding if severe haemorrhage seen?

A

Inguinal artery or more commonly testicular artery

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10
Q

What should you approach be to a colt with continuous stream of blood spurting from incision?

A

Assess animals CVS status and degree of blood loss
Re-sedate the animal and more LA
Clamp bleeding vessel with haemostats and ligate with absorbable suture material

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11
Q

What can you do in a colt post op if bleeding is present but not excessive?

A

Can pack the scrotum with swabs

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12
Q

What should be done if you cannot identify haemorrhage origin?

A

GA

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13
Q

How can you prevent haemorrhage during/post op castration?

A

Donkeys and mature ponies should have GA and closed technique
Place emasculators nuts to nuts
Keep emasculators for at least 3 mins
Check stump before releasing

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14
Q

What is the approach for intestinal hernia post castration?

A

Administer first aid (sling or pack scrotum with moist towels or swabs, retained by towel clamps or sutures placed in the skin) and refer immediately
Administer broad spec antimicrobials, NSAIDS, fluids for shock

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15
Q

How can you prevent intestinal herniation?

A

Closed castration

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16
Q

What post op care should be given to colts following castration?

A

Keep in restricted area for 12-24hrs post op to reduce movement of inguinal ring, risk of haemorrhage and to keep close eye
After 24hours- exercise should be encouraged

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17
Q

Why is exercise important after 24hours following castration?

A

reduces scrotal swelling and promotes drainage, and is important in preventing excessive oedema and scrotal infection

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18
Q

Why are most male horses castrated?

A

Behavioural reasons - to reduce aggression towards other horses and people, mounting mares, ability to handle and training

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19
Q

When is castration preffered?

A

6-12mo

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20
Q

What are some advantages of modified techinuqe?

A

Vasculature ligated directly

Vasculature does not protrude through sac

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21
Q

What are some disadvantages of the modified technique?

A

Takes longer and needs good sterility

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22
Q

What are some techniques for crytorchid castration?

A

Enlarge and explore the inguinal ring
Para-inguinal laparotomy
Laparoscopically

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23
Q

Where is the testicle most commonly found in cryptorchidism in the stallion?

A

Inguinal canal- vaginal tunic is small and it may be difficult to push testis into scrotum

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24
Q

How can you diagnose cryptochidism?

A

Palpation of scrotum/inguinal region
Rectal palaption of inguinal ring
Endocrine testing

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25
Q

What endocrine tests can be used to diagnose cryptorchidism?

A

High basal oestrone sulphate

Testosterone response to hCG administration

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26
Q

What is the treatment of cryptochidism?

A

Surgery

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27
Q

What are some causes of poor libido?

A

Testicular hypoplasia
Testicular degeneration
Painful conditions
Overused stallions

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28
Q

How can you establish the cause of poor libido in the stallion?

A

Observe animal working and perform careful physical exam

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29
Q

What is failure to ejaculate commonly associated with?

A

Urethritis

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30
Q

What are the most common tumours of the penis?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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31
Q

What is a cause of penile tumours

A

Smegma carcinogenic

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32
Q

Where do tumours arise in the penis in the stallion?

A

Urethral fossa/ diverticula

Commonly kissing lesions onto preputial ring

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33
Q

What are the appearance of penile tumours?

A

White depigmented plaques probably represent pre-neoplastic changes
Initial lesions may be small pink and cauliflower -like
Later lesions may become very large and pedunculated

34
Q

What are some signs owners may notice in stallion with penile tumour?

A

There is a foul smell
There is haemorrhage from the sheath
The lesion is large and protrudes from the sheath
The lesion is very large and effectively results in phimosis

35
Q

What is the prognosis of stage 3 lesions (penile tumours)?

A

Poor - have LN involvement, require complete resection

36
Q

How can you diagnose penile tumours?

A

Physical exam
Biopsy and FNA LNs
Palpate and u/s abdomen- inguinal, sublumbar LNs, spleen and lviver)
Rd if evidence of abdominal spread

37
Q

How can you treat local lesions with no invasion/spread (penile tumurs)

A

Cryotherapy/ topical treatment with 5-fluorouracil

or local excision/posthioplasty/partial phallectomy (depends on location and size)

38
Q

How can you treat non invasive (G1-G2 penile lesions)

A

local excision/posthioplasty/partial phallectomy (depends on location and size)

39
Q

How can you treat extensive spread or invasive (G3 lesions)

A

Partial phallectomy and sheath ablation/en bloc resection/palliative treatment or euthanasia

40
Q

How can you treat a stallion with evidence of abdominal spread with penile tumour?

A

Palliative tx or euthanasia

41
Q

What is the purpose of penile reefing/ posthioplasty?

A

Tx of kissing metastases of SCC

Primary lesions needs to be removed by local excision or amputation of penile tip

42
Q

What is the technique for posthioplasty?

A
  1. GA lateral recumbency
  2. Extend the penis
  3. Incise through epithelium 2cm proximal and 2cm distal to tumour
  4. peel epithelium and tumour away
  5. suture edges with adbsorbable material
43
Q

What is the purpose of penile amputation/ partial phallectomy?

A

Treatment of penile neoplasia, trauma or non-responsive priapism

44
Q

When is an enbloc resection indicated?

A

Grade 3 lesions

45
Q

What is a consequence of enbloc resection

A

Long surgical time, anaesthetic compications can be high

46
Q

How does coital exantema present in the stallion?

A

Small vesicles on penis and sheath

Stallions may be unwilling to mate as painful

47
Q

What is the appearnce of papilloma virus on the penis?

A

Small, raised florid lesions

48
Q

What is the treatment of papilloma virus?

A

Stallions rapidly developing immunity and lesions self limited. None needed

49
Q

Why do you need to monitor resolution of papilloma virus?

A

Can progress to SCC

50
Q

What is intersex?

A

Thought to be male but with abnormalities of chromosomal, genetic or phenotypic sex

51
Q

What are the signs of intersex?

A

Usually small, under-developed, abnormal external reproductive tract

52
Q

What is a common cause of scrotal trauma?

A

Kick from mare

53
Q

How can you treat scrotal trauma?

A 
Symptomatically 
Local tx
NSAIDs
Systemic broad antibiotics 
Unilateral castration in some cases
54
Q

Why is scrotal trauma a significant problem?

A

May lead to testicular degeneration

55
Q

How can diagnose scrotal (inguinal hernia)

A

ultrasound examination of scrotum or rectal palpation where distended intestinal loops may be detected at the inguinal ring

56
Q

What are some causes of testicular degeneration?

A 
Scrotal hernia
Scrotal injury and dermatitis
Testicular trauma and testicular haematoma
Torsion of the spermatic cord
Orchitis
Neoplasia
Thermal injury (usually)
57
Q

What is the ultrasonographic apperaance of testicular degeneration

A

Echogenic stippling

58
Q

What is the treatment of testicular degneration?

A 
None
Address primary causes 
Cold water hosing
NSAIDs
Hemicastration
59
Q

What is the ultrasonographic appearance of testicular haemotoma?

A

Mixed echogenicity (almost marbled) appearance

60
Q

What are some signs of severe torsion of spermatic cord?

A

Marked scrotal swelling

Abdominal pain

61
Q

How can you treat torsions of spermatic cord?

A

Prompt removal of the swollen testis is necessary to treat the condition and in attempt to prevent testicular degeneration in the remaining testicle

62
Q

In what case can torsion of spermatic cord not be assocaited with clinical signs and have normal fertility?

A

180 degree torsions - can be detected by unusal position of epipdymal tail

63
Q

What is the most common cause of orchitis?

A

Trauma

64
Q

What are the clinical signs of orchitis?

A

Substantial swelling, local oedema, pain

65
Q

How can you treat orchitis?

A

Control primary cause
Reduce testicular temperature
Unilateral castration may be considered

66
Q

What is the cause of seminal vesiculitis?

A

Ascending bacterial infection

In some cases may be associated with ascending Klebsiella or Pseudomonas

67
Q

What are the clinical signs of seminal vesciultis?

A

presence of blood in ejaculate

68
Q

What is the treatment for seminal vesicultis?

A

Treatment is difficult because of poor antibiotic penetration
Endoscopic lavage and antibiotic packing has been attempted with variable success

69
Q

What must you ensure for any rectal examination?

A

Must have horse adequately restrained
Must have good technique
Must inform owner of procedure and risks

70
Q

What should you do if you suspect a rectal tear?

A

Must assess severity of lesion
Must inform owner
Must take appropriate action

71
Q

What are some clinical signs of rectal tears?

A

Blood on rectal glove (usually large amounts)
Sudden release of pressure on rectal examination
Ability to feel abdominal organs directly
After few hours - peritonitis and endotoxic shock

72
Q

What is a grade 1 rectal tear?

A

mucosa and submucosa torn

73
Q

What is a grade 2 rectal tear?

A

muscular layer only torn (mucosa and submucosa prolapse through)

74
Q

What is a grade 3 rectal tear?

A

all layers except serosa (IIIa), or mesorectum and retroperitoneal tissue (IIIb) torn

75
Q

What is a grade 4 rectal tear?

A

All layers torn

76
Q

What should be your assessment for a rectal tear be?

A
  1. Stop horse from straining
  2. Epidural anaesthesia
  3. Sedation (alpha 2 +/- burtorphanol)
  4. Hysocine
  5. Lidocaine enema
  6. Peritoneal tap
  7. Assess with ungloved, well lubricated hand
77
Q

What are the first aid procedures for a rectal tear?

A

Stop horse straining
Gentle removal of faeces from rectum and tear
Treatment of septic shock and peritonitis
Epidural anaesthesia and packing of rectum with clean swabs
Referral to surgical centre

78
Q

What are the treatment options for grades 3 and 4 rectal tears?

A

Surgery

Some success with frequent manual evaluation for grade 3

79
Q

How can you manage grade 1 and 2 rectal tears?

A

monitoring, administering laxatives and reducing feed intake

80
Q

What are some surgery options for rectal tears?

A

Surgical closure (per rectum or at celiotomy - depends on location of tear)
Temporary indwelling rectal liner
Loop colostomy
End colostomy

81
Q

What is the prognosis of grade 1 rectal tears?

A

80-93% survival

82
Q

What is the prognosis for graade 3 rectal tears?

A

60% long term survival

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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