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REPRO2 > Equine Neonatal Care > Flashcards

Equine Neonatal Care Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal durection for 1st, 2nd and 3rd stage labour in the mare?

A

1st- <240mins
2nd- 10-20mins
3rd- 1/2-3hours

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2
Q

What is the normal temperature for a foal?

A

37-39, slightly higher than adults

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3
Q

What is the normal HR for a foal at 0-2hours?

A

120-150bpm

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4
Q

What is the normal HR for a foal at 24hours?

A

80-100

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5
Q

What is the normal resp rate for a foal at 0-2hours

A

40-60

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6
Q

What is the normal resp rate for a foal at 24 hours

A

30

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7
Q

Which is more effective chlorhexidine or povidone iodine?

A

Chlorhexidine

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8
Q

What are some of the most common + ambulatory friendly conditions in the foal?

A 
Meconium impactions
FPT- failure of passive transfer
Flexural limb deformities
Omphalitis/haernia
Diarrhoea
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9
Q

What conditions are best to refer in the foal?

A 
Bladder rupture
HIE
Colic
Pneumonia
Prematurity/dysmaturity
Sepsis
Congenital abnormalities
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10
Q

How can you get IV access in a foal

A

Jugular vein
Clip and aseptic prep for catheters
20G or 21G

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11
Q

What are the IM injection sites in foals?

A

Either neck or HLs

HLs will most likely have more muscle

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12
Q

What should you always assume in a sick foal?

A

That it has SIRS due to bacteraemia/toxaemia until proven otherwise

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13
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of sepsis in a foal?

A
  • Injected sclerae
  • Aural petechiae
  • Coronet hyperhaemia
  • Umbilical pain, heat and swelling
  • joint swelling
  • oral petechiae
  • hyperemia of oral mucosa, nasal mucosa and muzzle
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14
Q

What are some clincial signs of a premature foal?

A 
<320d gestation
Low birth weight
Silky hair coat
Domed forehead
Floppy years
Flexor laxity/hypotonia
Weak suck reflex
Poor thermoregulation
Entropion
Poor glucose regulation
Immature renal function
Cartilage cuboidal bones (not fully formed)
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15
Q

What is a dysmature foal?

A

Similar to premature but at term but suffered placental insufficiency

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16
Q

What is a post-mature foal?

A

Retained in utero for too long

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17
Q

What are some other names for Hypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy?

A

Perinatal Asphyxia Syndrome (PAS), Dummy foal

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18
Q

What is the cause of hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy?

A

Dystocia/ premature placental separation

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19
Q

What are the signs of hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy?

A

Neurological signs (unconsciousness, dull demeanour, inability to stand/suckle)
Respiratory compromise
Renal insufficiency
GI ileus

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20
Q

What gender tends to get bladder rupture?

A

Males- have a longer urethra

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21
Q

What are the clincial signs of a bladder ruputreu in a foal?

A 
Neurological signs (weakness, not suckling)
Anuria/dribbling little urine
Straining to urinate
Abdominal distension
Tachycardia/tachipnoea
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22
Q

What biochemistry changes will you seen in a foal with a bladder rupture?

A

Hyperkaliemia
Hyponatraemia
Hypochloraemia
High creatinine

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23
Q

How can you tell a foal is in respiratory distress?

A

Will be standing!

24
Q

How can you manage respiratory distress?

A

Oxygen therapy immediately

Needs referral

25
What are some causes for hypoxaemia from other diseases (HIE)
Pneumonia: Bacteria and Viral Fractured ribs: Pneumothorax ARDS
26
What are the indications for medical management of colic in the foal?
Meconium impaction (can feel with finger) Gastric ulceration Necrotising enterocolitis
27
What are the indications for surgical management of colic in the foal?
``` Intussusceptions Volvolus Displacements Diaphragmatic hernias Obstructions ```
28
When does foal heat occur?
5-14days
29
What are some of the viral causes of diarrhoea in the foal?
Rotavirus – 5-35 days Coronavirus – first few days of life (Adenovirus, parvovirus)
30
What are some of the bacterial causes of diarrhoea in the foal?
``` C. perfringens, C. difficile Salmonella spp E. coli Bacterioides, Aeromonas Lawsonia intracellulare (6m.o.) ```
31
What are some of the parasitic causes of diarrhoea in the foal?
``` Strongyloides Westerii (transmammary!) Strongylus vulgaris, Cyathostomes (>6m.o.) ```
32
What is the general appraoch to fluid therapy in the foal?
1. Administer 1-2 litres of fluid (Hartmanns) as bolus 2. repeat major body system assessment 3. Once parameters start to improve start plasma and further resuscitation fluids at aprox 2x maintenance
33
What is the mainteance fluid rate in foals
Double that in adults | 5ml/kg/hr
34
How can you administer oxygen to a sick foal?
Intra nasal tube
35
What is the normal USG of a foal?
<1.008, HYPOSTHENURIC
36
What should you do if the foal is down?
- Do not administer milk orally (ileus secondary to poor perfusion- can predipose to necrotic enterocolitis and death) - IV glucose for max 24h or PPN for as long as required - Glutamine prior to gradually re-introducing milk when foal better
37
How can you keep MABP > 60mmHg in the foal?
Dobutamine and/or norepinephrine and/or vasopressin infusions
38
What electrolytes are usually low in the sick foal and how can it be managed?
K+ and Mg2+ low usually – change to maintenance fluids which are higher in these and lower in Na+ (e.g. Plasmalyte) Insulin to control high glucose – IM or infusion
39
How do neonates thermoregulate in comparison to adults?
Thermoregulatory mechanisms are poorly developed so neonates tend to become hypothermic more quickly – also normal basal temperature is generally higher than that of adults.
40
How does neonatal hepatic and renal function compares to adults?
Neonates have a higher volume of distribution (they are 75-80% water compared to 60% in adults) – this is combined with a not yet mature renal and hepatic function means that they are at a greater risk of developing hypovolaemia and hypoglycaemia (also they don’t have the same fat stores as adults do so they rely on glucose as the main source of energy).
41
What is in colostrum that makes it different from normal milk?
Colostrum is rich in IgG, has some IgM and IgE and lymphocytes
42
What risk factors may lead to the development of FPT.
``` Poor quality colostrum Early lactation and colostral loss Primiparous animals Poor udder development Mastitis Lack of appropriate maternal antibodies Poor intake (quantity or time) Underlying neonatal disease ```
43
How can you differentiate FPT from other types of hypogammaglobulinemia (e.g. transient and congenital)?
Hypogammaglobulinemia – congenital types usually manifest once maternal (colostral) immunity has waned.
44
How can you treat neonates with FPT?
Oral administration of colostrum | Plasma transfusion
45
Why don't we vaccinate neonates on their first day of life?
Earlier vaccination would “use up” maternal IgG and potentially predispose to infections, later vaccination means exposing to the risk of infection as maternal immunity is waning.
46
What should measurements of IgG be in the foal?
>800mgl/dL
47
What should you do in a foal that has an IgG conc. <800mg/dL and is 24hours old?
Administer hyperimmune plasma
48
How should you administer hyperimmune plasma to a foal?
``` Start slowly (10 min) checking TPR (ever 3-5 mins) then increase speed if ok until bag done Watch for anaphylaxis and RETEST IgG 24h LATER!!! ```
49
What are the signs of anaphylaxis to plasma administration?
tachycardia, tachypnoea, fever, fasciculations, piloerection, colic, blanching of mucous membranes, collapse
50
How can you disinfect the navel in a foal?
0.5% Chlorexedine solution superior to 2% iodine solution.
51
Why should you avoid the use of iodine tincture of Lygols solution in the foal?
Can cause necrosis
52
What would you see radiographically in a foal with a meconium impaciton?
Diffuse gas-distended large intestine, with granular-appearing luminal contents in the caudoventral abdomen.
53
How can you treat a meconium impaction
Oenema
54
How can you give an oenema to a foal with a meconium impaction?
Mix with lube/ acetylcysteine/paraffin
55
What is a retention oenema?
Use a ballooned catheter (Foley’s) to blockage exit of fluid introduced for 30-45minutes
56
When is a blood transfusion indicated in a foal?
If PCV <12-15%
57
How can you manage contracted tendons in the foal?
``` Bandaging Splinting Casting Controlled exercise (box rest) Check ligaments- desmotomy Oxytetracycline ```

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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