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REPRO2 > Equine Neonatal Care > Flashcards

Equine Neonatal Care Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal durection for 1st, 2nd and 3rd stage labour in the mare?

A

1st- <240mins
2nd- 10-20mins
3rd- 1/2-3hours

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2
Q

What is the normal temperature for a foal?

A

37-39, slightly higher than adults

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3
Q

What is the normal HR for a foal at 0-2hours?

A

120-150bpm

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4
Q

What is the normal HR for a foal at 24hours?

A

80-100

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5
Q

What is the normal resp rate for a foal at 0-2hours

A

40-60

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6
Q

What is the normal resp rate for a foal at 24 hours

A

30

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7
Q

Which is more effective chlorhexidine or povidone iodine?

A

Chlorhexidine

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8
Q

What are some of the most common + ambulatory friendly conditions in the foal?

A 
Meconium impactions
FPT- failure of passive transfer
Flexural limb deformities
Omphalitis/haernia
Diarrhoea
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9
Q

What conditions are best to refer in the foal?

A 
Bladder rupture
HIE
Colic
Pneumonia
Prematurity/dysmaturity
Sepsis
Congenital abnormalities
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10
Q

How can you get IV access in a foal

A

Jugular vein
Clip and aseptic prep for catheters
20G or 21G

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11
Q

What are the IM injection sites in foals?

A

Either neck or HLs

HLs will most likely have more muscle

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12
Q

What should you always assume in a sick foal?

A

That it has SIRS due to bacteraemia/toxaemia until proven otherwise

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13
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of sepsis in a foal?

A
  • Injected sclerae
  • Aural petechiae
  • Coronet hyperhaemia
  • Umbilical pain, heat and swelling
  • joint swelling
  • oral petechiae
  • hyperemia of oral mucosa, nasal mucosa and muzzle
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14
Q

What are some clincial signs of a premature foal?

A 
<320d gestation
Low birth weight
Silky hair coat
Domed forehead
Floppy years
Flexor laxity/hypotonia
Weak suck reflex
Poor thermoregulation
Entropion
Poor glucose regulation
Immature renal function
Cartilage cuboidal bones (not fully formed)
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15
Q

What is a dysmature foal?

A

Similar to premature but at term but suffered placental insufficiency

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16
Q

What is a post-mature foal?

A

Retained in utero for too long

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17
Q

What are some other names for Hypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy?

A

Perinatal Asphyxia Syndrome (PAS), Dummy foal

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18
Q

What is the cause of hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy?

A

Dystocia/ premature placental separation

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19
Q

What are the signs of hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy?

A

Neurological signs (unconsciousness, dull demeanour, inability to stand/suckle)
Respiratory compromise
Renal insufficiency
GI ileus

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20
Q

What gender tends to get bladder rupture?

A

Males- have a longer urethra

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21
Q

What are the clincial signs of a bladder ruputreu in a foal?

A 
Neurological signs (weakness, not suckling)
Anuria/dribbling little urine
Straining to urinate
Abdominal distension
Tachycardia/tachipnoea
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22
Q

What biochemistry changes will you seen in a foal with a bladder rupture?

A

Hyperkaliemia
Hyponatraemia
Hypochloraemia
High creatinine

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23
Q

How can you tell a foal is in respiratory distress?

A

Will be standing!

24
Q

How can you manage respiratory distress?

A

Oxygen therapy immediately

Needs referral

25
Q

What are some causes for hypoxaemia from other diseases (HIE)

A

Pneumonia: Bacteria and Viral
Fractured ribs: Pneumothorax
ARDS

26
Q

What are the indications for medical management of colic in the foal?

A

Meconium impaction (can feel with finger)
Gastric ulceration
Necrotising enterocolitis

27
Q

What are the indications for surgical management of colic in the foal?

A 
Intussusceptions
Volvolus
Displacements
Diaphragmatic hernias
Obstructions
28
Q

When does foal heat occur?

A

5-14days

29
Q

What are some of the viral causes of diarrhoea in the foal?

A

Rotavirus – 5-35 days
Coronavirus – first few days of life
(Adenovirus, parvovirus)

30
Q

What are some of the bacterial causes of diarrhoea in the foal?

A 
C. perfringens, C. difficile
Salmonella spp
E. coli
Bacterioides, Aeromonas
Lawsonia intracellulare (6m.o.)
31
Q

What are some of the parasitic causes of diarrhoea in the foal?

A 
Strongyloides Westerii (transmammary!)
Strongylus vulgaris, Cyathostomes (>6m.o.)
32
Q

What is the general appraoch to fluid therapy in the foal?

A
  1. Administer 1-2 litres of fluid (Hartmanns) as bolus
  2. repeat major body system assessment
  3. Once parameters start to improve start plasma and further resuscitation fluids at aprox 2x maintenance
33
Q

What is the mainteance fluid rate in foals

A

Double that in adults

5ml/kg/hr

34
Q

How can you administer oxygen to a sick foal?

A

Intra nasal tube

35
Q

What is the normal USG of a foal?

A

<1.008, HYPOSTHENURIC

36
Q

What should you do if the foal is down?

A
  • Do not administer milk orally (ileus secondary to poor perfusion- can predipose to necrotic enterocolitis and death)
  • IV glucose for max 24h or PPN for as long as required
  • Glutamine prior to gradually re-introducing milk when foal better
37
Q

How can you keep MABP > 60mmHg in the foal?

A

Dobutamine and/or norepinephrine and/or vasopressin infusions

38
Q

What electrolytes are usually low in the sick foal and how can it be managed?

A

K+ and Mg2+ low usually – change to maintenance fluids which are higher in these and lower in Na+ (e.g. Plasmalyte)
Insulin to control high glucose – IM or infusion

39
Q

How do neonates thermoregulate in comparison to adults?

A

Thermoregulatory mechanisms are poorly developed so neonates tend to become hypothermic more quickly – also normal basal temperature is generally higher than that of adults.

40
Q

How does neonatal hepatic and renal function compares to adults?

A

Neonates have a higher volume of distribution (they are 75-80% water compared to 60% in adults) – this is combined with a not yet mature renal and hepatic function means that they are at a greater risk of developing hypovolaemia and hypoglycaemia (also they don’t have the same fat stores as adults do so they rely on glucose as the main source of energy).

41
Q

What is in colostrum that makes it different from normal milk?

A

Colostrum is rich in IgG, has some IgM and IgE and lymphocytes

42
Q

What risk factors may lead to the development of FPT.

A 
Poor quality colostrum
Early lactation and colostral loss
Primiparous animals
Poor udder development
Mastitis
Lack of appropriate maternal antibodies
Poor intake (quantity or time)
Underlying neonatal disease
43
Q

How can you differentiate FPT from other types of hypogammaglobulinemia (e.g. transient and congenital)?

A

Hypogammaglobulinemia – congenital types usually manifest once maternal (colostral) immunity has waned.

44
Q

How can you treat neonates with FPT?

A

Oral administration of colostrum

Plasma transfusion

45
Q

Why don’t we vaccinate neonates on their first day of life?

A

Earlier vaccination would “use up” maternal IgG and potentially predispose to infections, later vaccination means exposing to the risk of infection as maternal immunity is waning.

46
Q

What should measurements of IgG be in the foal?

A

> 800mgl/dL

47
Q

What should you do in a foal that has an IgG conc. <800mg/dL and is 24hours old?

A

Administer hyperimmune plasma

48
Q

How should you administer hyperimmune plasma to a foal?

A 
Start slowly (10 min) checking TPR (ever 3-5 mins) then increase speed if ok until bag done
Watch for anaphylaxis and RETEST IgG 24h LATER!!!
49
Q

What are the signs of anaphylaxis to plasma administration?

A

tachycardia, tachypnoea, fever, fasciculations, piloerection, colic, blanching of mucous membranes, collapse

50
Q

How can you disinfect the navel in a foal?

A

0.5% Chlorexedine solution superior to 2% iodine solution.

51
Q

Why should you avoid the use of iodine tincture of Lygols solution in the foal?

A

Can cause necrosis

52
Q

What would you see radiographically in a foal with a meconium impaciton?

A

Diffuse gas-distended large intestine, with granular-appearing luminal contents in the caudoventral abdomen.

53
Q

How can you treat a meconium impaction

A

Oenema

54
Q

How can you give an oenema to a foal with a meconium impaction?

A

Mix with lube/ acetylcysteine/paraffin

55
Q

What is a retention oenema?

A

Use a ballooned catheter (Foley’s) to blockage exit of fluid introduced for 30-45minutes

56
Q

When is a blood transfusion indicated in a foal?

A

If PCV <12-15%

57
Q

How can you manage contracted tendons in the foal?

A 
Bandaging 
Splinting 
Casting
Controlled exercise (box rest)
Check ligaments- desmotomy 
Oxytetracycline

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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