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REPRO2 > Contraception methods > Flashcards

Contraception methods Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the indications for surgical neutering?

A

Elimination or reduction of male-like behaviour
Prevention of breeding?
Prevention of pregnancies
Treatment of conditions affecting the testes and scrotum
Treatment of conditions stimulated by male hormones (e.g. prostate disease)

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2
Q

What are some advantages for surgical neutering?

A

Prevention of some neoplasia
Prevention of testosterone-stimulated disease
Reduced male behaviour
An animal more suitable to live within a human household

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3
Q

What are some disadvantages for surgical neutering?

A

Reduced male behaviour (important for guarding / performance dogs)
Delayed growth plate closure (if pre-pubertal neuter)
Low testosterone (concern if castrated late)
Increase risk of some neoplasia

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4
Q

What are some methods of surgical neutering in the male?

A 
Orchiectomy (orchidectomy or castration)
Vasectomy
Crushing of spermatic cord
Inducing ischaemic necrosis of scrotum
(Injection of irritants into testis)
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5
Q

What are some methods of bloodless castration?

A
  1. Rubber rings

2. Burdizzo

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6
Q

Describe the rubber ring castration

A

Small rubber rings are stretched over the whole scrotum and released ensuring both testicles are below the ring. The ring prevents blood flow to the testicles and scrotum which atrophy and eventualy slough

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7
Q

Describe the burdizzo castration

A

The burdizzo crushes the spermatic cord. The spermatic cord is held to the side of the scrotum at its base.
The burdizzo is applied crushing the spermatic cord and preventing blood flow in the testicular artery. It is important to leave space in the middle for blood supply of scrotum. The testicle atrophies within scrotum, if applied correctly the scrotum itself remains

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8
Q

Under the Protection of Animals Act 1854 when is anaesthesia required for castration of calves?

A

2 months andcarried out by veterinary surgeon

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9
Q

When are rubber rings permitted without an anesthetic for calves and lambs?

A

In the first 7 days

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10
Q

When is anaesthesia required for castration of lambs?

A

More than 3 months of age, veterinary surgeon required to do this

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11
Q

What are the different types of surgical castration?

A

Open
Closed
Semi-closed/modified

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12
Q

What happens in open surgical castration?

A
  1. Parietal vaginal tunic incised

2. Testicle exposed and remove

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13
Q

What happens in closed surgical castration?

A

Parietal vaginal tunic is NOT incised.

Ligature is applied around the vaginal tunic and spermatic cord, the cord is transected distal to the ligature.

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14
Q

What happens in semi-closed/modified castration?

A

The parietal vaginal tunic is incised, the testicle is exposed and removed. The parietal tunic is then sutured closed.

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15
Q

What methods of open technique are used in castration of calf/bull?

A

Lateral incisions into each scrotum or removal of distal scrotum

Scalpel/Newberry knife

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16
Q

What is the SOP castration of calves?

A
  1. Restraint of animal
  2. Ask assistant to firmly lift the tail
  3. Scrub and disinfect the injection site
  4. Administer LA using 18g 1.5 needle, 10ml syringe.
  5. Inject 1-5ml of LA under skin and 1-5ml in both spermatic cords
  6. Wait minimal of 5 minutes before proceeding
  7. Provide NSAIDs
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17
Q

Outline the twisting method

A
  1. Pull the scrotum ventrally and remove the bottom 3rd of the scrotum
  2. Separate the vaginal tunic from the testicle by tearing the ligament attaching the vaginal tunic to the testicle
  3. Push the remains of the vaginal tunic up the cord
  4. Clamp the cord above the bulk of the paminiform plexus
  5. Twist the spermatic cord multiple times until the cord breaks, can use an emasculator on larger calves
  6. Remove tissue visible outside the scrotum and pull the scrotal edges down to help obscure any internal material
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18
Q

What are some of the common general protocols for horse castration?

A

Usually done 6months to two and half years old
Animals must be either vaccinated against tetanus or given tetanus antitoxin
Analgesia and a course of antibiotics provided post surgery
Animals are often walked and cold water hosed to minimise swelling

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19
Q

Outline the closed castration procedures of the horse

A

As for ‘open’ technique but the vaginal tunic is not opened
The subcutaneous tissue is pushed back with a dry swab
Transfixing sutures are normally placed through the tunic anchoring the vascular portion, and then applied circumferentially around the whole cord compressing the vas
The cord is emasculated as a whole
The skin is normally left open

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20
Q

Outline the modified open castration procedure in the horse

A

The procedure is performed as for an ‘open’ castration
After removal of the testis, rather then removing the tunic, it is twisted along its long axis, transfixed and then emasculated
The sub-cutaneous tissue may or may not be sutured closed
Skin may or may not be closed

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21
Q

What are some advantages of open castration in the horse?

A

Rapid
Effective observation of vasculature
Allows good drainage
May be useful when conditions likely to be contaminated

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22
Q

What are the disadvantages of open castration in the horse?

A

Herniation risk increased

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23
Q

What are the advantages of closed castration in the horse?

A

Rapid
Effective haemostasis if surgical field controlled
Peritoneal contamination minimised
Herniation risk reduced

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24
Q

What are the disadvantages of closed castration in the horse?

A

Does not allow observation of vasculature

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25
What are advantages of modified castration in the horse?
Allows good haemostasis and surgical closure | Herniation risk reduced
26
What are the disadvantages of modified castration in the horse?
More time consuming
27
What are the different methods of performing castration in the dog?
Normally single mid-line incision 1. modified 2. closed- more often in smaller dogs 3. open - but skin closed
28
What are the common methods of castration in the rabbit?
Closed or modified closed, ligature provides haemostasis
29
What are common methods of castration in Guinea pigs?
Closed or modified closed surgical castration, ligature provides haemostasis
30
What are the common methods of castration performed in ferrets?
Open or closed surigcal castration, ligatures provide haemostasis
31
What are the common methods of castration in rodents?
Closed castration or modified technique essential. | Rodents have an open inguinal canal and there is significant risk of hernia
32
Where are hidden testes found?
Intra-abdominal Within the inguinal ring In the femoral triangle In an unusual position (lateral to anus, lateral flank) – but this is rare
33
What are the different approaches for cryptorchidectomy for abdominal testes?
``` Inguinal approach (equine) Midline (reflecting penis) or paramedian laparotomy (most SA species) ```
34
Outline the procedure of cryptorchidectomy for inguinal testes
1. Skin incision over inguinal ring 2/ Blunt dissect – avoid external pudendal vein 3. Feel for testis / epididymis / gubernaculum / within canal
35
Outline the procedure of cryptorchidectomy for testes in the femoral triangle
May not be palpable – identify the vas deferens and follow this / tug on this and look to where the testis moves
36
Outline the procedure of cryptorchidectomy for abominal testes
to identify the vas deferens as they approach the prostate gland (usually best achieved by reflecting the bladder out through the abdominal incision and looking at the dorsal bladder neck) May be achieved laparoscopically
37
Outline the vasectomy procedure in Rams, Hob, Billy goat and Buck
1. LA or GA over scrotal neck and spermatic cords 2. Incision at cranial aspect of each scrotum through skin, dartos, fascia 3. Bluntly dissect cord 4. Palpate vas as thick walled tube in non-vascular portion Incise tunic 5. Pull out loop of vas 6. Two ligatures and remove segment between 7. Close skin
38
What are the different types of contraception methods
Hormonal and control of reproduction Surgical control of reproduction Immunization
39
What melatonin products are available for ewes?
Melatonin implant administered at base of ear in May-June to hasten onset of cyclicity (+ introduction of the ram)
40
Why aren't melatonin products used in the mare?
Daylight is effective if day length is extended from December onwards
41
What short term in action GnRH products are available?
buserelin [Receptal] injection) or deslorelin [Ovuplant] implant Causes stimulation of LH and FSH release
42
What long term in action GnRH products are available?
deslorelin [Suprelorin] implant | Causes initial stimulation and the receptor down-regulation
43
What species is deslorelin licensed in and for what?
Control of behaviour and fertility in male dogs
44
Why are gonadotrophin products of no use?
No formulation of either hCG or eCG available that is long lasting enough to produce down-regulation. You would need repeatedly administer injectable eg 3x daily.
45
What progestogen products are availble?
Osaterone (Ypozane) Licensed in male dogs for control of prostate disease Delmadinone (Tardak) Licensed in male dogs for hyper-sexuality, prostatic disease, anal adenoma
46
What is a disadvantage of using progestogens products in the male?
Reduces semen quality
47
What species is GnRF analogue protein conjugate (improvac injection) licensed in?
Male piglets at 6-8weeks
48
What is the function of the improvac injection?
Reduces boar taint | immunize against Action- immunize against GnRH and therefore will produce at least temporary infertility.
49
What are some of the legislation relaitng to surgical castration?
Caponisation is illegal in the UK Castration of lambs / calves allowed by rings for first 7 days, by surgical methods up to 3 months but requires anaesthetic after 3 months Castration in piglets only before 7 days without anaesthetic.
50
What are some of the principles of vasectomy?
Controls brreeding but does not affect behaviour. | Testes still produce testosterone.
51
What are some post operative complications after castration?
``` Haemorrhage Oedema Infection Septic peritonitis Eventration Hydrocoele ```
52
What is the onset of infertile ejaculate in the dog?
Dogs have no amupulla therefore azoospermic within a few days.
53
What is the onset of infertile ejaculate in the stalion?
Stallions have significant ampulla therefore sperm may be detected for several weeks or until he ejaculates.
54
What are some consequences of pre-pubertal castration?
Delay in growth plate closure Failure to develop typical male characteristics Change in body conformation Increase in certain diseases (eg haemangiosarcoma and osteosarcoma in dogs) Change in carcass quality (greater fat) or taste (lack of boar taint)
55
How can you diagnose cryptochidism?
Elevation of plasma testosterone following hCG or GnRH administration Basal oestrone sulphate in some species
56
What are the implications of cryptorchism?
``` Continues to produce hormones but not spem Increased risk of neoplasia (in species that live long enough) Likely inherited (well described in some dog breeds) ```
57
What is the management of cryptorchidism in small animals?
At laparotomy looking for vas deferens as they approach the urethra then tracing proximally to testies
58
What is the management of cryptorchisim in horses?
Inguinal approach and identification of extension of gubernaculum.
59
What are some advantages of surgical sterilisation in the bitch?
Reduction in the incidence of mammary neoplasia Prevention of uterine disease including CEH, pyometra and uterine neoplasia Prevention of ovarian disease including neoplasia Prevention of endocrine disease such as pseudopregnancy
60
What are some disadvantages to consider for surgical sterilisation in the bitch?
``` Increased incidence of urinary incontinence in dogs? Changes in coat texture? Tendency to gain weight? Changes in behaviour? Increased incidence of some neoplasia ```
61
What breeds is there a clear relation to: the longer that ovaries or testes are present the lower the incidence of neoplasia?
Rotties and Dobermans
62
What are some points to do an overiectomy over an overiohysterectomy?
``` Simpler Less traumatic Faster More rapid recovery Cheaper Fewer surgical risks May include less urinary incontinence More amenable to laparoscopic surgery ```
63
How will leaving the uterus behind lead to uterine diseases?
The uterus was already abnormal You leave an ovarian remnant There is a neoplasm producing reproductive steroids (e.g. adrenal possible but rare) Exogenous reproductive steroids are administered
64
When is prepubertal ovariectomy performed?
4 months of age after completion of vaccination regimes
65
What are some advantages to doing prepubertal ovariectomy?
No possibility of mating at first oestrus No possibility of pseudopregnancy Surgical procedure easier therefore more rapid (Reduced anaesthetic time, rapid recovery etc, Less urinary incontinence?)
66
What are some disdavantages of doing prepubertal ovariectomy?
Smaller animal with fewer fat reserves greater potential for anaesthetic overdose Delayed closure of growth plates Increased risk of fractures Persistence of pre-pubertal vaginitis Overgrowth of commensal organisms, letting them reach puberty allows this to resolve as oestrogen causes increased thickening and stimulates immunity Greater risk of some neoplasia
67
What is a contraindication for pre-pubertal gonadectomy?
Pre-pubertal vaginitis, it will persist until priming of the tract with oestrogen.
68
In breeds such as the Rottweiller and Goldren Retriever who have an increased risk of developing oesteosarcoma and haemangiosarcoma respectively, when is this risk of neoplasia increased?
Earlier the spay = greater the risk
69
Which breeds are predisposed do developing worsened post spay incontinence if neutered pre-pubertally?
Doberman Rottweiler Old English Sheepdog Spaniels
70
Which breeds may retain their juvenile coat is spayed pre-pubitally?
Irish setter | Spaniels
71
What effect does neutering early have on the behaviour of bitches?
Can make them more aggressive
72
What time should you neuter the bitch if she cycles?
Preferably greater than 12 weeks after oestrus or within 3 and 4 weeks post oestrus
73
What can occur if you spay a bitch within the luteal phase?
Can cause an iatrogenic pseudopregnancy
74
What is the underlying endocringology of an iatrogenic pseudopregnancy
If you spay in the luteal phase, removing the ovaries will result in a drop in progesterone this wil then stimulate prolactin to increase rapidly
75
Why would it be harder to spay during oestrus?
Tract is more vascular, more at risk of haemorrhage
76
What is the purpose of hysterectomy?
Done in large breeds where neoplasia risk associated with spaying is increased.
77
What is the disadvantage of hysterectomy?
Can still get ovarian and mammary disease.

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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