Female Tract Flashcards
What does examination of the Mammary glands involve?
- Correct number of teats?
- Shows evidence of the oestrus cycle
- Presence of current disease?
- Evidence of previous disease?
What does examination of the perineum involve?
- Observing conformation of vulva
- Evidence of vulval swelling?
- Presence of any discharge?
- Evidence of venereal pathogens?
What venereal pathogens affect the perineum and can be found during the examination of perineum?
Coital exanthema in mares (Equine herpes 4)
Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis of cows (Bovine herpes virus 1)
What does examination of the vulva involve?
- Is it normal or abnormal? Previous injury or surgery?
2. Presence of normal or abnormal discharge?
What are some examples of normal vulva discharge observed at different times of the bitch cycle?
Oestrus - Clear/straw coloured discharge or haemorrhagic discharge
Metoestrus - Mucoid discharge
Proestrus - Haemorrhagic discharge
Also normal for bitch to have mucoid discharge during pregnancy
What are some examples of abnormal discharge?
Rabbit uterine cancers produce haemorrhagic vulval discharge
Purulent discharge in bitch with pyometra
What are the differentials for a purulent vaginal discharge in the bitch?
Vaginitis, pyometra and metritis
What are the differentials for a haemorrhagic discharge in the bitch?
Cystitis, vaginal ulceration and urinary tract neoplasia
What are the differentials for haemorrhagic discharge in the bitch during pregnancy?
Abortion
Placental separation
What are the different methods to exam the vestibule, vagina and cervix?
Direct visualisation
Blind palpation
Manual scooping of contents and later inspection
When oestrogen is dominated what happens to the cervix and uterus?
Cervix is broad and soft (patent)
Uterus is large and oedematous (soft)
When progesterone is dominated what happens to the cervix and uterus?
Cervix is hard and narrow (closed)
Uterus is small and has increased tone
What are the different methods of examination of the uterus?
Trans-rectal palpation Trans-abdominal palpation Radiography Ultrasound Endoscopy Uterine biopsy
What is palpation of the uterus useful for?
Stage of cycle
Pregnancy
Status of involution
Infection (endometritis, pyometra and metritis)
What is radiography of the uterus useful for?
Uterine enlargement (displacement of bowel)
Pregnancy detection (After mineralisation)
Counting foetal number/ confirming retention
Confirming fetal death but signs take few days to establish
What is ultrasonography useful for?
Stage of cycle
Diagnosis of pregnancy (early)
Uterine pathology
Foetal development/ well being
What are uterine swabs useful for?
Screening for pathogenic organisms
Selection of appropriate therapeutics
What is uterine endoscopy useful for?
Diagnosis of uterine pathology- e.g. endometrial cysts, fibrosis in mare.
Selected biopsy
Treatment of some lesions - laser/ cautery
What is biopsy of the uterus useful for?
Documentation of pathology
Prognosis for fertility (mare)
What are some methods used to examine the uterine tubes?
Inspection of papilla via uterine endoscopy - mare
Phenol-sulphonphthalein tests
Laparotomy/laparoscopy
Trans-rectal palpation
What is rectal examination of the ovaries useful for?
Confirmation of normality Detection of cyclicity Estimation of the stage of the cycle Prediction of ovulation Detection of pathology
What is ultrasound of the ovaries useful for?
Confirmation of normality Detection of cyclicity Estimation of the stage of the cycle Prediction of ovulation Detection of pathology
What methods can be used to confirm functioning pitutary and ovary?
Oestrus- signs of oestrus and secondary effect.
Measurement of progesterone by ELISA
Administration of GnRH stimulates pituitary to produce LH and FSH in anoestrus
Administration of hCG will stimulate rise in oestrogen in anoestrus
Vaginal smear
