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REPRO2 > Male Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What do you want to ask when taking a clinical history in the male?

A
  • previous breeding history and sucess

- reached puberty?

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2
Q

What do you want to know in terms of breeding records?

A
  • number of females mated
  • environmental conditions of mating
  • management conditions of mating
  • mating worload
  • mating in relation to the season of the year
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3
Q

What do you want to know before any examination in the male?

A
  • does the male pose or potentially pose a infectious disease risk?
  • is any bacteriological/virological screening required?
  • are any genetic tests required?
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4
Q

What does the general clinical examination compose of in the male?

A
  • age and body size
  • MSK disease?
  • concurrent illness
  • rule out hereditary defects
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5
Q

What are you looking for when observing an interaction with an oestrus female in the normal mating environment?

A
  1. Interest in female
  2. Detection of oestrus female response
  3. Mounting behaviour
  4. Erection
  5. Intromission
  6. Ejaculation
  7. Interest after mounting
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6
Q

When does full erection occur in the dog?

A

penis rigidity is produced by the os penis and full erection occurs after intromission

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7
Q

When does full erection occur in the stallion?

A

stallion has a musculo-cavernous penis and achieves full erection before intromission

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8
Q

What are you looking for in the intromission phase?

A

Ability to achieve correct position

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9
Q

What are you looking for in the ejaculation phase?

A

Duration compared to normal for species (short in ruminant / prolonged in dog and boar)
Ability to achieve normal position (e.g. in dog there is copulatory tie where male and female face opposite directions)

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10
Q

What does examination of the scrotum include?

A
  1. Normal or abnormal scrotal skin? Previous trauma?
  2. Testis freely mobile within the scrotum?
  3. Absence of abnormal scrotal contents?
  4. Ultrasound of scrotum
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11
Q

How does the presence of an inguinal hernia affect fertility?

A

May result in increased testicular temperature

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12
Q

What does examination of the testes include?

A
  1. Palpation of testicular size, texture, tone and evenness

2. Ultrasound exam of testes

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13
Q

What are you looking for in terms of the tone of the testicle?

A

Tone should be firm and resilient

Softer in the rabbit

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14
Q

What are you looking for in the ultraosund examination of the testes?

A

Measurement of volume
Estimation of parenchymal echogenicity
Detection of focal or diffuse abnormalities

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15
Q

What does examination of the epidiymides include?

A
  1. Palpation of the head and tail of epididymides to assess size and turgidity
  2. Palpation of ductus deferens
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16
Q

What does small and flaccid epididymidis indicated?

A

Disrupted sperm production

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17
Q

What does a large and dilated epididymis indicate?

A

Distal obstruction

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18
Q

What can palpation of ductus deferens at the neck of scrotum confirm?

A

Normality and rules out previous vasectomy

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19
Q

What does palpation of the vasculature of the ductus deferens rule out?

A

Abnormlaity such as varicocoele

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20
Q

What does exmination of inguinal canal include?

A

Palpation for:

  • estimation of the size of inguinal canal
  • detection of non descended testes
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21
Q

What does examination of the sheath include?

A
  1. direction of sheath
  2. Freely mobile?
  3. Normality of preputial skin
  4. Assess size of origice and presence of discharge
  5. Ability to protrude penile tip
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22
Q

What does examination of the penis include?

A

Examination of the penis in the non-erect and erect state

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23
Q

What are you looking for in the examination of the penis in the non-erect and erect state?

A

Normal appearance (e.g. spines in the tom-cat)
Absence of penile-preputial adhesions
Penile deviations
Lesions of the penile skin (infection [balanitis], neoplasia)
Normal even-size along penile length
?radiographic examination

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24
Q

What is phimosis?

A

Penis cannot be protruded because of abnormality of preputial orrifice

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25
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Penis cannot be withdrawn because of abnormalitis of prepuce, paralysis of penis
Sometimes follows traumatic injury to the protruded penis (e.g. in the stallion)

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26
Q

What is priapism?

A

Persistent ejection in the absence of sexual excitement (e.g. in the stallion following phenothiazines)

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27
Q

What does examination of the urethra include?

A
  1. Palpation
  2. Radiographic (usually positive contrast)
  3. Endoscopy
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28
Q

What does examination of the perineum include?

A
  1. Palpation

2. Radiographic (usually positive contrast)

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29
Q

What does examination of the accessory glands include?

A
  1. Semen collection
  2. Rectal palpation
  3. Radiographic (often including positive contrast)
  4. Trans-rectal or trans-abdominal 5.ultrasonography
  5. Lavage techniques
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30
Q

What are some methods to organism identification?

A

Serology
Lavage or culture from penis/prepuce
Collection and culture from ejaculate

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31
Q

What hormone changes would you see if there was hypothalmic dysfunction?

A

Low GnRH
Low FSH + LH
Poor sperm production
Low testosterone

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32
Q

What hormone changes would you see if there was pituitary dysfunction?

A

Low FSH + LH
Poor sperm production
Low testosterone
High GnRH

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33
Q

What hormone changes would you see if there was leydig cell dysfunction?

A

Low testosterone
High GnRH
High LH

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34
Q

What hormone changes would there be in a normal animal after administration of GnRH

A

Increased FSH + LH

Increased testosterone

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35
Q

What hormone changes would there be in a an animal with pituitary dysfunction after administration of GnRH

A

No change in FSH + LH

No change in testosterone

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36
Q

What hormone changes would there be in an animal with leydig cell dysfunction after administration of GnRH

A

Increased FSH
Increased LH
No change in testosterone

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37
Q

What changes occur in the normal animal after administration of hCG?

A

Increased testosterone

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38
Q

What changes occur in an animal with pituiary dysfunction after administration of hCG?

A

No change in FSH + LH

Increased testosterone

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39
Q

What changes occur in an animal with leydig cell dysfunction after administration of hCG?

A

No change in FSH + LH

No change in testosterone

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40
Q

What is azoospermia?

A

No sperm

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41
Q

What is oligozoospermia?

A

Low numbers of normal sperm

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42
Q

What is tretozozoospermia

A

Sperm with abnormal morphology

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43
Q

What is asthenozoospermia?

A

Sperm with abnormal motility

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44
Q

What are compensable sperm?

A

Sperm that are unable to reach the egg so just have noo effect

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45
Q

What are uncompensable sperm?

A

Those that are motile and can reach and penetrate but are incapable of sustaining fertilization or pregnancy

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46
Q

What do you need to know in terms of the male repro examination in the stallion?

A

Libido
Examination of scrotum, testes, epididymides
Examination of inguinal canal
Sheath, penis, routine bacteriological swabs according to HBLB guidelines
Examination of urethra and accessory glands via rectal palpation and ultrasonography, endoscopy,
Examination of semen
Basal hormone and stimulation tests

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47
Q

What do you need to know in terms of the male repro examination in the bull?

A

Libido
Examination of scrotum, testes, epididymides
Examination of sheath, penis
Examination of semen

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48
Q

What do you need to know in terms of the male repro examination in the ram and boar?

A

Libido
Examination of scrotum, testes, epididymides
Examination of sheath, penis
Examination of semen

49
Q

What do you need to know in terms of the male repro examination in the dog?

A

Libido
Examination of scrotum, testes, epididymides
Sheath, penis, perineum
Examination of urethra via radiography and prostate gland via rectal palpation, lavage, radiography and ultrasonography
Examination of semen
Basal hormone and stimulation tests

50
Q

What do you need to know in terms of the male repro examination in the tom cat?

A 
Libido
Examination of scrotum, testes, epididymides
Sheath, penis
Examination of semen
Basal hormone and stimulation tests
51
Q

What feet conditions affect fertility in the male?

A

Corkscrews and interdigital fibromas

52
Q

What leg conformational issues affect fertility in the male?

A

Posty legs and puffy hocks

53
Q

What some conditions of the prepuce?

A
  • Urolithiasisis – crystals on preapical hair
  • Absent musculature in bulls/Too tight musculature can prevent intromission
  • Phimosis (can’t get out) and paraphimosis (can’t get back)
  • Infectious balanitis
  • Eversion leading to trauma
  • Trauma and foreign bodies
54
Q

What are some conditons of the accessory sex glands?

A
  • Hyperplasia of prostate (dog)
  • Infectious seminal vesiculitis
  • Absence
55
Q

What species does infectious seminal vesiculitis typically occur in?

A

Yearling bulls

56
Q

What is the treatment of infectious seminanl vesiculitis?

A

Difficult to treat if left a long time.

Tulathryomycin weekly for 6 weeks; meloxicam by injection alternate days for first 2 weeks

57
Q

What does the semen look like with infectious seminal vesiculitis?

A

Pussy

58
Q

How do you examine the accessory sex glands in the dog?

A

Digital

Ultrasound

59
Q

How do you examine the accessory sex glands in bull/stallion?

A

Rectal

Ultrasound

60
Q

What are some conditions of the testicle?

A
  • Hypoplasia
  • Hard and small due to post traumatic scarring or fibrosis/calcification with age
  • soft due to tubular atrophy
  • absent - cryptochid
  • Rotated- stallion
  • Enlarged- neoplasia, esp older dogs
61
Q

What is important in examining the testicles?

A

Scrotal circumference

62
Q

What are some conditions of the epididymis?

A
  • Lumpy, esp. ascending infection (mainly ram), blockage (spermatocoele)
  • Floppy, small, possibly displaced cauda
  • Absence (segmental aplasia of mesonephric duct)
  • Don’t just measure; palpate!
63
Q

What are some conditions of the scrotum?

A
  • Adhesions as a result of previous infections and inflammation
  • short scrotum
  • Orchitis
  • Dermatitis: chorioptic mange
64
Q

What organism causes orchitis as a primary symptom?

A

Brucella ovis and is notifiable!

65
Q

What are some conditions of the penis?

A
  • Trauma – all species, but especially stallion
  • Rupture at the sigmoid flexure – ruminants
  • Papillomas and other tumours
  • Corkscrew penis in bulls (normal in boars)
  • Persistent frenulum- goats, not common
  • ‘Pizzle rot’
66
Q

What sort of penile tumours do you get in the stallion?

A

SCC at urethral orifice and ibroblastic sarcoids on penile/preputial skin

67
Q

What sort of penile tumours do you get in dogs?

A

Transmissible Venereal Granuloma

68
Q

What is pizzle rot?

A

Occurs in rams
Corynebacterium renale: grows in
the alkaline environment caused by the high urinary urea
content of rams on high protein diets

69
Q

What are infectious causes of male infertiity in cattle?

A

Viral:
IBR, BVD, EBL, Bluetongue

Bacterial:
Campylobacter, Brucella, TB, Lepto, Johne’s, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma

Protozoal: Trichomonas

70
Q

What are infectious causes of male infertiity in sheep?

A

Viral: Bluetongue and possible Schmallenberg.

Bacterial: Brucella ovis (notifiable), possible Johne’s, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma

71
Q

What are infectious causes of male infertiity in horses?

A

Viral: EVA, EIA, Vesicular stomatitis, African horse sickness

Bacterial: CEM (taylorella), Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Salmonella abortus equi, Glanders

Protozoal: Dourine

72
Q

What are you looking at in terms of semen analysis?

A

Gross examination, volume, concentration and abnormalities

73
Q

What would a white-yellow semen colour indicate?

A

Normal

74
Q

What would a brownish semen colour indicate?

A

Blood

75
Q

What would a greenish semen colour indicate?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

76
Q

What would clots or mucus in semen indicate?

A

Pus and inflammation

77
Q

What is the normal density of sperm?

A

2500 – 5000 million sperm/ml

78
Q

What should the motility be in normal sperm?

A

70-95%

79
Q

How can you collect semen in ruminants and stallions?

A

Artifical vagina

80
Q

How can you collect semen in boars and dogs?

A

Digital manipulation

81
Q

What semen sample collection method requires further specialist training?

A

Electro-ejaculation

82
Q

What do you need to examine sperm microscopically?

A

> 5 Celsius field lab
Good microscope
Warm stage
Good smears

83
Q

What is the difference between rams and bulls in detecting infertility?

A

Most infertility in rams can be detected from the physical exam.

In bulls- semen examination almost always required

84
Q

What needs to be considered when collectiing semen by electro-ejaculation in the ram?

A 
Painful
Only used when absolutely necessary 
Not to be used as a routine test
Analgesia recommended 
Recommeneded to collect via artifical vagina (no welfare concerns)
85
Q

What does grade 0 of the swirl and motility exam mean?

A

No movement and 0% motile

86
Q

What does grade 1 of the swirl and motility exam mean?

A

Sperm moving but no waves

0-20% motile

87
Q

What does grade 2 of the swirl and motility exam mean?

A

Very slow wave motion

30-45%

88
Q

What does grade 3 of the swirl and motility exam mean?

A

Slow wave motion

50-70%

89
Q

What does grade 4 of the swirl and motility exam mean?

A

Moderate wave motion

75-80%

90
Q

What does grade 5 of the swirl and motility exam mean?

A

Very rapid wave motion

85-95%

91
Q

What is the density of a watery semen appearance?

A

<500 million/ml

92
Q

What is the density of a skim milk like semen appearance?

A

1000 +/- 500 million/ml

93
Q

What is the density of a milky semen appearance?

A

2000 +/- 500 million/ml

94
Q

What is the density of a thin creamy semen appearance?

A

3000 +/- 500 million/ml

95
Q

What is the density of a creamy semen appearance?

A

4000 +/- 500 million/ml

96
Q

What is the density of a thick creamy semen appearance?

A

5000 +/- 500 million/ml

97
Q

How often are bulls tested for on stud?

A

Often monthly while producing

98
Q

What must semen undergo before distribution?

A

Frozen

28day quarantine period

99
Q

What are proximal defects?

A

Motile but unable to fertilise.

Indication of immature spermatozoa or dysfunction of the epididymis

100
Q

What does physiological proximal droplets indicate?

A

immature spermtozoa

101
Q

What does pathological proximal droplets indicate?

A

Stress to sperm maturation

102
Q

What percentage of proximal droplets in a sample makes the sample sub fertile?

A

> 10%

103
Q

When do detached normal heads sometimes present?

A

Often present in rams that have no ejaculated for over 7 days, in these instances, re-collect 2 or 3 times if possible

104
Q

What do detached normal heads indicate?

A

Indicates stress to the epididymis within the last 3-11days

105
Q

What percentage of detached normal heads would be abnormal?

A

If greater than 20% may indicate testicular degeneration.

106
Q

What are some of the iatrogenic causes of bent tails?

A

Rapid cooling of semen
Mixing with hypotonic solutions
In these cases most often no distal droplet trapped in bend of tail

107
Q

What are bent tails indicative of?

A

Stress to epididymis within last 3-14days.
May be associated with low testosterone levels
Should resolve wihtin 14 days once stress relieved.

108
Q

What are tightly coiled tails a sign of?

A

Severe stress to the testicles

109
Q

What are the significance of abaxial tails?

A

Not associated with low fertility in the horse or boar.

Unknown in ram

110
Q

What is the significance of distal droplets?

A

None

May indicate very frequent ejaculation

111
Q

What factors cause testosterone to be decreased?

A

Stress
Cortisol
Dexamethasone
Exogenous oestrogen

112
Q

What stresses cause abnormal sperm production?

A

Pain, hunger and cold

113
Q

What heat factors can result in abnormal sperm production?

A

Obesity
Scrotal abnormality (short)
Climate
Fever

114
Q

What seasonal factors can effect sperm production?

A

Photoperiod
Nutrition
Temperature

115
Q

What toxicities can result in abnormal sperm production?

A

Zearalenone

Bacterial toxins

116
Q

What nutritional conditions can result in abnormal sperm production?

A

Protein, vitamin A/Se deficiency

117
Q

What are the principles of semen sexing?

A

Fluorescent dye binds the DNA and allows the heavier X chromosomes to be differentiated from the Y and thus assigned a different charge. The sperm are then defected accordingly into separate pots.

118
Q

What are the pros of semen sexing?

A

No unwanted bull calves in dairy farms

119
Q

What are the cons of semen sexing?

A

Lower conception rates to sexed semen

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