Equine 2 Flashcards
1
Q
When are most causes of fetal loss in the mare?
A
Nearly always in late pregnancy and therefore get abortion and expulsion.
Rarely get mummificaion in the mare.
2
Q
Why do you get embryonic death in endometritis?
A
Presence of bacteria or inflammatory products within the uterus as a result of mating-induced endometritis creates a hostile uterine environment and prevents the mare from staying pregnant (when the conceptus enters the uterus on day 5/6)
3
Q
If a mare is at risk of low progesterone during pregnancy when would be the most high risk period?
A
Before endometrial cups are formed, here they may benefit from supplemental progesterone
4
Q
What are the most concerning causes of abortion in the mare?
A
Infectious prime concern
5
Q
What are some of the non infectious causes of equine abortion?
A
Multiple conceptuses
Umbilical cord abnormalities
6
Q
How many mares get twins?
A
10%
7
Q
How can you plan examinations for twins?
A
Day 14 and if suspicion of twins then re-examine 2 days later
Day 21
Day 35
8
Q
How can you deal with twins in the mare?
A
Abolish whole pregnancy with PG- likely to occur at next pregnancy
Manual rupture of one conceptus at day 14/15
9
Q
What can occur to the umbilical cord in foals?
A
Torsion –> death
10
Q
What are some infectious causes of fetal abortion?
A
Equine herpes virus
Equine viral arteritis
Bacterial/fungal placentitis
11
Q
What herpes virus normally causes abortion?
A
EHV1
12
Q
When do most abortions occur with EHV?
A
Most abortions within 60 days of infection but most are seen after 250 days
13
Q
How is EHV spread?
A
Respiratory route
14
Q
What is your approach to mare aborting due to EHV?
A
- Isolation of mare
- Advise that mares are kept in groups according to stage of pregnancy
- Isoalte new arrivals
- Control by vaccination of pregnant mares at 5,7, 9 months of pregnancy
15
Q
How is EVA transmitted?
A
Resp tract and veneral
16
Q
What are classic disease signs of EVA?
A
flu-like but with significant conjunctivitis, (pink eye) focal dermatitis, limb and ventral oedema
17
Q
What occurs to EVA in a stallion?
A
may infect the accessory glands and result in a persistent infection
18
Q
Do mares develop immunity to EVA?
A
Yes
19
Q
What do aborted fetuses look like in EVA?
A
partially autolysed (unlike fresh foetuses seen with EHV) however still need appropriate pathological examination
20
Q
How can you prevent EVA?
A
Screening mares prior to breeding Vaccinating stallions (require serology to be negative prior to vaccination)
21
Q
What are some signs of bacterial/fungal placentitis?
A
Usually vulval discharge, mammary changes and then abortion
22
Q
How can you diagnose placentitis?
A
Focal abnormality of cervical star
23
Q
What is placentitis associated with?
A
Poor perineal conformation
24
Q
What is the tx of bacterial/fungal placentitis?
A
culture/sensitivity but usually systemic potentiated sulphonamide and consideration of progesterone supplementation
25
What is the effect on the foal in placentitis?
Affect growth, foal may die
26
What is a red bag delivery?
The placenta has not ruptured at the cervical star during parturition
27
What is the most common method for shortening the luteal phase in the mare?
Prostaglandin administration between day 5-12 causes return to oestrus 4-6days later
28
What is the most common method for hastening ovulation?
GnRH agonist (deslorelin) or hCG
Plan breeding 24 hours after injection.
29
What are some common abnormalities of cyclicity in the mare?
Prolonged dioestrus
Erratic oestrus during transitional phase
Absent oestrus post-partum
Silent oestrus
30
What is the pathogenesis of prolonged dioestrus
Caused by persistence of secondary CL in absence of pregnancy
31
What is the incidence of prolonged disoestrus?
24% of cycles - common
32
What are the signs of a prolonged dioestrus?
Failure to return to oestrus
33
What is the treatment of a prolonged dioestrus?
PG single dose
34
How can you treat erratic oestrus during the transitional phase?
Providing 16hrs artifical light and additional nutrition from 1st December
Once mare in transitional period (follicles 2.5cm) progestogens (regumate) administered, this is withdrawn when follicles are 4.5cm (can also give GnRH agonist at this point)
35
What is lactational anoestrus?
Mares that foal early in the year and therefore should not be expected to return to cyclical activity
36
How can you treat lactational anoestrus?
There is no tx.
| Increase nutrition and lighting and attempting to bring the mare into transitional phase and then using progestogens
37
What is foal shy?
Mare that are protective of the foal and although they have follicle development and ovulation they suppress behavioural signs
38
What is a silent oestrus?
A mare that will not show signs of oestrus or will not allow mating although other examination confirms that she is in oestrus and close to ovulation
39
When is silent oestrus usually seen in?
Maiden mares or mares with foal at foot
40
What are some conditions that could be mistaken for nymphomnia in the mare?
Persistent oestrus during transitional period
Mare that are difficult to handle during oestrus
Bad mares
Granulosa cell tumour
41
What are some reproductive clinical signs of a granulosa cell tumour?
If produce oestrogen = persistent oestrus
If produce progesterone = persistent anoestrus
If produce androgens = virilisation
Plasma inhibin concentrations may be elevated
They don’t produce nymphomania rather persistent oestrus
42
What is the treatment of a granulosa cell tmour?
Unilateral ovariectomy - often cyclical activity in contra-lateral ovary does not recover until the next season
43
What is a reason of failure to reach puberty in normal mares?
Racing yards if training regime severe
44
What is a reason of failure to reach puberty in abnormal mares?
Turner's syndrome
45
What is a luteinised haemorrhagic follicle?
Follicules that reach ovulatory size but do not rupture, consequently they continue to grow in size and mare goes out of oestrus
46
How can a luteinised haemorrhagic follicle be distinguished from an ovarian tumour?
Ovarian tumour would have one large ovary and one small ovary.
In a LH one large and one normal size
47
What causes coital exanthema?
EHV3
48
What are common vulval tumours?
Melanomas
49
Why do vaginal varicose vessels arise?
Result of previous abrasion/trauma at foaling
50
What are endometrial cysts assocaited with?
Endometrial disease
51
Why do endometrial cysts not need to be treated in the majority of mares?
They are very common in mares with normal fertility, play no role in infertility.
Very rarely large ones block conceptus migration
52
What bacteriological screening routine is carried out in low risk stallions?
2 negative swabs of 7 days apart
53
What bacteriological screening routine is carried out in high risk stallions?
2 negative swabs of 7 days apart
| Screen 4 mares post mating
54
Where do you take swabs for in the stallion for bacteriological screening?
Urethra, urethral fossa, sheath and pre-ejaculatory fluid
55
What medium do swabs need to be sent off in for bacteriological screening?
Amies medium
56
What is the treatment of venereal pathogens in the stallion?
1. Topical - cleaning of the penis
2. Topical antimicrobial agents on the basis of sensitivity
3. Inoculate from broth from normal stallion
57
What are the clinical signs of EVA in the Stallion?
Malaise, predilection for mucous membranes, d++, colic, urticarial rashes, oedema
58
What are the signs of EVA in mares?
Abortion
| Resp infection
59
How is EVA transmitted?
Droplet infection through resp tract
| Virus present in nasal secretion, urine, blood, faeces, semen
60
What is the course of disease in EVA?
Symtomatic treatment and recovery over 1 month
61
What is the percentage of stallions that shed EVA in semen for life?
30%
62
Where is EVA harboured in carrier stallions?
Accessory glands
63
What is the treatment of EVA in stallions?
None except castration
64
What is the problem if finding a seropositive stallion for EVA?
Can be difficult to differentiate serologically an infected stallion from a vaccinate done - requires semen collection and virus isolation
65
How can ejaculation be confirmed in the stallion?
Flagging of the tail
Cessation of thrusting
Urethral pulses
Lack of interest after dismounting
66
Why is the gel fraction removed from the ejaculate?
Reduces sperm motility
Interferes with vital staining
Makes pipetting of sperm difficult
Reduces longevity of the sample
67
What factors determine sperm output?
Age
Season of the year (40% increase during breeding season)
Frequency of ejaculation (only DSO is available)
Testicular size (T.bred normal 10 x 6 x 5 cm)
Appreciate that semen quality varies throughout the year
68
How many ejaculates should you collect for semen evaluation
2 with a short interval
69
What is the normal volume of stallion semen?
15-100ml
70
What is the normal motility % in stallion semen?
60-80%
71
What is the normal morphology of stallion semen?
60% live normal sperm
72
What is the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the testis in the stallion?
Echogenic capsule
Hypoechoic parenchyma- Bright echogenic stipples
Echogenic mediastinum testis
73
What does generalised changes of testicular echotexsture represent?
Cellular infiltration (fibrosis, haemorrhage, oedema, inflammation/infection)
74
What are some disease that cause focal changes in testicular echotexture?
Neoplasia
Cysts
Spermatocele
75
What is the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the prostate gland?
Echogenic capsule
| Hypoechoic parenchyma
76
What is the normal ultrasonographic appearance of seminal vesicles?
Hypoechoic
77
What is the normal ultrasonographic appearance of bulbo-urethral glands
Large and moderately echogenic
78
What is the normal appearance of urethral mucosa during urethroscoy?
Pale pink with longitudinal folds
79
What is the technique for doing a testicular FNA?
Sedation
Skin prepared aseptically
Deep penetration into parenchyma using 2 or 3 inch 19G needle
Suction with 5ml syringe
Transfer of material by squirting onto microscope slide
80
What is haemospermia?
Reduction in fertility associated with whole blood within ejaculate
81
What is the possible cause of haemospermia?
Reduced sperm motility due to sperm agglunitnating with RBCs
82
What is the aetiology of haemospermia?
Bacterial urethritis
Accessory gland infection
?penile laceration / tumour
83
What is the treatment of haemospermia?
Systemic antibiotics and NSAIDs
Sexual rest
Urinary acidifyers
84
What is phimosis?
Small preputial orifice resulting in failure of penile protrusion
85
What are some causes of phimosis?
Usually congenital
Occasionally acquired following trauma
Sometimes following penile enlargement (neoplasia)
86
What are some signs of phimosis
Pooling of urine and urine drippling
87
What is the treatment for phimosis?
Surgical (As for dog)
| Treat penile dz
88
What is paaraphimosis
Failure to retract penis
89
What are some causes of paraphimosis?
Trauma during breeding
| Phenothiazines
90
What are the consequences of paraphimosis?
Marked gravity oedema
| Drying of penile surface
91
What occurs in traumatic paraphimosis
Swelling of free paart of the penis resulting in penis pointing backwards
92
What is important to check in a stallion with traumatic paraphimosis?
If can urinate
93
What is the treatment of traumatic paraphimosis?
If seen early try to reduce the size of the penis by using pressure bandages and massage
If penis can be returned to sheath then keep it in place using purse-string suture
If penis cannot be returned to sheath then prevent gravity oedema by supporting the penis
Clean daily and apply lubricant
94
What is priapism?
Persistent enlargement of the penis in the absence of sexual excitment
95
What are causes of priapism?
Normally phenothiazine transquilisers
96
What should you doo if the penis is not replaced after sedating the stallion?
REPLACE IT AND HOLD IT IN PLACE USING TOWEL CLIPS AS A TEMPORARY MEASURE.
97
What is the treament of priapism if the penis is turgid and not retracted?
Attempt manual replacement
Place towel clips or sutures across sheath
Take clips off at 12 hours and re-check
98
What is the treatment of priapism if it is permanent?
Amputate the penis
99
What are some tumours of the sheath?
Melanoma, sarcoids
100
What are some treatment options in melanomas of the sheath?
Usually little consequence unless it influences penile protrusion and breeding
Oral cimetidine may control growth
Excision of tumour and production of autologous vaccine has been suggested
101
What are some treatment options of sarcoids present in the sheath?
Topical cytotoxic drugs can be useful but need to be aware of potential for scarring and how this will affect function of sheath
102
What are the significance tumours of the sheath?
Melanoma- usually little unless influences penile protrusion and breeding
Sarcoid- nodular appearance and large can influence penile protusion and breeding
103
What are some common causes of posthitis?
Coital exanthema
Bacterial overgrowth (usually associated with penile neoplasia or FB)
Fly strike
