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REPRO2 > Small animals 4 > Flashcards

Small animals 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is prostatic abscessation?

A

Chronic prostatitis where purulent exudate accumulates in the parenchyma of the gland

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2
Q

What are the clinical signs of prostatic abscessation?

A

Clinical signs variable but can be similar to:
Acute bacterial prostatitis although less fulminating
Or, progress to exaggerated signs of chronic prostatitis

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3
Q

What does the prostate feel like in prostatic abscessation

A

not always enlarged but normally, tender, movement elicits some pain

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4
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of prostatic abscessation?

A

usually increased size, narrowed prostatic urethra, loss of definition in caudal abdomen, sub-lumbar lymphadenopathy
Occasionally gas in the gland

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5
Q

What is the ultrasonographic appearance of prostatic abscessation?

A

Cavitating lesion or lesions present, sometimes with calcification

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6
Q

What is the treatment for prostatic abscessation?

A

Surgical debridement
Omentalisation
6 weeks antibiotic therapy as previously described

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7
Q

What are the two different types of cysts?

A

Parenchymal retention cysts associated with blockage of the prostatic ducts

Non-parenchymal cysts (found adjacent to the prostate, attached by small stalk-like adhesions)

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8
Q

What occurs with parenchymal retention cysts?

A

Start within the parenchyma of the prostate, causing distortion of its outline
Later the cyst enlarges and protrudes from beyond the margin of the prostate (although originating within the gland)

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9
Q

What are the stalk like adhesions found in non parenchymal retention cysts?

A

Remnants of the uterus masculinus (vestigial Mullerian ducts)

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10
Q

What can be felt upon rectal palpation in dogs with non parenchyma prostatic cysts?

A

Prostatomegaly

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11
Q

What are the radiographic appearances of non parenchymal prostatic cysts?

A

size normal or marginally increased, often 3 soft tissue opacities seen

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12
Q

What are the ultrasonographic appearances of non parenchymal prostatic cysts?

A

prostatomegaly, large fluid-filled and thin walled cyst

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13
Q

What are the some features of prostatic fluid in dogs with non parenchymal prostatic cysts?

A

Leucocytes and bacteria. Fluid often has a characteristic (non-septic) green or straw-coloured thick fluid

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14
Q

What are some treatment options of prostatic cysts?

A

Castration- Infection is not going to resolve
Surgical excision
+ Omentalisation

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15
Q

What is the most common prostatic neoplasia?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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16
Q

Where do prostatic adenocarcinomas tend to metastasise to?

A

iliac and sub-lumbar lymph nodes, and to caudal lumbar vertebrae

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17
Q

Is castration a suitable preventative for prostatic neoplasia

A

No

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18
Q

What can be felt upon rectal palpation in dogs with prostatic neoplasia?

A

usually large and painful, may be sub-lumbar swelling

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19
Q

What are the radiographic appearances of prostatic neoplasia?

A

prostatomegaly, sub-lumbar swelling, vertebral involvement
Filling defect to prostatic urethra
Reactive changes associated with sub-lumbar lymphadenopathy

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20
Q

What are some ultrasonographic features of prostatic neoplasia?

A

Disruption of normal architecture, areas of increased echogenicity, areas of fluid accumulation
May be iliac lymph node involvement

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21
Q

What are treatment options for prostatic neoplasia?

A

Palliative hormonal treatments
NSAID’s
(Intra-operative radiation treatment)
(Prostatectomy)

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22
Q

What is a consequence of doing prostatectomy?

A

Will be urinary and faecally intolerant which is difficult to manage

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23
Q

What is finasteride?

A

A specific 5-alpha reductase inhibitor which prevents the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone

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24
Q

What is the general rate of conception that is expected when a fertile dog mates a fertile bitch?

A

Greater than 90%

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25
Q

What are some common testicular/scotral diseases?

A 
Testicular tumours
Abnormal testicular descent
Torsion of the Spermatic Cord
Orchitis
Inguinal hernia
Testicular degeneration
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26
Q

What are the 3 common tumour typess of the testicle?

A

Leydig Cell Tumour
Sertoli Cell Tumour
Seminoma

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27
Q

How can you diagnose testicular tumours?

A

Palpation and ultrasonography

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28
Q

What are some of the signs of oestrogen producing tumours?

A

preputial swelling
male attractiveness
bilaterally symmetrical non-pruritic alopecia
non-neoplastic testicle atrophies
normal testicular tissue within abnormal testicle also atrophies

29
Q

What is the treatment of testicular tumours?

A

Hemi-castration or castration

30
Q

How you diagnose is a dog has no testicles due to castration?

A

Previous history

Diagnosis by lack of response of testosterone to intravenous injection of hCG

31
Q

How can you diagnose anorchidism?

A

Diagnosis by lack of response of testosterone to intravenous injection of hCG.

32
Q

How can you diagnose monorchidism?

A

Diagnosis by lack of response of testosterone to intravenous injection of hCG

33
Q

What is the treatment for cryptorchidism?

A

Removal of both testes to prevent neoplasia and breeding.

Surgical approach is to look dorsal to bladder for vas deferens.

34
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for torsion of spermatic cord?

A

Orchitis
Strangulated Inguinal Hernia
Testicular Haematoma

35
Q

What occurs in torsion of spermatic cord?

A

occlusion of the pampiniform plexus = massive swelling and necrosis of testis
Subsequent swelling of the scrotum and significant self trauma

36
Q

How can you treat torsion of spermatic cord?

A

Prompt surgical removal is essential

Subsequent risk of testicular degeneration in contralateral testis

37
Q

What are the causes of orchitis?

A

Traumatic (most common) or non-traumatic (haematogenous) in origin

38
Q

What is the treatment of orchitis?

A

Treatment depends upon clinical appearance but may include local debridement, systemic antibiotics, castration etc

39
Q

What is the significance of orchitis?

A

Significance is that often results in secondary testicular degeneration.

40
Q

What are the causes of inguinal hernia?

A

Non-traumatic (most common) or traumatic

41
Q

What is treatment of inguinal hernia?

A

Surgical exploration, resection, repositioning and closure of the inguinal canal

42
Q

What is the aetiology of testicular degeneration?

A 
Testes develops normally and has normal functional but following an ‘insult’, fibrosis and degeneration occur. 
High temperature / Local inflammation
Vascular lesions
Drugs
Endogenous hormones (tumours)
Exogenous hormones
Toxins
Auto-immune disease
43
Q

What treatment options is there for preputial discharge?

A

May be normal

Removal of predisposing causes: flushing with saline or antimicrobial wash.

44
Q

What is the appearance of lymphoid hyperplasia?

A

Raised nodule-like lesions on at the base of the penis, or preputial lining
Normally pale in colour and firm (not vesicular)
May bleed when prepuce is retracted or semen collected or at normal mating

45
Q

What is the treatment for lymphoid hyperplasia?

A

None but must be differentiated from CHV lesions

46
Q

What is balanoposthitis?

A

Inflammation of the prepuce (and penis)
Usually associated with moist prepuce tip (From licking)
Overgrowth of commensal bacteria

47
Q

How can you manage balanoposthitis?

A

topical cleaning / local antiseptic / topical antibiotic creams / systemic antibiotics

48
Q

What is posthitis and what is its appearance?

A

Inflammation of the penis
Noted as haemorrhagic spots on the penile skin
May progress to thickening penile skin

49
Q

What is a cause of posthitis?

A

May be associated with masturbation or sometimes with balanitis
Seen in some cases with phimosis and urine retention within prepuce

50
Q

What is the appearance of CHV lesions?

A

raised nodular / vesicular / ulcerative lesions on the penis and sheath and vagina of bitch

51
Q

What are the management options of CHV?

A

No treatment except conservative management but important to recognise the venereal pathogenicity and remove from breeding programme.

52
Q

What is phimosis?

A

Abnormally small preputial orifice

53
Q

What are the causes of phimosis?

A

Congenital or the result of trauma or inflammation

54
Q

What are some of the signs of phimosis?

A

narrow stream of urine
urine pooling within prepuce
may cause balanoposthitis
unable to copulate

55
Q

What is the treatment option for phimosis?

A

Preputical wedge resection is normally curative

56
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Failure of the glans penis to be retracted fully into the prepuce

57
Q

What are some causes of paraphimosis?

A

Small preputial orifice
Inversion of the preputial skin / hair
Hair ring (tom cat)
Short prepuce

58
Q

What is the treatment of paraphimosis?

A 
Ensure that there is ability to urinate
According to cause:
Prepucial wedge resection
Removal of hair
Preputial advancement
Penile amputation
59
Q

What is priapism?

A

Persistent enlargement of the penis in the absence of sexual excitement

60
Q

What are the causes of priapism?

A

Persistent enlargement of the penis in the absence of sexual excitement

61
Q

What are some causes of priapism?

A

May actually be sexual excitement (common)

Neurogenic abnormalities [eg. lumbar spinal lesions or lumbosaccral disease] (not common)

62
Q

How can you make an accurate diagnosis of priapism?

A

Myelography is often necessary for accurate diagnosis

63
Q

What is the treatment of priapism?

A

Management using progestogens often successful

May require neurological referral

64
Q

What is azoospermia?

A

Apparently normal ejaculation but no sperm

65
Q

What are some causes of azoospermia?

A 
Incomplete ejaculation
Obstructive azoospermia
Gonadal dysfunction (congenital or acquired)
66
Q

How can measurement of alkaline phosphatase concentration in seminal plasma be helpful?

A

A high AP indicates true ejaculate.

67
Q

What treatment options are there for poor semen quality?

A

Mesterolone

68
Q

When is scrotal ablation performed?

A

Scrotal disease at time of castration
Scrotal haemorrhage following castration
Scrotal and testicular injury

69
Q

When is preputial wedge resection commonly performed?

A

management of phimosis and paraphimosis

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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