Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

REPRO2 > Small animals 4 > Flashcards

Small animals 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is prostatic abscessation?

A

Chronic prostatitis where purulent exudate accumulates in the parenchyma of the gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the clinical signs of prostatic abscessation?

A

Clinical signs variable but can be similar to:
Acute bacterial prostatitis although less fulminating
Or, progress to exaggerated signs of chronic prostatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the prostate feel like in prostatic abscessation

A

not always enlarged but normally, tender, movement elicits some pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of prostatic abscessation?

A

usually increased size, narrowed prostatic urethra, loss of definition in caudal abdomen, sub-lumbar lymphadenopathy
Occasionally gas in the gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the ultrasonographic appearance of prostatic abscessation?

A

Cavitating lesion or lesions present, sometimes with calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the treatment for prostatic abscessation?

A

Surgical debridement
Omentalisation
6 weeks antibiotic therapy as previously described

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two different types of cysts?

A

Parenchymal retention cysts associated with blockage of the prostatic ducts

Non-parenchymal cysts (found adjacent to the prostate, attached by small stalk-like adhesions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What occurs with parenchymal retention cysts?

A

Start within the parenchyma of the prostate, causing distortion of its outline
Later the cyst enlarges and protrudes from beyond the margin of the prostate (although originating within the gland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the stalk like adhesions found in non parenchymal retention cysts?

A

Remnants of the uterus masculinus (vestigial Mullerian ducts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can be felt upon rectal palpation in dogs with non parenchyma prostatic cysts?

A

Prostatomegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the radiographic appearances of non parenchymal prostatic cysts?

A

size normal or marginally increased, often 3 soft tissue opacities seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the ultrasonographic appearances of non parenchymal prostatic cysts?

A

prostatomegaly, large fluid-filled and thin walled cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the some features of prostatic fluid in dogs with non parenchymal prostatic cysts?

A

Leucocytes and bacteria. Fluid often has a characteristic (non-septic) green or straw-coloured thick fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some treatment options of prostatic cysts?

A

Castration- Infection is not going to resolve
Surgical excision
+ Omentalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common prostatic neoplasia?

A

Adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where do prostatic adenocarcinomas tend to metastasise to?

A

iliac and sub-lumbar lymph nodes, and to caudal lumbar vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Is castration a suitable preventative for prostatic neoplasia

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can be felt upon rectal palpation in dogs with prostatic neoplasia?

A

usually large and painful, may be sub-lumbar swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the radiographic appearances of prostatic neoplasia?

A

prostatomegaly, sub-lumbar swelling, vertebral involvement
Filling defect to prostatic urethra
Reactive changes associated with sub-lumbar lymphadenopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some ultrasonographic features of prostatic neoplasia?

A

Disruption of normal architecture, areas of increased echogenicity, areas of fluid accumulation
May be iliac lymph node involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are treatment options for prostatic neoplasia?

A

Palliative hormonal treatments
NSAID’s
(Intra-operative radiation treatment)
(Prostatectomy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a consequence of doing prostatectomy?

A

Will be urinary and faecally intolerant which is difficult to manage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is finasteride?

A

A specific 5-alpha reductase inhibitor which prevents the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the general rate of conception that is expected when a fertile dog mates a fertile bitch?

A

Greater than 90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are some common testicular/scotral diseases?
``` Testicular tumours Abnormal testicular descent Torsion of the Spermatic Cord Orchitis Inguinal hernia Testicular degeneration ```
26
What are the 3 common tumour typess of the testicle?
Leydig Cell Tumour Sertoli Cell Tumour Seminoma
27
How can you diagnose testicular tumours?
Palpation and ultrasonography
28
What are some of the signs of oestrogen producing tumours?
preputial swelling male attractiveness bilaterally symmetrical non-pruritic alopecia non-neoplastic testicle atrophies normal testicular tissue within abnormal testicle also atrophies
29
What is the treatment of testicular tumours?
Hemi-castration or castration
30
How you diagnose is a dog has no testicles due to castration?
Previous history | Diagnosis by lack of response of testosterone to intravenous injection of hCG
31
How can you diagnose anorchidism?
Diagnosis by lack of response of testosterone to intravenous injection of hCG.
32
How can you diagnose monorchidism?
Diagnosis by lack of response of testosterone to intravenous injection of hCG
33
What is the treatment for cryptorchidism?
Removal of both testes to prevent neoplasia and breeding. | Surgical approach is to look dorsal to bladder for vas deferens.
34
What are the differential diagnoses for torsion of spermatic cord?
Orchitis Strangulated Inguinal Hernia Testicular Haematoma
35
What occurs in torsion of spermatic cord?
occlusion of the pampiniform plexus = massive swelling and necrosis of testis Subsequent swelling of the scrotum and significant self trauma
36
How can you treat torsion of spermatic cord?
Prompt surgical removal is essential | Subsequent risk of testicular degeneration in contralateral testis
37
What are the causes of orchitis?
Traumatic (most common) or non-traumatic (haematogenous) in origin
38
What is the treatment of orchitis?
Treatment depends upon clinical appearance but may include local debridement, systemic antibiotics, castration etc
39
What is the significance of orchitis?
Significance is that often results in secondary testicular degeneration.
40
What are the causes of inguinal hernia?
Non-traumatic (most common) or traumatic
41
What is treatment of inguinal hernia?
Surgical exploration, resection, repositioning and closure of the inguinal canal
42
What is the aetiology of testicular degeneration?
``` Testes develops normally and has normal functional but following an ‘insult’, fibrosis and degeneration occur. High temperature / Local inflammation Vascular lesions Drugs Endogenous hormones (tumours) Exogenous hormones Toxins Auto-immune disease ```
43
What treatment options is there for preputial discharge?
May be normal | Removal of predisposing causes: flushing with saline or antimicrobial wash.
44
What is the appearance of lymphoid hyperplasia?
Raised nodule-like lesions on at the base of the penis, or preputial lining Normally pale in colour and firm (not vesicular) May bleed when prepuce is retracted or semen collected or at normal mating
45
What is the treatment for lymphoid hyperplasia?
None but must be differentiated from CHV lesions
46
What is balanoposthitis?
Inflammation of the prepuce (and penis) Usually associated with moist prepuce tip (From licking) Overgrowth of commensal bacteria
47
How can you manage balanoposthitis?
topical cleaning / local antiseptic / topical antibiotic creams / systemic antibiotics
48
What is posthitis and what is its appearance?
Inflammation of the penis Noted as haemorrhagic spots on the penile skin May progress to thickening penile skin
49
What is a cause of posthitis?
May be associated with masturbation or sometimes with balanitis Seen in some cases with phimosis and urine retention within prepuce
50
What is the appearance of CHV lesions?
raised nodular / vesicular / ulcerative lesions on the penis and sheath and vagina of bitch
51
What are the management options of CHV?
No treatment except conservative management but important to recognise the venereal pathogenicity and remove from breeding programme.
52
What is phimosis?
Abnormally small preputial orifice
53
What are the causes of phimosis?
Congenital or the result of trauma or inflammation
54
What are some of the signs of phimosis?
narrow stream of urine urine pooling within prepuce may cause balanoposthitis unable to copulate
55
What is the treatment option for phimosis?
Preputical wedge resection is normally curative
56
What is paraphimosis?
Failure of the glans penis to be retracted fully into the prepuce
57
What are some causes of paraphimosis?
Small preputial orifice Inversion of the preputial skin / hair Hair ring (tom cat) Short prepuce
58
What is the treatment of paraphimosis?
``` Ensure that there is ability to urinate According to cause: Prepucial wedge resection Removal of hair Preputial advancement Penile amputation ```
59
What is priapism?
Persistent enlargement of the penis in the absence of sexual excitement
60
What are the causes of priapism?
Persistent enlargement of the penis in the absence of sexual excitement
61
What are some causes of priapism?
May actually be sexual excitement (common) | Neurogenic abnormalities [eg. lumbar spinal lesions or lumbosaccral disease] (not common)
62
How can you make an accurate diagnosis of priapism?
Myelography is often necessary for accurate diagnosis
63
What is the treatment of priapism?
Management using progestogens often successful | May require neurological referral
64
What is azoospermia?
Apparently normal ejaculation but no sperm
65
What are some causes of azoospermia?
``` Incomplete ejaculation Obstructive azoospermia Gonadal dysfunction (congenital or acquired) ```
66
How can measurement of alkaline phosphatase concentration in seminal plasma be helpful?
A high AP indicates true ejaculate.
67
What treatment options are there for poor semen quality?
Mesterolone
68
When is scrotal ablation performed?
Scrotal disease at time of castration Scrotal haemorrhage following castration Scrotal and testicular injury
69
When is preputial wedge resection commonly performed?
management of phimosis and paraphimosis

REPRO2 (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions