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REPRO2 > Principles of Cycle Manipulation > Flashcards

Principles of Cycle Manipulation Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone is produced by the ovary in the bird?

A

Progesterone

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2
Q

What species have polyoestrus cycles?

A

Cow, ewe, sow, mare, queen, guinea pig

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3
Q

What species have a monoestrous cycle?

A

Bitch

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4
Q

What nature of seasonality do ewes have?

A

Short day breeders (cyclicity starts in late summer)

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5
Q

Which two species are long day breeders (cyclicity starts in springtime)?

A

Mare and Queen

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6
Q

Which species do not have any seasonalityof their cycle?

A

Cow, Bitch, Guinea Pig, Woman

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7
Q

What hormones are produced by the Hypothalmus in relation to reproduction?

A

GnRH

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8
Q

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH, LH and Prolactin

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9
Q

Where does prolactin act in the bitch and queen?

A

Corpus luteum

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10
Q

What are some of the target tissues/function of progesterone?

A

Increased size of mammary gland
Closes cervix
Uterine secretions
Prepares uterus for pregnancy

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11
Q

What effect does endogenous production of melatonin have in response to decrease daylight in short day breeders?

A

Up-regulation of axis

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12
Q

What effect does endogenous production of melatonin have in response to decrease daylight in long day breeders?

A

Down regulation of axis

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13
Q

What melatonin product is licesned for use in ewes?

A

Regulin

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14
Q

List some examples of GnRH agonists

A

Buserelin (Receptal)
Deslorelin (Ovuplant / Suprelorin)
Gonadorelin (Fertagyl / Ovarelin)
Peforelin (Maprelin)

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15
Q

What are the short term actions of GnRH agonists

A

Stimulation of LH and FSH release

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16
Q

What are some examples of short erm in action preparations of GnRH

A

buserelin Receptal injection or deslorelin Ovuplant implant

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17
Q

What are the long term actions of GnRH agonists

A

Causes initial stimulation and then receptor down regulation

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18
Q

What are some products/examples of GnRH agonists for long term action?

A

Deslorelin (suprelorin) implant

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19
Q

What are some indications for use of short term in action GnRH agonists?

A
  1. Hastening impending oestrus (Gilts and Sows post weaning/ cows in lactional anoestrus)
  2. Hastening of ovulation within normal oestrus
  3. Hastening ovulation as part of synchronisation/induction regimes
  4. Attempting to force ovulation of cystic structures
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20
Q

What are some indications for use of long term in action GnRH agonists

A

Licensed use: control of behaviour and fertility in male dogs.
In the male: Blocks production of FSH (responsible for spermatogenesis) and LH (responsible for stimulating leydig cells to produce testosterone)

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21
Q

Explain the GnRH stimulation test and its function

A

Used to test the hypothalamic gonadal axis.

  1. Take a blood sample for sex steroids
  2. Inject GnRH
  3. Repeat blood samples
  4. Rises in sex steroids confirms functioning pituitary and functioning gonad
22
Q

Which exogenous hormone can be administered to animals which has FSH-like activity?

A

eCG

23
Q

What are the indications of administering exogenous eCG (PMSG-Intervet)?

A

To ovulate more follicles than normal if given in early oestrus (superovulation)
Can be given as part of oestrus/ovulation induction regimes when given with progestogens

24
Q

What is the function of endogenous LH?

A

Causes final maturation of follicles, surge is trigger for ovulation

25
Q

What exogenous hormone can be given that has LH like acitivty?

A

hCG (chorulon)

26
Q

What are some of the functions/indications of hCG?

A

Attempts to induce ovulation in animal that are in oestrus for example in prolonged pro-oestrus in bitches, cases of repeated failure of conception in cows and heifers, cases of cystic ovaries in cows and heifer and to hasten ovulation in AI regimes.

Can also be used as part of a more complex regime to terminate non seasonal anoestrus: give eCG and then hCG

Can also be used to increase endogenous LH and therefore libido in males

27
Q

List some product examples of progestogens

A 
Progesterone (PRID, CIDR)
Megestrol (Ovarid)
Delmadinone (Tardak)
Osaterone (Ypozane)
Altrenogest (Regumate)
28
Q

What is the function of endogenous progesterone?

A

Exerts a powerful negative feedback effect upon the hypothalamus/pituitary

Has effects on target tissues (mammary enlargment, endometrial proliferation and effects on behaviour- sedative like)

29
Q

What are exogenous progestogens used for?

A

To suppress the hypothalamic gonadal axis for the control of conditions (oestrus, pseudo-pregnancy)

Can also be used as a method of inducing/synchronsing estrus by administration and withdrawal.

30
Q

What are oral progestogen tablets (Megestrol [ovarid]) used for?

A

Prevention of oestrus in dogs/ suppression of oestrus in dogs

31
Q

What are progesterone implants (Etonogestrel [implanon]) used for?

A

Contraception in women

32
Q

What are Depot progestogen injections (e.g. Proligestone [Delvosteron])
used for?

A

Prevention of oestrus in bitches

33
Q

What are Vaginal sponges (Flugestone [Chronogest])

used for?

A

Oestrus induction / synchronisation in ewes upon withdrawal (often in combination with eCG)

34
Q

What are Vaginal devices (Progesterone [PRID/CIDR]) used for?

A

Oestrus induction / synchronisation in mares

35
Q

What are Oral liquids (Altrenogest [Regumate]) used for?

A

Oestrus suppression / induction / synchronisation in mares/sows

36
Q

What is the licensed product of progesterone receptor anatognist for use in the bitch called?

A

Aglepristone (Alizin)

37
Q

What is Aglepristone (Alizin) licensed for?

A

Termination of pregnancy in the bitch

38
Q

What other things can Aglepristone (Alizin)

be used for?

A

Will terminate pregnancy in any species
Can be used to induce parturition
Can be used to ‘treat’ conditions stimulated by progesterone (for example pyometra in the bitch / mammary hyperplasia in the queen)

39
Q

What is the function of endogenous oestrogens?

A

Potentiate the LH surge at ovulation.
Effects on target tissues include:
- growth and function of the uterine tube and uterus
- swelling and tissue development in the vagina, urethra and mammary

40
Q

In clinical practice, why are most oestrogens given?

A

Because of their effect upon target tissues:
Prevention of implantation (direct effect upon uterine tube and uterine environment) (e.g. Oestradiol [Mesalin] in bitches)
Control of urinary incontinence (e.g. Estriol [Incurin] in bitches)

41
Q

What are some of the side effects of oestrogens?

A

Bone marrow suppression – anaemia, thrombocytopenia, death , doses used have to be really really low.

42
Q

What is an example of a synthetic natural PG?

A

Dinoprost (Lutalyse)

43
Q

What are some examples of PG analogues?

A

Cloprostenol (Estrumate)
(Genestran)
Luprostiol (Prosolvin)

44
Q

What is the function of endogenous PG?

A

Lysis of CL

45
Q

What are the functions of exogenous PGs?

A

Lysis of CL, although early CLs are not usually responsive.

Smooth muscle contraction

46
Q

Which of the two forms of exogenous PGs have fewer smooth muscle effects and so produce fewer adverse effects?

A

Synthetic analogues

47
Q

What are some indications for exogenous prostaglandins?

A

Termination of luteal phase in a controlled group to synchronise oestrus
Induction of abortion or parturition
Ecbolic effect - treatment of chronic metritis and pyometra

48
Q

What is an example of a prolactin inhibitor?

A

Cabergoline [Galastop]

49
Q

What is the function of endogenous prolacitn?

A

Supports functioning of the CLs (luteotrophic)

50
Q

What is the function of prolactin inhibitors?

A

Remove the support for the CLs therefore P4 declines

51
Q

What are the advantages of prolactin inhibitors instead of using PGs?

A

Fewer adverse effects and no ecbolic effect

52
Q

What are the indications for using a prolactin inhibitor?

A

To reduce milk production and behaviour of pseudopregnancy
To reduce milk after weaning
To end the luteal phase to terminate pregnancy and treat pyometra

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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