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REPRO2 > Pregnancy failure and pregnancy loss > Flashcards

Pregnancy failure and pregnancy loss Flashcards

1
Q

What are the consequences of abortion and pregnancy failure in companion and production species?

A
  1. Reduced production efficiency (reduced number of offspring per year): pigs, beef cattle, sheep, high genetic merit cattle (ET), (pedigree) breeders any species
  2. Emotional distress owner: any species but perhaps considered most important in companion animal owners
  3. Clinical disease animal: uterine infection may occur post abortion, depending on cause of pregnancy failure/abortion
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2
Q

What would be the approximate distribution of non-infectious, infectious and unknown causes?

A

70% non-infectious, 15% infectious, 15% unknown

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3
Q

What are some examples of non-infectious causes of abortion and pregnancy failure are?

A
  • Inherited/congenital defect, arised during gametogenesis, fertilisation and early embryo cleavage
  • Nutrition (iodine deficiency)
  • Stress (too high/low temperature, photoperiod length, housing, stocking density)
  • Iatrogenic (ai of a pregnant cow, pgf2a injection when pregnant causing luteolysis)
  • Insufficient luteal function to support a pregnancy
  • Twins
  • Concurrent disease causing pyrexia
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4
Q

Why are there not more non-infectious causes identified if non-infectious causes of abortion are so common?

A

Non-infectious causes often occur early on in gestation and go unnoticed, if early embryonic loss occurs (i.e. before maternal recognition of pregnancy has taken place) the animal may return to her normal oestrus cycle.

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5
Q

What are some equine non infectious causes of abortion?

A
  • Twins
  • Twisting of umbilical cord resulting in thrombosis and poor placental perfusion
  • Decreased cord length can cause premature tearting of fetal membranes leading to fetal asphyxia
  • Premature placental separation
  • Fixation of pregnancy in uterine body
  • Foetal abnormalities
  • Neotyphodium
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6
Q

What are some infectious causes of abortion and pregnancy failure in the mare?

A
  • EHV-1 and EHV-4
  • EVA
  • Leptospirosis
  • Bacterial/ fungal abortion
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7
Q

What are some causes of abortion and pregnancy failure in the bitch and queen?

A
  • Abnormal uterine environment (cystic endometrial hyperplasia)
  • fetal defects
  • infectious agents
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8
Q

What are some of the infectious agents that cause abortion and pregnancy failure in the bitch and queen?

A

Brucella canis, Toxoplasma Gondii, Canine Herpes Virus, Canine Parvovirus, Canine Adenovris, Canine Distemper Virus

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9
Q

What do you need to consider before carrying out any diagnostic tests when establishing the cause of pregnancy failure and abortion?

A
  • Biosecurity: Recent purchased animals/homebred replacements/hire bulls
  • Method of service (AI, natural mating)
  • Housing/management: feed types and quality, mixed age groups
  • Fertility performance in other animals in the herd/flock
  • Vaccination status, previous disease history
  • Parturition: degree of assistance (mainly when issues with stillborns are identified)
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10
Q

What would you treat a cow that aborts because of Salmonella dublin infection?

A

Supportive therapy following a clinical examination always needs to be considered; the cow may be clinically ill and need oral fluids, NSAIDs and antibiotics

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11
Q

What would you treat a cow that aborts because she was inseminated 6 weeks after her first inesmination

A

likely unaffected clinically and will just need a reproductive check at the next routine to make sure she is cycling normally again.

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12
Q

What would you treat a ewe that aborts due to toxoplasma gondii?

A

Ewes aborting due to Toxoplasma are not often clinically affected and need little extra support, however it is important to manage the other ewes in the flock and inform the owner of the zoonotic aspects of the disease. Isolation will not have much effect.

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13
Q

What would you treat a ewe that aborts due to nutritional stress; inclement weather and insufficient feed have deteriorated the ability to maintain pregnancy?

A

The underfed ewe needs adequate support, in particular to provide good quality feed and water, and provide adequate housing.

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14
Q

What preventative stratergies can be put in place to reduce the risk of abortion and pregnancy failure?

A
  • Good management (housing and nutrition)
  • Monitor fertility performance (herd level parameters, levels of progesterone)
  • Vaccination (vaccines available for Salmonella dublin, IBR, BVD, Leptospira, Coxiella, Blue tongue; )
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15
Q

What zoonotic pathogens cause abortion or pregnancy failure in animals?

A 
Toxoplasma gondii
Chlamydophila abortus
Coxiella burnetii
Leptospirosis
Listeria monocytogenes
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16
Q

What is the aetiology of Equine twining?

A

The mare has two CLs and therefore ovulates from two follicles producing 2 embryos.

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17
Q

Why is one fetus smaller than the other in equine twinning?

A

Once conceptus is compressed in the uterine horn.

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18
Q

Why can the larger fetus be born alive in equine twining?

A

The conceptus can continue to develop and pregnancy can be maintained because the luteal-placental shift occurs earlier in the mare. The presence of an active placenta from the larger fetus means that progesterone concentrations can still be maintained.

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19
Q

What are some clues that can be detected of Equine twinning?

A

Two large pre-ovulatory follicles

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20
Q

What are the methods of pregnancy diagnosis in the mare?

A
  • Ultrasound exam- from day 12 but day 15 more common- more expensive but much more accurate, allows very early recognition of pregnancy
  • Failure to return to oestrus- day 18-24- may miss the signs of oestrus
  • Elevated plasma progesterone- day 18-20
  • Rectal palpation of the ovaries- from day 21- cheap but subjective and more likely to miss things
  • Plasma eCG- day 60-120- quite late compared to other methods
  • Transrectal foetal ballottement- from day 80- quite late compared to other methods
  • Plasma or urine oestrogen- from day 150
21
Q

How can you treat equine twinning?

A

Ultrasound at day 30 (Second u/s) - trans-rectally crush one of them using fingers or the u/s probe.

22
Q

What kind of placenta does the horse have?

A

Epitheliochorial

23
Q

What occurs when you get abortion in the cow between days 1-40?

A

It goes unnoticed as there is not yet maternal recognition.

24
Q

What occurs when you get abortion in the cow between days 40-80?

A

Embryonic death, resoprtion or possible pyo.

25
Q

What occurs when you get abortion in the cow between days 120-200?

A

Fetal death. CL- possible mummification. Bacteria and inflammation results in PG release.

26
Q

What occurs when you get abortion in the cow between from day 200?

A

Fetal death and since there is no CL you get explusion of the fetus.

27
Q

When does the luteal-placental shift occur in the cow?

A

200-250days

28
Q

When does fetal mineralisation occur in the fetus in the cow?

A

Around 80days

29
Q

What are the methods of pregnancy diagnosis in the cow?

A
  • Early pregnancy factor- from day 3
  • Transrectal ultrasound for conceptus- from day 14
  • Failure to return to oestrus- day 18-24
  • Elevated milk or plasma progesterone- day 22-24
  • Transrectal ultrasound- from day 28
  • Transrectal palpation- from day 35
  • Transrectal detection of foetal membrane (membrane slip)
  • Transrectal ballottement of foetus- from day 50
  • Transrectal palpation of caruncles/cotyledons- day 105-210
  • Oestrone sulphate in milk- from day 100
  • Transrectal palpation of the foetus- from day 120
30
Q

When does the luteal-placental shift occur in the mare?

A

Earlier than other species. 160days.

31
Q

Is mummification common in the mare after the luteal placental shift?

A

No, fetal death and explusion is most likely.

32
Q

How can you confirm foetal viability in the mare?

A

palpation per rectum or by ultrasound- looking for heart beat and vessel with flow in it.

33
Q

How can you confirm fetal development in the mare?

A

approximating its size by rectal palpation or ultrasound exam- commonly the diameter of the eye is measured, can look at table that demonstrate the relationship between eye diameter and gestational age.

34
Q

How can you evaluate placental function in the mare?

A

Can evaluate the function of the placenta indirectly by measuring P4. Common method is an ultrasound exam Can see allantoic fluid on RHS and uterine wall on LHS. Relatively heterogenous fluid with echogenic material with it which is pus- between the wall of the uterus and the placenta. Measure of placental thickness can be a useful assessment of placental function.

35
Q

How can you treat placentitis in the mare?

A

Some people would administer exogenous P4 in an attempt to boost the endogenous P4 produced by the placenta. A common treatment would be a local/topical treatment through the cervix with an appropriate antibiotic- commonly a combination of penicillin and streptomycin with the addition of gentamycin applied through a catheter through the cervix to administer between the placenta and the cervical wall in order to control the bacteria for a sufficient amount of time for the foal to move towards term and be delivered at that point.

36
Q

What is the risk of abortion in cows seropositive to neospora caninum?

A

Risk of abortion in seropositive cows 2-7 x higher than in seronegative cows.
Risk of recurrent abortion: 5x.

37
Q

What are the clinical signs of neospora canium in adult cattle?

A

None except abortion or weak born calves

38
Q

What are the clinical signs of neospora canium in dogs?

A

Paralysis of hindlimbs

39
Q

What are the different transmission/propagation cycles of neospora canium?

A

Vertical propagation cycle
Horizontal transmission cycle
Sylvatic transmission cycle

40
Q

Describe the horizontal transmission cycle of neospora canium in the cow?

A
  1. Cattle eat infected oocysts in faeces (most likely coming from dogs).
  2. Cross placental transmission infections fetus.
  3. Aborted, premature or impaired calf or birth of calf with persistent infection
  4. Dog eats infected carcass or placenta of infected cow ingested by dog.
41
Q

Describe the vertical transmission cycle of neospora canium in the cow.

A

Vertical transmission is variable, an infected cow is not always going to produce a cow that is seropositive for neospora canium.

42
Q

Describe the sylvatic transmission cycle of neospora canium in the cow.

A
  1. A definite host eats oocysts in faeces.
  2. An intermediate host (deer, rats, mice, badgers etc) eat infected material.
  3. Dog (definite host) eats intermediate host and they become infected and shed oocysts .
43
Q

How do you diagnosse neospora canium?

A

Serology - ELISA/IFAT
Bulk milk ELISA
Histopathology (heart and brain)

44
Q

Describe serology diagnosis in the case of neospora canium.

A
  • Positive sample confirms exposure, not sufficient as cause of abortion
  • Compare aborting/non-aborting
  • Precolostral blood sample – before closotrum got it, calf only has their Abs once they ingest colostrum will have neospora Abs
  • Sample after six months of age (false negatives possible) or when pregnant (5-7mo)
45
Q

How do you prove the aborted fetus died because of neospora canium?

A

Send samples of heart and brain for histopathology. Need to see presence of parasite along with inflammation in these areas.

46
Q

What are some control recommendations for neospora canium?

A
  • Toltrazuril
  • Vaccine
  • Can innactivate oocysts using high temperature (100oC for 1 min) + 10% sodium hypochlorite for 1hr
  • preventing vertical transmission
  • preventing horizontal transmission
47
Q

How can you prevent vertical transmission of neospora canium?

A
  1. Low prevalence: culling of all seropositive animals
  2. High prevalence: breed to beef breeds, don’t keep offspring
  3. Only seronegative females should be introduced- test before you buy in
  4. ET, harvest empryos from seropositive dam, implant in seronegative recipients
  5. Neosporosis is not believed to be transmitted venereally so there is no need to avoid the use of N.caninum-positive bulls
  6. Avoid any condition that may lower the immunity of the pregnant animals; for example, vaccinate for other diseases such as BVD and leptospirosis
48
Q

How can you prevent horizontal transmission of neospora canium?

A
  1. Prevent access of dogs, especially pups, to silage pits, hay sheds, feeding areas and concentrate food stores
  2. Soiling of pasture by canine faeces should be avoided
  3. Access of birds, rodents and other wild animals to food should be prevented
  4. Dogs should not have access to calving areas or recently calved animals
  5. Dead foetuses, dead animals, uterine discharges and placentae should be disposed of so that dogs or foxes cannot get access to them
  6. The safest practice would be not to feed any form of raw meat to dogs as natural infection has also been reported in sheep, goats and deer
  7. It is advisable to calve known Neospora positive animals in isolation from negative animals, even though horizontal transmission between cattle has not been shown to occur
  8. Don’t shoot the dog!

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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