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REPRO2 > Farm animal 3 > Flashcards

Farm animal 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the possible consequences of a poor/no pre-milking routine in cattle?

A
  • Biphasic milk let down and inefficient harvesting
  • Increased unit-on time, development of teat-end hyperkeratosis
  • Increased risk of environmental mastitis infections
  • Increased bacteria in milk
  • Failure to detect clinical mastitis cases
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2
Q

Define puerperal metritis in cattle

A

Clinical metritis but with acute systemic illness: pyrexia, dullness, reduced yield, inappetance, tachycardia, dehydration

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3
Q

Define clinical metritis in cattle

A

Uterine disease within 21 days of parturition, most common in first 10 days

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4
Q

Outline the characteristics of clinical metritis in cattle

A
  • Enlarged uterus, watery red-brown fluid to viscous off-white purulent uterine discharge with foetid odour
  • +/- pyrexia
  • Not as sick as puerperal metritis
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5
Q

Define clinical endometritis in cattle

A

Clinical disease beyond 3 weeks post partum

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6
Q

Describe the characteristics of clinical endometritis in cattle

A
  • > 3 weeks PP
  • Mucopurulent discharge detectable in vagina
  • Cervical diameter >7.5cm (i.e. enlarged)
  • No systemic signs of illness, generally milk well
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7
Q

Define subclinical endometritis in cattle

A

Chronic inflammation of the endometrium without clinical signs of uterine disease, but resulting in significant reduction in reproductive performance

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8
Q

Describe the characteristics of subclinical endometritis in cattle

A
  • PMNs >5-18% in samples from flush or cytobrush, +/- bacteria
  • No discharge
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9
Q

Define retained placenta in cattle

A

Failure to pass placenta within 24hours post-partum

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10
Q

Describe the characteristics pyometra in cattle

A
  • (muco)purulent discharge in uterus, distension of uterus, presence of active CL
  • Incomplete closure of cervix
  • Mixed echodensity on US
  • Generally not systemically ill
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11
Q

Outline the key features of treatment for metritis in cattle

A
  • Systemic antibiotics (amoxicillin, procaine penicillin)
  • TLC
  • Fluids (oral or IV)
  • NSAIDs (>1 day, e.g. flunixin)
  • +/- lavage - no evidence for benefit
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12
Q

When is treatment for metritis in cattle indicated?

A

When 2 or more signs of metritis are present i.e. 2 of the following: retained placenta, T > 39.5C, dullness, inappetance, foetid uterine discharge

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13
Q

What is the reason for treating cows with endometritis?

A

In order to get cows back into calf sooner - are not systemically ill

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14
Q

Outline and explain your treatment approach to a case of clinical/subclinical endometritis in a cow where there is a CL present

A
  • Administer PGF2a
  • Luteolysis → increased oestrogen and myometrial contractions
  • Stimulates uterine defences
  • Want to encourage cycling again to expulse material preventing pregnancy establishment
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15
Q

Outline an explain your treatment approach to a case of clinical/subclinical endometritis in a cow where there is no CL present

A
  • Cephapirin (aka metricure) intrauterine treatment
  • Systemic antibiotics not required, but will allow cows to get into calf quicker (depending on economic benefit may be worthwhile)
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16
Q

Discuss the use of oxytetracycline or Lugols iodine in the treatment of endometritis in cows

A
  • Can cause coagulation necrosis of endometrium

- Will get rid of bacteria, but damage to uterus will prevent establishment of pregnancy

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17
Q

Discuss the treatment of pyometra in cattle

A
  • PGF2a, need to lyse the CL

- May not always work esp. if true closed cervix

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18
Q

Explain the effect of uterine infections such as metritis and endometritis on ovarian function in the cow

A
  • Pathogen associated molecules affect release of GnRH, LH and sensitivity of pituitary to LH → cow less likely to ovulate
  • Lower oestradiol concentration at time of maximal follicle diameter → less likely to ovulate
  • Slower growth of PP dominant follicle
  • Lower progesterone concentrations 5-7 days after ovulation (response of luteal cells to cytokines secreted by infected endometrium)
  • Prolonged luteal phase
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19
Q

Define retained foetal membranes in the cow

A

Retention of foetal membranes >24 hours

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20
Q

What are the risk factors for retained foetal membranes in the cow?

A
  • Twins
  • Dystocia
  • Stillborn calf
  • Induced parturition
  • Abortion
  • HypoCa
  • Increased age
  • Seasonal effects
  • Suboptimal DMI
  • High PG and cortisol levels 1 week prior to parturition (i.e. stress)
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21
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of retained foetal membranes in the cow

A
  • Failure of immune system to degrade placentomes (rather than lack of uterine motility)
  • Low intracellular calcium affects immune function
  • May result from stress, esp. in transition period
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22
Q

What rate of retained foetal membranes would indicate the need to investigate , and what period in particularly should be examined?

A
  • > 5%

- Transition period i.e. drying off

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23
Q

Discuss the impact of retained foetal membranes in cattle

A
  • Risk factor (endo)metritis
  • Placenta itself unlikely to cause a problem
  • Majority endometritis (~20-25%)
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24
Q

Outline the treatment for retained foetal membranes in cattle

A
  • No effect immediately post partum with oxytocin, PG or Ca
  • If systemic signs of illness, treat as metritis
  • If not clinically ill and placenta easy to remove, pull out otherwise leave in place (do not peel apart caruncles and cotyledons)
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25
Q

Discuss the effect of body condition score on post partum uterine inflammation in cattle

A
  • Low BCS → high neutrophil count vs those in good condition
  • Older cows, higher BCS → higher neurtophil count
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26
Q

Discuss the role of body condition score and post-partum treatment on cow fertility

A
  • Little effect of treatment if good BCS
  • Immunity and general cow health, immune function may be indicated by BCS
  • Treatment following calving less important vs. general status of cow
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27
Q

How are uterine infections in cows diagnosed?

A
  • Manual vaginal exam and rectal exam + ultrasound most common in practice
  • Observation of odour/discharge
  • Fever
  • Bacteriological culture
  • Biopsy
  • Cytology
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28
Q

Discuss the role of uterine cytology in the diagnosis of uterine infection in cattle

A
  • PMN% is a better predictor of reproductive performance than intrauterine bacteriology or gross vaginal inflammation score
  • Vaginal exam and transrectal examination alone are not valuable predictors or subsequent reproductive performance
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29
Q

Describe the grading of vaginal mucus in cows

A
  • 0: clear/translucent mucus
  • 1: mucus containing flecks of white or off-white pus
  • 2: Exudate containing <50% white or off-white mucopurulent material
  • 3: exudate containing >50% purulent material, usually white or yellow, occasionally sanguinous
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30
Q

Describe the grading of endometritis in cattle

A
  • Reflects the number of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria isolated from uterus of cattle, presented as CFU from uterine swab
  • 0 = no growth
  • 1 = <10 CFU
  • 2= 10-100 CFU
  • 3 = 101-500CFU
  • 4 = >500 CFU
  • Prognostic for treatment success
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31
Q

What are the main aims of treatment of uterine infection in cattle?

A
  • Reduce bacterial load
  • Enhance uterine defence and repair mechanisms
  • Halt and reverse inflammatory changes that impair fertility
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32
Q

Outline your treatment of puerperal metritis

A
  • Systemic antibiotics e.g. procaine penicillin, amoxycillin for 3-5 days
  • NSAIDs e.g. flunixin
  • Supportive treatment: fluids, warm, soft bedding, feed and water
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33
Q

Which pathogen causes the most severe endometrial lesions in cattle with uterine infection?

A

Trueperella pyogenes (synergistic with anaerobes to enhance likelihood and severity of disease)

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34
Q

Explain why dairy cows are more at risk of uterine infection than beef cattle

A
  • General health, immune function and BCS determine risk of infection
  • The transition period if more pronounced in dairy animals with regards to metabolic changes, and puts more pressure on the immune system
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35
Q

What instructions would you give to a farmer before arriving on farm in the case of a uterine prolapse in a cow?

A
  • Protect and support uterus by wrapping in moist towel/sheet
  • Restrain cow, keep her calm and comfortable
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36
Q

Outline the preparations you should make prior to replacing a prolapsed uterus

A
  • Epidural
  • +/-Sedative
  • Ideally replace in frog-position but leave in position currently in, never in lateral
  • may need to relieve tympany if bloat has occurred
  • Clean perineal area and uterus with clean, warm water
  • Tie tail out of the way
  • Inspect uterus for lacerations
  • Lots of lubricant
  • Remove afterbirth if this comes away easily, partial removal if contaminated and difficult to wash clean
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37
Q

In a uterine prolapse in a cow, compare the management of a partial vs. a full thickness uterine tear/laceration

A
  • Partial: only suture if likely to lead to severe haemorrhage and/or almost fully perforated
  • If full thickness, suture or advice euthanasia if condition of animal is poor
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38
Q

Outline the method for the replacement of a uterine prolapse in a cow

A
  • Start replacement at vulva generally
  • If recent and no oedema, then starting at horn may be easier
  • Manually evert horns after replacement using well lubricated arm or extension of arm e.g. bottle
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39
Q

Outline your post-replacement actions in a uterine prolapse in a cow

A
  • Administer oxytocin
  • Parenteral antibiotics, NOT intrauterine
  • Administer NSAIDs
  • Treat hypoCa in multiparous cows, preferably IV and after replacement unless severe signs and immediate tx needed
  • Vaginal sutures recommended but limited evidence (Buhner pattern, remove after 4-5 days)
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40
Q

Outline the after care following a uterine prolapse replacement in a cow

A
  • Monitor for straining, recurrence, anorexia, dehydration, discharge for 48 hours
  • Follow up visits recommended if replacement was complicated/requested by client
  • Farmer to continue treatments as directed by vet
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41
Q

What questions should you ask when a farmer rings regarding a (post)calving problem?

A
  • Define the problem
  • No. of calves
  • Parity (i.e. heifer, second etc.)
  • Any other cows affected?
  • If calved, status of dam and calf
  • Any treatments already administered?
  • Location
  • Pain, distress, recumbency?
42
Q

What are the following findings on vaginal exam in a cow indicative of?
Constriction of birth canal, downwards and laterally spiralling folds of vagina

A

Uterine torsion

43
Q

In what direction does the uterus usually rotate in cows?

A

Counterclockwise

44
Q

Discuss the difficulties with preventing uterine torsion in cows

A
  • Cause largely unknown
  • Suggested: anatomy, slipping, butt in flank, movement of foetus, lack of foetal fluids, reduced rumen volum
  • Little can be done preventatively as cause unknown
45
Q

What are the treatment methods available for uterine torsion in a cow?

A
  • Manual detorsion
  • Rolling the cow
  • Using detorsion rod
  • Laparotomy
  • Do nothing and emergency slaughter
46
Q

Discuss manual detorsion for the treatment of uterine torsion in a cow

A
  • Arm all the way in up to shoulder, aim to swing uterus using momentum
  • If not working after 5 mins trying, go and get help
47
Q

Discuss rolling a cow for the treatment of uterine torsion in a cow

A
  • Must be soft-bedded pen, 1-2 helpers
  • Roll in SAME direction as torsion i.e. clockwise torsion, roll clockwise
  • Keep calf in same position and roll cow around calf
  • Arm in cow holding calf in place, roll cow around you OR use plank of wood to keep calf in same place
48
Q

Discuss the use of detorsion rods for the correction of uterine torsion in a cow

A
  • Metre long rod with bar handle and double prong with eyelets
  • Attach each presenting limb to a prong by rope/chain
  • Rotate foetus along long axis by rotating handle
  • Effective but puts pressure on calf’s legs, rolling of cow not necessary
49
Q

Discuss the use of laparotomy to correct uterine torsion in a cow

A
  • Only if nothing else works (likely torsion is close to 360 if this is the case)
  • Uterus will be very friable: removing calf fine, but suturing closed will be difficult
  • Poor prognosis
50
Q

Discuss the use of epidurals during the management of uterine torsion in cattle

A
  • Aim to perform without where possible
  • Abdominal contractions will help delivery of calf
  • Use when cow is straining so hard as to prevent hand getting in
51
Q

Once the uterus has been corrected in a case of uterine torsion, what further management would you consider?

A
  • Wait 2 hours: umbilical cord still normal and in place, rupturing may case more damage
  • Cervix likely poorly dilated, if life, pull calf’s head through cervix, if dead, use calf’s head to dilate cervix
  • Oxytocin post calving if: unsure if calf will suckle/cow can go into parlour or not, calf is dead
  • NSAIDs
  • Antibiotics likely not needed if easy to untwist
52
Q

Discuss the prognosis for a uterine torsion in the cow

A
  • Good if treated early, worse with time and degree of torsion
  • Foetal survival ~24%, dam survival 78%
  • 50-75% pregnant in next lactation
53
Q

Discuss the emergency slaughter of a cow with uterine torsion

A
  • Generally worth trying to correct

- Prognosis can be good

54
Q

What are the most common complications following correction of uterine torsion in the cow?

A
  • Retained foetal membranes
  • Metritis
  • Reduced conception rate
  • Depends on how bad the torsion was
55
Q

What is the prognosis for a uterine prolapse in a cow?

A

Generally very good to very poor, depending on duration, sustained injury, internal haemorrhage

56
Q

Discuss the aetiology of uterine prolapse in the cow

A
  • Mainly dairy cattle
  • Pluri > primiparae
  • 90% within 24 hours after calving
  • Immediately after calving in delivery with heavy traction
  • Abdominal straining, gravity, hypoCa (uterine inertia) dystocia
57
Q

When do most cases of toxic mastitis occur in cattle and why?

A
  • Within 1 week of calving

- Immune function poor in transition and post-calving period, infection more likely to take hold and become severe

58
Q

Explain the importance of the dry period in the development of mastitis in cows

A
  • Dry period often the origin of infection

- Key period for prevention and cure of mastitis

59
Q

What are the 3 broad categories on which mastitis prevention in cattle depends?

A
  • Preventative treatments
  • Cow, farm, herd management
  • Cow immunity
60
Q

Outline antibiotic dry cow therapy for mastitis

A
  • Target therapy towards G-ve bacteria
  • Ubro-red: Framycetin Sulfate, Procaine Penicillin
  • Prevents infection during dry period, reducing mastitis after calving
61
Q

Outline non-antibiotic dry cow therapy for mastitis

A
  • Teat sealants: Bismuth subnitrate
  • Uninfected cows
  • No antimicrobial activity, must infuse aseptically
  • Reduces new infections caused by E coli, all enterobaceriaeceae and all major pathogens
62
Q

What is meant by selective dry cow therapy and why is it important?

A

Select some cows to receive ABs at drying off, others just use teat sealants, in order to reduce use of antibiotics

63
Q

List the risk factors for mastitis

A
  • Individual cow susceptibility
  • Previous lactation
  • Bacterial interactions
  • Unclean environment
  • Early/late dry period management
64
Q

What must be done when administering dry cow treatments?

A

Surgical spirit cleaning of teat ends before administration using cotton swab

65
Q

Discuss the indoor environmental hygiene measures that should be taken for mastitis prevention

A
  • Ensure good drainage
  • Clean and bed cubicles daily
  • Scrape feed and loafing areas daily
  • Ensure bedding materials are dry in storage
66
Q

Discuss the space requirements for dry cows

A
  • 1.25m^2 per 1000L annual mean milk production e.g. 8000L needs ~10-12m^2
  • Dry cows need more space than previously though
67
Q

How should dry cow grazing area be managed for the prevention of mastitis?

A

Graze an area for 2 weeks then rest the area for 4 weeks

68
Q

Discuss the calving period management for the prevention of mastitis

A
  • Calves not allowed access to suckle other cows

- Calving pens cleaned out daily

69
Q

Give an example of an area of research into the prevention of mastitis in cattle

A

Immune function of cows, as well as microbiome and vaccines

70
Q

Outline the epidemiology of bovine herpes mammillitis

A
  • BHV II or IV
  • Sporadic outbreaks
  • Often late summer in UK
  • Spread by contact (e.g. calves suckling various dams) and fomites e.g. people, milking units
  • Most common in first lactation
71
Q

Describe the clinical signs of bovine herpes mammillitis

A
  • Mild, small plaques of oedema to severe ulceration
  • Variable early signs
  • Vesicles develop and rupture
  • Painful teats
72
Q

Outline the treatment and control of bovine herpes mammillitis

A
  • Supportive care only (iodophore teat dips with added emollients may help inactivate virus)
  • Isolate cows
  • Separate milking units, clean gloves for milking personnel
73
Q

Describe the epidemiology of bovine papillomavirus affecting the teats

A
  • BPV 1, 4, 6, 9
  • Spread by direct or indirect contact
  • Isolated in blood, milk, urine, other bodily fluids
74
Q

Outline the diagnosis, treatment and control of bovine papillomavirus affecting the teats

A
  • Diagnosis: presumptive based on clinical signs and exclusion of other causes
  • Treatment: often not necessary, unless frond-like lesions
  • Control: autogenous vaccines and virucidal dips in herd outbreaks
75
Q

Describe the clinical signs of bovine papillomavirus affecting the teats

A
  • Variable appearance
  • May be pale, smooth, raised lesions that may persist without causing problems
  • Or filamentous/frond-like lesions at teat orifice that interfere with milking
76
Q

What pathogen is implicated in blackspot in cows?

A

F necrophorum

77
Q

Outline the epidemiology of blackspot in cows

A
  • Poor milking machine leads to damage to teat orifice which is then colonised by f necrophorum
  • Spread by miking equipment and personnel
  • Major risk factor for intramammary infection
78
Q

Outline the treatment of blackspot in cows

A
  • Teat disinfectants

- May contain emollients that help promote skin healing

79
Q

Describe the lesions and consequence of cow pox on the teat of cows

A
  • Lesions develop from erythematous lesion to pustule that ruptures then suppurates
  • Heals centripetally and usually uncomplicated, takes up to 3 weeks
  • Pain may prevent milking
  • Life long immunity occurs
80
Q

Outline the epidemiology of vesicular stomatitis affecting the teat of cattle

A
  • Never seen in UK, notifiable
  • Spread by biting insects
  • Mortality moderate to low
  • Can cause flu like symptoms in people, occasionally mucocutaneous vesicles and erosions
81
Q

Describe the appearance and importance of vesicular stomatitis of the teat in cattle

A
  • Notifiable, possibly zoonotic
  • Clinical signs resemble FMDV, although usually unilateral
  • Need to rule out FMDV in lab
82
Q

Discuss FMDV of the teats in cattle

A
  • Notifiable
  • Spread by vesicular fluid, saliva, milk faeces, contaminated fomites, airborne
  • Causes profuse salivation, nasal discharge as well as skin lesions
  • Must notify APHA
83
Q

Outline the epidemiology of teat skin Staphylococcus aureus infection

A
  • Ubiquitous on skin
  • Colonise any lesions readily
  • Major risk factor for mastitis
84
Q

Describe the clinical signs and prevention of Staphylococcus aureus teat skin infection

A
  • may be purulent presenting as pustules or impetigo
  • May be necrotising
  • Prevention: disinfection of teats after milking
85
Q

Give examples of environmentally induced teat lesions that may occur in cattle

A
  • Chaps
  • Chemical damage
  • Hyperkeratosis
  • Milking machine induced changes e.g. reddening, oedema, ringing, constriction at mouth piece
  • Photosensitivities and allergies
  • Sores/abrasions
  • Lacerations
86
Q

List the methods than can be used to anaesthetise cow teats for surgery

A
  • Teat cistern infusion
  • Ring blocks
  • Inverted V block
  • Intravenous regional anaesthesia
  • Others: line block, topical splash block, paravertebral anaesthesia, lumbosacral epidural
87
Q

Discuss the local anaesthetics that can be used in cattle

A
  • Procaine: licensed, includes adrenaline, 0 withdrawal meat or milk
  • Lidocaine: licensed in horse (not cattle) but can be used under cascade
88
Q

Briefly outline the method of teat cistern infusion for local anaesthesia of the teat in a cow (use, structures anaesthetised, method)

A
  • Best performed before other methods
  • Anaesthetises mucous membrane lining of cistern
  • Infuse 10ml local anaesthetic via teat cannula or syringe into teat cistern
  • Can be used for teat polyp removal or to open sphincters
89
Q

Briefly outline the ring block for anaesthesia of the teat in cattle

A
  • 10-20ml of local into full thickness of teat in 4-6 sites around teat base
  • +/- tourniquet
  • Care to avoid entering teat canal and circumferential vessels
  • Blocks mucosa and connective tissue
90
Q

Briefly outline the inverted V block for anaesthesia of the teat in cattle

A
  • Full thickness line block over and adjacent to affected tissue/proposed incision site
  • Instil local anaesthetic in small quantities 0.5-1cm apart to provide required block
91
Q

Briefly outline intravenous regional anaesthesia of the teat in cattle

A
  • Tourniquet around teat, inject any superficial vessel with 5-7ml LA
  • Analegesia occurs in 5 mins, lasts until tourniquet removed
92
Q

What are the key advantages and disadvantages of a line block for the anaesthesia of the teat in cattle?

A
  • Mulitple subcut infiltrative injections of LA 0.5-1cm apart
  • Risk of oedema and haemorrhage delaying wound healing
  • Can be quick and easy to perform
93
Q

Briefly outline topical (splash) blocks of the teat in cattle

A
  • Drip/splash onto site, allow 20 mins to take effect

- Useful before infiltration in fractious animals

94
Q

What region of the udder is desensitised y a paraverterbral block in cattle?

A

Cranial udder and teats, allowing standing surgery

95
Q

Discuss the use of a lumbosacral epidural for teat surgery in cattle

A
  • Anaesthesia of the caudal abdominal wall to level of umbilicus
  • Temporary dysfunction of HLs so need sedation
  • Will be recumbent
96
Q

Outline the aftercare following teat surgery in cattle

A
  • Intramammary antibiotics using lactating cow tubes
  • Duration of treatment depending on degree of infection risk
  • Self-retaining cannula allows passive milk let down for ~7-10 days
  • Or milk catheter to allow milk let down as needed
  • Suture removal after 1 days
  • Return to milking machine asap after surgery
  • Dry off affected quarter if large amount of swelling, or animal resents milking machine
97
Q

Outline the management of deep teat lacerations in cattle

A
  • Emergency
  • Best treated within 4 hours, worse prognosis thereafter, poor after 12 hours
  • Clean and suture or bandage asap to reduce contamination
98
Q

Outline the management of superficial teat lacerations in cattle

A
  • Skin only, or skin and shallow muscle lacerations
  • Diagnose on appearance: no milk leaking from teat canal
  • Treat with bandage only after cleaning and drying wound
99
Q

Outline the aftercare for teat lacerations in cattle

A
  • Systemic and intramammary antibiotics

- Machine milking following surgery where possible, if welling not too severe

100
Q

Outline the surgical technique for the management of deep teat lacerations in cattle

A
  • Debride unhealthy tissue
  • Use scissors or scalpel blade until fresh bleednig surface exposed
  • Assess blood supply of flaps, remove if compromised
  • If teat canal involved, requires suturing
  • Mucosal layer: continuous pattern, 4-0/5-0 vicryl
  • Submucosal layer: incl. connective tissue and muscle, continuous pattern using 4-0 vicryl
  • Skin layer: simple interrupted or horizontal mattress, 2-0/3-0 prolene

REPRO2 (31 decks)

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