Sketchy Micro

Question 1

Where can the beta lactamase enzyme be found in gram negative microbes?

Answer 1

The periplasmic space

Question 2

What structure is unique to the gram positive cell wall?

Answer 2

Lipoteichoic acid

Gram negative microbes have endotoxin in the outer membrane.

Question 3

this microbe cell wall structure protects against osmotic pressure

Answer 3

Peptidoglycan

Gives rigid support

Question 4

What does lipoteichoic acid in the gram positive cell walls induce in the host?

Answer 4

TNF alpha and IL-1 production.

This is inflammatory.

Question 5

How does LPS in gram negative cells induce a host response

Answer 5

Lipid A induces TNF alpha and IL-1 production
O polysaccharide is the antigen.

It is found in the outer membrane of gram negatives only.

Question 6

What are bacterial spores composed of?

Answer 6

Keratin like coat with dipliclonic acid and peptidoglycan.

Question 7

What are plasmids composed of?

Answer 7

DsDNA

Question 8

What is the glycocalyx?

Answer 8

Mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces such as indwelling catheters.

Composed of polysaccharides.

Question 9

what shape is a coccus?

Answer 9

Spherical shaped.

Bacillus is rod shaped.

Question 10

What are the two pleomorphic microbes?

Answer 10

Chlamydia and Rickettsiae both visualized with giemsa staining.

Question 11

What does PAS staining technique target?

Answer 11

Targets glycogen
Used to diagnose whipple disease
PAS the Sugar

Question 12

Ziehl Neelsen staining

Answer 12

Also known as carbol fuchsin used to stain acid fast bacteria.
Mycobacteria, nocardia,

Question 13

Chocolate agar with factor V (NAD) and factor X (hematin)

Answer 13

This is plating for H. influenza

Question 14

Thayer martin Agar

Answer 14

For neisseria species

Has trimethoprim, colistin, and nystatin.

Question 15

What compounds are in Thayer Martin Agar?

Answer 15

Trimethoprim
Colistin
Nystatin

For neiseria species.

Question 16

Bordet Gengou agar made from potatoes or regan lowe medium composed of charcoal, blood, and antibiotic are used for culturing…..

Answer 16

Used for culturing bordetella pertussis

Question 17

Tellurite agar and Loffler Medium

Answer 17

T. diptheria

Laughing child and big TV

Question 18

Lowenstein Jensen Agar

Answer 18

M. Tuberculosis

“General Store”

Question 19

Eaton Agar requiring cholesteron

Answer 19

M pneumonia

Question 20

MacConkey Agar

Answer 20

For lactose fermenting

Produces acid causing colonies to turn pink.

Question 21

Eosin-Methylene blue EMB agar

Answer 21

E.Coli

Will present with a green metallic sheen,

Question 22

Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron

Answer 22

Used to culture legionella.

Question 23

Sabouraud agar

Answer 23

Fungi culture

Question 24

Protein A

Answer 24

Binds Fc region of IgG preventing opsonization and phagocytosis.

S. Aureus uses this!!!

Question 25

IgA protease

Answer 25

``` Enzyme cleaves IgA S. pneumo (shield) H. Influenzae Neisseria (Ace card in hat) Use these ```

Question 26

M protein

Answer 26

Helps prevent phagocytosis by Strep Pyogenes.

Question 27

Which type of bacteria generally produces ednotoxins?

Answer 27

Generally only be gram negative. howevere some gram positive can as well. Its important to realize as well that endotoxin is not secreted where as exotoxin is.

Question 28

When comparing endotoxin and exotoxin, which is normally encoded in the bacterial chromosome

Answer 28

Endotoxin. Exotoxin is coded by plasmids usually.

Question 29

When comparing endo and exotoxin, which needs only a small dose to be fatal

Answer 29

Exotoxin

Question 30

when making vaccines, can endotoxins or exotoxins be made into a vaccine?

Answer 30

Exotoxins can be used to make toxoid vaccines. No vaccines can be made for endotoxins.

Question 31

When comparing endotoxin and exotoxin, which is heat labile

Answer 31

Exotoxin is destroyed rapidly at high temperatures.

Question 32

How does the shiga toxin work?

Answer 32

Inactivates the 60S ribosome by removing the adenine from rRNA

Question 33

How does heat labile toxin from E.coli work?

Answer 33

Increases cAMP levels leading to watery diarhea via increased chloride secretion

Question 34

How does heat stable toxin from E.coli work?

Answer 34

Heat stable works by creating too much cGMP causing resorption of NaCl and water in the gut.

Question 35

How does edema factor work?

Answer 35

Bacillus anthracis Causes increase cAMP Causes the black escar.

Question 36

How does the vibrio cholera work?

Answer 36

Overactivates Gs leading to increased Cl secretion in the gut and H2I efflux.

Question 37

How does pertussis toxin work?

Answer 37

Increases cAMP by disabling Gi impairing phagocytosis.

Question 38

How does Alpha toxin work?

Answer 38

C. Perfrinogen | Is a phospholipase that degrades cell membranes leading to gas gangrene and double zone hemolysis.

Question 39

How does streptolysin work?

Answer 39

S. pyogenes | Degrades cell membrane lysing RBC and contributing to Beta hemolysis.

Question 40

What is bacterial transformation?

Answer 40

Ability to take up naked DNA Adding deocyribonuclease to the environment will degrade the nakd DNA.

Question 41

What is bacterial conjugation?

Answer 41

Plasmid uptaken via sex! | F+ is plasmid gene require for sex pilus and conjugation

Question 42

What is bacterial transposition?

Answer 42

Segment of DNA that can jump from one location to another. | Can transfer genes from plasmid to chromosomes and vice versa.

Question 43

What is bacterial transduction?

Answer 43

A packaging event Lytic phage infects bacterium leading to cleavage of bacterial DNA Just think phages!!!

Question 44

What causes genetic shift/antigenic shift?

Answer 44

Pandemic flus! | Caused by reasortment of genome segments between different animals.

Question 45

What causes genetic drift/ antigenic drift?

Answer 45

Causes epidemics Changes based on random HA and NA mutations in the flu virus.

Question 46

Name the ToRCHeS infections

Answer 46

``` These can be passed from mother to fetus Toxoplasmosis Rubella CMV HIV HSV-2 Syphillis ```