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A - Board Reveiew Misc > Sketchy Micro > Flashcards

Sketchy Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Where can the beta lactamase enzyme be found in gram negative microbes?

A

The periplasmic space

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2
Q

What structure is unique to the gram positive cell wall?

A

Lipoteichoic acid

Gram negative microbes have endotoxin in the outer membrane.

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3
Q

this microbe cell wall structure protects against osmotic pressure

A

Peptidoglycan

Gives rigid support

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4
Q

What does lipoteichoic acid in the gram positive cell walls induce in the host?

A

TNF alpha and IL-1 production.

This is inflammatory.

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5
Q

How does LPS in gram negative cells induce a host response

A

Lipid A induces TNF alpha and IL-1 production
O polysaccharide is the antigen.

It is found in the outer membrane of gram negatives only.

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6
Q

What are bacterial spores composed of?

A

Keratin like coat with dipliclonic acid and peptidoglycan.

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7
Q

What are plasmids composed of?

A

DsDNA

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8
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

Mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces such as indwelling catheters.

Composed of polysaccharides.

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9
Q

what shape is a coccus?

A

Spherical shaped.

Bacillus is rod shaped.

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10
Q

What are the two pleomorphic microbes?

A

Chlamydia and Rickettsiae both visualized with giemsa staining.

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11
Q

What does PAS staining technique target?

A

Targets glycogen
Used to diagnose whipple disease
PAS the Sugar

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12
Q

Ziehl Neelsen staining

A

Also known as carbol fuchsin used to stain acid fast bacteria.
Mycobacteria, nocardia,

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13
Q

Chocolate agar with factor V (NAD) and factor X (hematin)

A

This is plating for H. influenza

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14
Q

Thayer martin Agar

A

For neisseria species

Has trimethoprim, colistin, and nystatin.

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15
Q

What compounds are in Thayer Martin Agar?

A

Trimethoprim
Colistin
Nystatin

For neiseria species.

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16
Q

Bordet Gengou agar made from potatoes or regan lowe medium composed of charcoal, blood, and antibiotic are used for culturing…..

A

Used for culturing bordetella pertussis

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17
Q

Tellurite agar and Loffler Medium

A

T. diptheria

Laughing child and big TV

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18
Q

Lowenstein Jensen Agar

A

M. Tuberculosis

“General Store”

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19
Q

Eaton Agar requiring cholesteron

A

M pneumonia

20
Q

MacConkey Agar

A

For lactose fermenting

Produces acid causing colonies to turn pink.

21
Q

Eosin-Methylene blue EMB agar

A

E.Coli

Will present with a green metallic sheen,

22
Q

Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron

A

Used to culture legionella.

23
Q

Sabouraud agar

A

Fungi culture

24
Q

Protein A

A

Binds Fc region of IgG preventing opsonization and phagocytosis.

S. Aureus uses this!!!

25
Q

IgA protease

A 
Enzyme cleaves IgA 
S. pneumo (shield)
H. Influenzae
Neisseria (Ace card in hat)
Use these
26
Q

M protein

A

Helps prevent phagocytosis by Strep Pyogenes.

27
Q

Which type of bacteria generally produces ednotoxins?

A

Generally only be gram negative.

howevere some gram positive can as well. Its important to realize as well that endotoxin is not secreted where as exotoxin is.

28
Q

When comparing endotoxin and exotoxin, which is normally encoded in the bacterial chromosome

A

Endotoxin.

Exotoxin is coded by plasmids usually.

29
Q

When comparing endo and exotoxin, which needs only a small dose to be fatal

A

Exotoxin

30
Q

when making vaccines, can endotoxins or exotoxins be made into a vaccine?

A

Exotoxins can be used to make toxoid vaccines.

No vaccines can be made for endotoxins.

31
Q

When comparing endotoxin and exotoxin, which is heat labile

A

Exotoxin is destroyed rapidly at high temperatures.

32
Q

How does the shiga toxin work?

A

Inactivates the 60S ribosome by removing the adenine from rRNA

33
Q

How does heat labile toxin from E.coli work?

A

Increases cAMP levels leading to watery diarhea via increased chloride secretion

34
Q

How does heat stable toxin from E.coli work?

A

Heat stable works by creating too much cGMP causing resorption of NaCl and water in the gut.

35
Q

How does edema factor work?

A

Bacillus anthracis
Causes increase cAMP
Causes the black escar.

36
Q

How does the vibrio cholera work?

A

Overactivates Gs leading to increased Cl secretion in the gut and H2I efflux.

37
Q

How does pertussis toxin work?

A

Increases cAMP by disabling Gi impairing phagocytosis.

38
Q

How does Alpha toxin work?

A

C. Perfrinogen

Is a phospholipase that degrades cell membranes leading to gas gangrene and double zone hemolysis.

39
Q

How does streptolysin work?

A

S. pyogenes

Degrades cell membrane lysing RBC and contributing to Beta hemolysis.

40
Q

What is bacterial transformation?

A

Ability to take up naked DNA

Adding deocyribonuclease to the environment will degrade the nakd DNA.

41
Q

What is bacterial conjugation?

A

Plasmid uptaken via sex!

F+ is plasmid gene require for sex pilus and conjugation

42
Q

What is bacterial transposition?

A

Segment of DNA that can jump from one location to another.

Can transfer genes from plasmid to chromosomes and vice versa.

43
Q

What is bacterial transduction?

A

A packaging event
Lytic phage infects bacterium leading to cleavage of bacterial DNA

Just think phages!!!

44
Q

What causes genetic shift/antigenic shift?

A

Pandemic flus!

Caused by reasortment of genome segments between different animals.

45
Q

What causes genetic drift/ antigenic drift?

A

Causes epidemics

Changes based on random HA and NA mutations in the flu virus.

46
Q

Name the ToRCHeS infections

A 
These can be passed from mother to fetus 
Toxoplasmosis
Rubella
CMV
HIV
HSV-2
Syphillis

A - Board Reveiew Misc (64 decks)

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