Pathology of Diabetes

Question 1

Diabetes mellitus acutely manifests in what way?

Answer 1

Acutely manifests as decreased serum glucose uptake, increased protein catabolism and increased lipolysis.

Ultimately leads to dehydration as well!
Polyddipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss, DKA, hyperosmolar coma (type 2)

Question 2

How will diabetes mellitus manifest chronically?

Answer 2

Small vessel disease
Retinopathy
Large vessel atherosclerosis

Sorbitol accumulates in organs with aldolase reductase (eyes)

Question 3

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 3

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells.
Requires exogenous insulin.
Ketoacidosis is very common

Question 4

Which diabetes form presents with islet leukocytic infiltrate?

Answer 4

Type 1 diabetes

Question 5

What is Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 5

Increased resistance to insulin with progressive pancreatic beta cell failure.
Secondary to obesity or excessive exposure to sugar.
Very strong genetic disposition.

Question 6

Which diabetes type will present with islet amyloid polypeptide deposits?

Answer 6

Type II diabetes!

Question 7

When will a diabetic present with diabetic ketoacidosis?

Answer 7

Usually is due to increased insulin requirements from increased stress.

Leads to excessive fat break down and ketogenisis from free fatty acids.

Look for kussmaul respirations, hyperglycemia, low pH, low bicarb etc.

Question 8

What is the treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis?

Answer 8

IV fluids
IV insulin
And K+

Question 9

What causes glaucoma?

Answer 9

Tumor of the pancreatic alpha cells leading to an overproduction of glucagon.

Presents with dermatitis, diabetes, DVT, and depression.