Reproductive anatomy/Phys First Aid

Question 1

Sonic headgehog gene

Answer 1

Produced at the zone of polarizing activity.
Involved in patterning along the anterior/posterior axis.

Mutation can cause holoproencephaly as its involved in brain maturation.

Question 2

Wnt-7 gene

Answer 2

Apical ectoderma ridge necessary for proper organization along the dorsal ventral axis.

Question 3

FGF gene

Answer 3

apica ectodermal ridge

Stimulates mitosis of the underlying mesoderm providing limb lengthening.

Question 4

Homeobox (HOX) genes

Answer 4

Involved in segmental organization in craniocaudal direction.

With mutations you end up with limbs in the wrong locations.

Question 5

What problem can aminoglycosides cause in utero?

Answer 5

Loss of cranial nerve 8

Loss of ear function.

Question 6

What teratogenic effect do folate antagonists have?

Answer 6

Neural tube defects.

Question 7

What teratogenic effect does lithium have?

Answer 7

Ebstein abormality which is an atrialized right ventrical.

Question 8

What teratogenic effects does phenytoin carry?

Answer 8

Fetal hyantoin syndrome

Cleft palate, cardiac defects, phalanx/fingernail hypoplasia.

Question 9

What teratogenic effect do tetracyclnes cause?

Answer 9

Discolored teeth

Question 10

What teratogenic effects does valproate carry?

Answer 10

inhibition of maternal folate absorption leading to neural tube defects.

Question 11

What effect can maternal diabetes have on the child?

Answer 11

Caudal regression syndrome, congenital heart defects, and neural tube defects.

Question 12

Which fetal component of the placenta secretes hCG?

Answer 12

The synctiotrophoblasts.

Question 13

What does the umbilical vein drain into?

Answer 13

Supplies oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus and drains into the inferior vena cava via the liver or ductus venosus.

Question 14

What gives rise to the branchial clefts?

Answer 14

Derived from ectoderm

Question 15

What give rise to the branchial arches?

Answer 15

Derived from mesodern

Question 16

What gives rise to the branchial pouches?

Answer 16

Derived from endoderm

Question 17

What does the first branchial cleft develop into in the adult?

Answer 17

External auditory meatus

Question 18

What does the second through 4th branchial clefts derive into in the adult?

Answer 18

Temporary cervical sinuses.

Question 19

Which cranial nerves come from the first branchial arch?

Answer 19

CN V2 and V3 allowing chewing.

Deals with mandible, malleus, incus, mandibular ligament etc.

Question 20

Which cranial nerves come from the second branchial arch?

Answer 20

Stapes, styloid, lesser horn of hyoid etc…

Muscles of facial expression in this zone so think CN 7.

Question 21

Which cranial nerves come from the third branchial arch?

Answer 21

Stylopharanygeus comes in here and it is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.

So think CN 9 to swallow.

Question 22

Which cranial nerve comes from the fourth through 6th branchial arch?

Answer 22

these are all teh swallowing and larynx muscles.

Thus, 4th arch: CN X superior laryngeal branch for swallowing.

Arch 6 has all the larynx intrinsics except for the cricothyroid so CN X recurrent laryngeal branch.

Question 23

Which internal larynx muscle is not innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branch of CN x?

Answer 23

The cricothyroid

Question 24

Di George syndrome

Answer 24

Abberent development of 3rd and 4th branchial pouches leading to T-cell deficiency and hypocalcemia (failure of PTH development)

Also associated with cardiac defects

Question 25

MEN 2A defect

Answer 25

Mutation of germline RET neural crest cells.
Pheochromocytoma
Parathyroid tumor
Parafollicular cell loss.

Question 26

Describe female development of genitals

Answer 26

Mesonephric duct degenerates and paramesonephric duct develops.

Paramesonephric = Mullerian duct which develops into female internal structures including fallopian tubes, uterus, upper portion of vagina.

Question 27

Describe the male development of genitals

Answer 27

SRY gene on Y chromosome produces testis determening factor.

This causes sertoli cells to secrete mullerian inhibitory factor.
Leydig cells then promote mesonephric (wolffian) development

Question 28

What develops from the wolfian duct?

Answer 28

Seminal vesicles, epididymus, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens
“SEED”

Question 29

What does the genital tubercle become in men?

Women?

Answer 29

Glans penis and corpus cavernosum/spongiosum

Clitoris and vestibular bulbs

Question 30

What does the urogenital sinus become in men and women?

Answer 30

In men it becomes the bulbourethral glands of cowper and the prostate.

In women it becomes the greater vestibular glands of bartholin and urethral/paraurethral glands of skene.

Question 31

What do the urogenital folds become in men and women?

Answer 31

In men the fold becomes the ventral shaft of the penis and urethra.

In women the fold becomes the labia minora.

Question 32

Describe the autonomic control of the male sexual response

Answer 32

Point and shoot
Parasympathetics lead to erection via Nitrous oxide increasing cGMP pathway.

Emmision is via the sympathetic nervous system (hypogastric nerve)

Ejaculation is visceral an somatic pudendal control.

Question 33

Which gestational hormone prevents the release of LH and FSH?

Answer 33

Progesterone

“Pro Gestastion”