Skeletal System Flashcards
The skeletal system functions as __ __ for our tissues and ___ and is made up of ___, ___, ___ and ____
structural support, organs, bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
In vertebrates, the skeleton is comprised of an ___, which means with is within the body. The hard parts of it are the bones, which are living __ ___ that is hard and ___, cartilage, which is ___ __ ___ that is soft and ___ which ___ the joints and provides lighter structural support
endoskeleton, connective tissue, strong, avascular connective tissue, flexible, cushions
The ligaments connect __ to ____, and this is important for __ and for preventing excess movement in the __ ___.
bone, bone, stabilizing, wrong direction
Tendons connect ___ to ___ and allow movement to occur. When muscles ___ they pull on the bone connected to it, which causes the part of the body to move with it. Tendons are quite ___ and able to transmit a lot of ___
muscle, bone, contract, strong, force
Bones support __ __, protect __ ___, and assist in ___ __. They also provide __ ___, as they can be broken down for ___ in the blood, or have them stored in the bone for later. The bones are also the site ____ ____ ____, because the __ __ cells are located in the ___ __ ___. The bones store energy in the form of ___ _ in the ____ bone marrow. The bone also participate in __ __, as cells in the bone can produce a hormone involved in __ ___
soft tissue, internal organs, body movement, mineral storage, calcium, red blood cell production, hematopoeic stem, red bone marrow, adipose tissue, yellow, endocrine regulation, energy metabolism
Immature bone is also known as _____ ____ and is quite ____, much less ___ and has a __ structure. This type of bone is the first to grow during ___ and during __ ___
woven bone, weak, mineralized, disorganized, development, fracture healing
Mature bone is also known as ____ ___, is much stronger, ___ and ____ structure that allows it withstand a lot of force. It ____ immature bone over time. There are ___ and ___ types
lamellar bone, compact, organized, replaces, compact, spongy
Bone is a living tissue, meaning it does not remain ____. It is constantly _ ___ in the process of __ ___. This refreshes the bone, allows it to ___/ increase ___ to mechanical force and keeps bone new and ____. It also allows bone build up on specific __ __ __ that are frequently used, and adapt to specific types of ____
stagnant, turned over, bone remodelling, adapt, density, durable, muscle attachment sites, movement
The _____ skeleton consists of bones along the central axis of the body. It consists of the ____, the __ ___, and the __ ___. These bones are critical for protecting organs and providing a __ __ for everything else to attach to
axial, skull, rib cage, vertebral column, central framework
The ____ skeleton is composed of everything that is not the axial skeleton, It consists of the arms and legs, as well as the bones that connect them to the axial skeleton, like the __ ___ which consists of the shoulder blades and clavicals, and the __ ___. This primarily functions in ___
apendicular, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, movement
___ are immovable joints that hold together bones in a firm way. They are found primarily in the ____, where they protect the brain. These are composed of dense __ ___
sutures, skull, connective tissue
Moveable joints allow for movement and ___ to occur between two adjacent bones. The types are the ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ ___ __, and ___, which all allow for different amounts of movement
flexibility, plane, hinge, condylar, pivot, ball and socket, saddle
joints made of fibrous connective tissue that are rigid and don’t allow for movement
fibrous joints
Joints connected entirely by cartilage, allowing for some limited movement and shock absorbance
cartilaginous
__ joints are the most common type in the body. They are filled with __ ___ which lubricates it, and allows for __ movement
synovial, synovial fluid, ample
the point of attachment of muscle to the stationary bone
origin point
point of attachment of muscle to the bone that moves
insertion point
Bone cells that are undifferentiated and capable of differentiating into osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoprogenitor cells serve as a ___ of cells for osteoblasts and replenish them when needed, such as during __ __ or a ___
reservoir, bone remodelling, fracture
Bone cells that are responsible for secreting bone
osteoblasts
Osteoblasts secret the ___ parts of bone like ____. As they do this, they eventually get ____ within it, transforming into ____>
organic, collagen, trapped, osteocytes
The most abundant type of bone cells
Osteocytes
Osteocytes maintain bone by exchanging __ and __ throughout the bone structure via their __ ___. They can ___ with neighboring bone cells and are critical to bone ___, as they constantly monitor __ on the bone to regulate its remodelling
nutrients, waste, cellular extensions, communicate, homeostasis, stresses
Bone cells that break down bone
osteoclasts
When osteoclasts break down bone, they release ____ and other minerals back into the blood. They have multiple ___.
calcium, nuclei
Spongy bone is also called ___ or __ bone. It is usually located on the __ of the bone and has a ___ structure
cancellous, trabecular, inside, porous
Compact bone is also called ___ bone and forms the ___ layer of all bones and is more __ and ___ in its organization. It provides ___, __ and ___ to the skeletal system
cortical, outer, dense, solid, strength, rigidity, support
The compact bone consists of circular layers of bone called ____, that surround a hollow central opening called a __ __, which contain nerves, __ __ and __ __ that travel throughout the bone. These are interconnected by ____ __, which are connected to the outermost layer of the bone, the ____.
lamellae, haversion canal, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, volkmann’s canal, periosteum
The organization of the haversian canal and surrounding lamellae is called an ____, and this the fundamental __ ____ of the compact bone. Embedded within the lamellae are the ____, within tiny spaces called ____. These tiny spaces are connected to each other by tiny canals called ___. Although osteocyte movement is limited, they can still extend parts of their cells into the ____ to communicate with other cells, exchange nutrients and __, and maintain __ ___
osteon, functional unit, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi, canaliculi, waste, bone homeostasis
Spongy bones are composed of ____ which are thin bone networks arranged in a messy ___. Spongy bones are much more ___, and due to its holes, has more __ __ moving through it. The __ and ___bone marrow is also found in the spongy bone.
trabeculae, lattice, flexible, blood vessels, red, yellow
Long bones have a long ___ with two ___ ends. They are mostly found in the ____
shaft, distinct, limbs
The periosteum is a ___ __ that surrounds the whole bone. It contains ___ __ and __. It also contains __ and ____ cells
thin membrane, blood vessels, nerves, osteoprogenitor, osteoblast
Another membrane of the bone under the periosteum that serves similar functions to it
endosteum
The _____ are the ends of the bone that contain spongy bone with __ __ __ on the inside and ___ bone on the outside. The ___ epiphysis is the one closer to the center of the body, while the one that is farther away is called the ____.
epiphysis, red bone marrow, compact, proximal, distal
The ______ separates the epiphysis and the diaphysis, and contains spongy bone with __ __ __. It also contains the __ ___ which is a source of ___ ____. This is because it contains __ __ that can divide and make our bones longer. At some point the cartilage cells are replaced by __ __ and at this point the plate is no longer capable of __- growth. At this point, it is called the __ __-
metaphysis, red bone marrow, epiphyseal plate, line, bone growth, cartilage cells, bone cells, vertical, epiphyseal line
The _____ is the center shaft of the bone, which has ____ ___ on the outside, and spongy bone on the inside that contains __ __ __
diaphysis, compact bone, yellow bone marrow
Bone is mainly composed of ____, which is the major triple helix protein found in bone that provides __, and _____, which is intertwined with __ _____.
collagen, flexibility, support, hydroxyapatite crystals
Hydroxyapatite crystals are made of __ and ______. It gives bone its ___ and ____, and resistance to high amounts of force
phosphate, calcium, hardness, rigidity
__ ___ is the main calcium compound in bone. Almost all the calcium in the body is contained in the bones and ___
calcium phosphate, teeth
In __ ___, cartilage is first formed, which are replaced overtime by the movement of ___ and ___ into the area and their depositing of __ ___ around them. the bones of the _____, ___, ___ and ___ are all formed through this method, as well as most bones
endochondral ossification, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone tissue, limbs, spine, hands, feet
In ___ __, ___, or undifferentiated connective tissue, develop into ____ which begin to produce bone. This type of bone formation is less common and seen in the __ ___ of the skull, the bones in the ___ and the _____
intramembranous ossification, mesenchyme, osteoblasts, flat bones, face, clavicles
