Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Combination of aerobic and anaerobic catabolic pathways that break down organic molecules (e.g. glucose) to produce ATP
cellular respiration
Mitochondria are the site of __ ___ __ to synthesize ATP. The higher the __ __ of a cell are, the more mitochondria it will have. For example __ __ have few mitochondria, while ___ cells can have up to thousands
aerobic cellular respiration, energy needs, retinal cells, muscle
Mitochondria have their own ___ DNA that replicates ____. This DNA is exclusively inherited from the ___. They also contain their own ___
circular, independently, mother, ribosomes
The outer membrane of the mitochondria is ___ and encompasses the entire mitochondria. Between the outer and inner membrane is the __ __. The inner membrane contain ___, highly folded regions that increases the ___ __, allowing more ATP to be made. The space enclosed by the inner membrane is the __ ___, and is where the __ and __ are found
smooth, intermembrane space, cristae, surface are, mitochondrial matrix, ribosomes, DNA
Glycolysis takes place in the _____ of the cell, while the citric acid cycle takes place in the ___ __. The electron transport chain takes place in the ___ ____ ____
cytosol, mitchondrial matrix, inner mitochondrial membrane
The overall reaction of cellular respiration is _______ –> ________. It is a ___ reaction that is overall __ and ____
C5H12O6 + 6O2, 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy, combustion, oxidative, exergonic
Production of ATP using direct transfer of phosphate groups to ADP using enzyme catalyzed reactions
substrate level phosphorylation
production of ATP using energy from redox reactions of the ETC
oxidative phosphorylation
The overall reaction of glycolysis is ___ –> ____
glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP, 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH + 2H2O
Glycolysis produces ATP via __ __ ___, and does not require ___ to occur
substrate level phosphorylation, oxygen
In the first step of glycolysis, the enzyme ___ uses 1 molecule of ___ to convert glucose into _____. This gives the glucose molecule a ___ charge and prevents it from ___ the cell
hexokinase, ATP, glucose-6-phosphate, negative, leaving
Later in glycolysis ____ uses up an ATP molecule to convert ____ to ____. This is an ___ step that commits the molecule to glycolysis. When ATP is high, PFK is ____, preventing glycolysis from occurring. When ATP is low, PFK is in ___
phosphofructosekinase, fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-biphosphate, irreversible, inhibited, abundance
In glycolysis there is an __ ___ phase, in which 2 ATP are used, and a later __ phase, in which __ ATP and 2 ____ are produced, making a net ___ ATP
initial investment, paygoff, 4, NADH, 2
Glycolysis takes a 6 carbon glucose and turns it into ___ ___ carbon molecules of ____. The 2 molecules of NADH produced are __ __ useful for the later steps of cellular respiration
2, 3, pyruvate, energy carriers
After glycolysis, if oxygen is present, pyruvate is converted to ___ ___, producing 1 ___, and 1 ____. This is catalyzed by the ___ __ ___. This cycle happens twice, and thus produces ____ of each product. This is called __ ___ and occurs in the __ __
acetyl CoA, NADH, CO2, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, 2, pyruvate decarboxylation, mitochondrial matrix
In the first step of the citric acid cycle, acetyl coa enters and merges with __ to form ___. This product will go through __ more steps, and eventually ___ is reformed. The cycle repeats ___ times for every glucose molecule, and is __ ___ phosphorylation
oxaloacetate, citrate, 7, oxaloacetate, 2, substrate level
During one turn of the citric acid cycle, 1 _____, __ NADH, and __ FADH2 and ___ CO2 that are exhaled are produced. Thus each glucose will produce double the number of these products
GTP, 3, 1, 2
NADH and FADH2 are ___ ___ molecules that function as high energy __ ___. They pick up these electrons from the __ __ ___ and are used in the ETC
coenzyme nucleotide, electron carriers, citric acid cycle
In the electron transport chain NADH and FADH2 are ___ back to __ and ___, where they can function again in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
oxidized, NAD, FAD
NADH passes an electron over to ___ __ and FADH2 passes an electron to __ __. As high energy electrons pass through each of the __ in the ETC, the ____ energy provided is used to pump ___ ions from the _______ __ to the ___ ___, where it accumulates. Thus, the amount of energy the electrons has ___ over the chain.
complex I, complex II, proteins, exergonic, H+, mitochondrial matrix, intermembrane space, decreases
In the final step of the ETC, electrons are transferred from complex ___ to ___, which is the final electron acceptor. The __, protons and electrons combine to form ___, the final product.
4, oxygen, O2, water
The protons have formed an __ ___. Through ____, the protons flow through __ ___, which uses this energy to make ATP from ADP. This process combined with the ETC makes up __ __
electrochemical gradient, chemiosmosis, ATP synthase, oxidative phosphorylation
The electron transport chain produces ___ ATP. Since energy is required to move NADH into the mitochondria, in eukaryotes, the total ATP produced is __-
34, 36
Anaerobic respiration still uses glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the ETC, but instead use molecules like ___, ___, and ___ as the final electron acceptor, rather than oxygen
SO4, NO3, S
In fermentation, ___ still occurs, but in the absence of oxygen, ___ does not undergo pyruvate decarboxylation. Fermentation occurs in the ___
glycolysis, pyruvate, cytoplasm
In alcohol fermentation, which occurs in __ and some ____, pyruvate is converted into ___ and ____. Then acetaldehyde and ___ is used to make ___ and NAD+. This will replenish the NAD+ to reuse in ____. ___ acts as the final electron acceptor. This fermentation process does not produce additional ___
yeast, bacteria, acetaldehyde, CO2, NADH, ethanol, glycolysis, acetaldehyde, ATP
lactic acid fermentation takes place in human ___ cells, __ and ___. It produces ___ and __ from pyruvate and NADH. The lactate is transported to the __ where it is transformed back into glucose in the ____ ____, once oxygen is available. This occurs in muscle cells during intense ___, when oxygen is depleted. This process does not directly produce ___, just allows ___ to be replenished for further glycolysis
muscle, fungi, bateria, liver, lactate, NAD+, cori cycle, exercise, ATP, NAD+
Prokaryotes that participate in aerobic respiration yields ______, and the ETC takes place across the __ ___. Thus, they do not need to use ATP to transport any intermediates to the __ ___
38, cellular membrane, mitochondrial membrane
The sum of an organism’s chemical reactions, involves both anaerobic and catabolic pathways
cellular metabolism
The process of making glycogen from glucose to store in times of excess for later use
glycogenesis
glycogenolysis and other metabolic processes involve converting glucose or other ____ into ______, which is incorporated into many pathways including glycolysis
carbohydrates, glucose-6-phosphate
The process of breaking down stored glycogen
glycogenolysis
___ is the process of synthesizing glucose from non carbohydrates like proteins and lipids. This occurs in the __ and the ____
gluconeogenesis, liver, kidney
Insulin is released by the ___ when glucose is in ____. It is an endocrine hormones that triggers cells to bring in glucose and convert it into ____, as well as undergo ____
pancreas, excess, glycogen, glycolysis
Glucagon is released by the ___ when glucose is ____. It acts upon cells to trigger __, and inhibit __ and _ in places like the skeletal muscle
pancreas, low, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, glycolysis
The main fats that you ingest are called ___ and they can enter the pathway of glucose catabolism. ___ can also do this but the process is more complex
triglycerides, cholesterol
Triglycerides are composed of a ___ backbone ___ to 3 ___ ___ chains. To obtain energy from it, it needs to be broken apart into its components via _____ in a process called ____. The glycerol can be __ and converted into ____, which is a glycolysis intermediate
glycerol, fatty acid, lipase, lipolysis, phosphorylated, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
The fatty acids of triglycerides under ____ in the ___ ___
beta-oxidation, mitochondrial matrix
In beta oxidation, __ carbons are broken off and make _____ for the krebs cycle. This process also produces 1 ___ and.1 ____. This happens over and over until the fatty acid chain is broken down. This is why fats can make more __ than glucose
2, acetyl-CoA, NADH, FADH2, ATP
The body prefers to use carbohydrates as an energy source because it is __ __. In particular, the ___ likes to use glucose, but when there isn’t enough, it will use _____, which is a byproduct of ___ breakdown. These come from fatty acids in the __, and can be funnelled into the ___ __
readily available, brain, ketone, fat, liver, krebs cycle
proteins are the least ___ source of energy and are only used when carbs and fats are ____. Proteins can be broken down into amino acid and used to make ___, __ and ____ for the krebs cycle. For this to occur, the __ group needs to be removed from the amino acid
desriable, unavailable, acetyl-coa, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, nitrgoen
Most amino acids are (oxidatively) ____ in the _____, a required step to make metabolic intermediates. The resulting product is ___ which is converted to ____, which is removed in the urine
deaminated, liver, ammonia, urea
Nucleic acids aren’t used to generate ____. When they are broken down, the different components can be salvaged to make new __ or certain parts can be excreted in the form of ___
energy, nucleotides, urea
