Excretory System 2 Flashcards
Marine fish have a body that is ___ to the environment. This means water is constantly ___ by osmosis, so they have to be constantly ____ water and ___ urinate. They secrete accumulated salts through their ___
hypotonic, lost, drinking, rarely, gills
Fresh water fish have bodies that are ___ to the environment, thus water is constantly moving ___ and the fish are rarely drinking, and constantly ____. They ___ salt through their gills
hypertonic, in, urinating, absorb
Protozoans and cnidarians have all cells that are in contact with the ___, ____ environment. They excrete water soluble wastes like ___ and ___ that exit via __ ___. Protists. such as ___ and amoebas possess. __ ___ for excess water excretion via active transport
external, aqueous, CO2, ammonia, simple diffusion, paramecium, contractile vacuole
Annelids excrete CO2 directly through their __ __. _____ are the functional unit of excretion that occur in pairs within each segment of annelids. ___ ___ enters one through a ____ opening called a ____ and concentrate through a. ___ ___. due to selective secretion into surrounding __ ___. ___ that surrounds the tubule reabsorbs the fluid. Water, salts and urea are excreted through an __ ___.
moist skin, nephridia, intersititial fluid, ciliated, nephrostome, collecting tubule, coelomic. fluid, blood, excretory pore
Platyhelminthes possess ___ ___ which bundle to form ____ ____ that combine further to form _____. They are distributed along a ____ tube system that permeates the flatworm. Body fluids are filtered across flame cells, whose ___ move fluid through the ___ __. Wastes exit through the __ of the tube. These are also found in ____.
flame cells, flame bulbs, protonephridia, branched, cilia, tube system, pores, rotifera
Arthropods release CO2 from their tissues via the ___, which lead to the external air via ____. ___ ___ are found in most terrestrial arthropods and are tubules that attach at the junction between the midgut and the hindgut. They collect body fluid from the ___ that bathes the cells. Fluids include nitrogenous wastes including __ ___ ___. As fluids pass through the hindgut, retained materials pass out of ____ and wastes continue down the tract for excretion through the ____.
trachea, spiracles, malpighian tubules, hemolymph, uric acid crystals, walls, anus
Aquatic crustaceans use __ ____ instead, which function similar to malpighian tubules
green glands
In the lungs, ___ and ___ gas diffuse from the blood and are continually exhaled.
CO2, H2O
The liver is the ___ internal organ that processes ___ ___, blood pigment wastes, other chemicals and produces ___ via the __ ___
largest, nitrogenous wastes, urea, urea cycle
__ __ in the skin secrete water and dissolved ___ to regulate body temperature. The skin is the ___ organ overall, and sweat gland function ___ as we age
sweat glands, salts, largest, decreases
The kidney has three regions, the __ __, the __ __ and the ___ __ which drains to the ureter. Each kidney has many ____ the functional unit of the kidney. The kidneys maintain ____ of body fluid volume and ___ composition, as well as regulates __ ___.
outer cortex, inner medulla, renal pelvis, nephrons, homeostasis, solute, blood pressure
The kidney excretes waste via the path _____ to ___ to ___ to ____.
kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra.
Nephrons are composed of a ___ ___ and a ___ __ and function to reabsorb nutrients, ___, and water.
renal corpuscle, renal tubule, salts
The renal corpuscle contains the ___ which acts as a sieve and the ___ ____ which encloses it. The latter also. contains two ____, an _____ one that leads to the glomerulus and an ___ one that leads out of it.
glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, arterioles, afferent, efferent
___ __ forces plasma through the _____ of the glomerular endothelium and into the __ __. These pores screen out __ __ and large ___ from entering the bowman’s capsule. The fluid that does get in is called the ___ or __ ___. ___ are cells in the Bowman’s capsule that filter blood by holding back large molecules and allowing smaller molecules like ___, water and salts through
hydrostatic pressure, fenestrations, bowman’s capsule, blood cells, proteins, filtrate, primary. urine, podocytes, sugars
After the efferent arteriole passes out of the glomerulus, it just webs around the entire nephron structure as the ___ ____ and ___ ____ before dumping back into the __ __ of the renal vein
peritubular capillaries, convoluted tubule, renal branch
The peritubular capillaries surround the __ ___ __ and ___ ___ __ and reabsorb materials
proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule
The vasa recta surrounds the __ ___ ___ in the kidney’s ___ and maintains the ____ __, and it’s saltiness
loop of henle, medulla, concentration gradient
The renal corpuscle leads to. the renal tubule which contains the. ___ __ __, the __ ___ ___, the __ ___ ___, and the ___ ____
proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
The proximal convoluted tubule is where active reabsorption of almost all ___, __ __ and some ___ as well as active reabsorption of __ and ___ begins. Water follows these ions out so the cortex is not ____. Most reabsorption take place here.
glucose, amino acids, NaCl, K+, HCO3-, salty
In the proximal convoluted tubule, ____, ___ and ___ also get secreted into the filtrate. ____ ions are secreted in as well via anti-port with Na+
drugs, toxins, NH3, H+,
The net result of the PCT is to ___ the amount of filtrate, but the ___ stays roughly the same. PCT cells have a lot of ___ due to all of the active reabsorption. that takes place here.
reduce, concentration, mitochondria
The loop of henle makes up a ___ of the nephron. The _____ loop is only permeable to water via lots of ___. The solute concentration in the tube ___ as a result. The ___ loop makes the renal medulla salty. First ___ and then ___ by pumping out NaCl. The ascending loop is also ___ to water and solute concentration ____ as a result in the tube.
majority, descending, aquaporins, increases, ascending, passively, actively, impermeable, decreases
In the distal convoluted tubule, more reabsorption of ___, __ and ___ occurs so the cortex isn’t salty. The filtrate, ___ and ___ gets actively pulled out and reabsorbed into the body, and ___ and __ are actively secreted into the tubule. Some water ___ gets pulled out but overall the filtrate concentration is ____.
glucose, ions, water, NaCl, HCO3, K+, H+, passively, lowered
__ can act on the distal tubule to increase its permeability to water, which is normally not permeable. It does this by increasing the amount of ___ / ___ ___, in other words, more K+ is ___ by the tubule as more Na+ is _____ from the tubule. Water follows the Na+ ___ and the concentration of the filtrate ____. _____ can also increase the permeability to water, but to a lesser extent
aldosterone, Na+/K+ antiport, secreted, resorbed, out, increases, ADH
The collecting duct collects the remaining ____. What happens here is highly dependent on what ____. are acting on it. Resorption of NaCl is at the upper part of the ____, and the collecting duct is largely ___ to water unless ___ acts on it. The body uses this hormone to control how much water we ____. ___ is also resorbed here, which maintains the medulla’s ______. One collecting duct is shared by many ___
filtrate, hormone, medulla, impermeable, ADH, retain, urea, osmolarity, nephrons
When urea re enters the collecting tubule at the loop of henle
urea recycling
Urea in the collecting duct first descends to the ___ (salty part) where ____ can make more water leave from urine by increasing the ___ of the collecting duct via increased ___. This increases the __ of urine. _____ can also act on the collecting duct by increasing ___ reabsorption, resulting in water passively following Na+. By the time the urine emerges, it usually has varying amounts of water, ___, ___, __ and ____.
medulla, ADH, permeability, aquaporins, concentration, aldosterone, urea, NaCl, K+, creatinine
___ blocks the creation of ___ and leads to more urine output since less water is resorbed by the body.
alcohol vasopressin
In the process of urine formation, the fluid known as ___, passes through the ___ __, the ___ and the __ __ to the rest of the nephron. It is pushed through the __ ___, and particles that are too large to filter through such as blood cells or ___ remain in the circulatory system. This is a ___ process that is driven by the hydrostatic pressure of blood
filtrate, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, bowman’s capsule, albumen, passive
In urine reabsorption, glucose, salts, and ___ ___ are reabsorbed from filtrate and return to the ___. This process takes place primarily in the ___ ___ ___ via ___ transport. The only passive transport here is the movement of water and the leaving of ____. At the __ ___ ___ NaCl and bicarbonate are actively reabsorbed, allowing water to passively follow
amino acids, blood, proximal. convoluted tubule, active, bicarbonate, distal convoluted tubule
During urine secretion, substances such as ____, ___, __, ___ and ions are secreted by both passive and active transport from the ___ ___ and ___ the nephron
acids, bases, ammonia, drugs, peritubular capillaries, into
The last step is urine ___. When we’re dehydrated, the volume of fluid in the bloodstream is ___ so we need to make small amounts of concentrated urine and increase our ___. __. ___ prevents water loss and increases water retention by making the collecting duct more ___ to water. When blood pressure is ____ aldosterone ____ reabsorption of Na+ by the DCT and collecting duct, which ___ water retention
concentration, low, blood fluids, ADH, permeable, low, increases, increases
To recap the process, ___ occurs in the renal corpuscle, then ___ and __ occurs mostly in the PCT. The filtrate becomes ___ concentrated as it moves down the loop of henle due to the ___ movement of water out of the tube. The filtrate becomes ____ concentrated as it moves up the ascending tube due to passive and active transport of ____ out of the loop, but no movement of water. The DCT dumps into the ___ ___ and the filtrate becomes ___ concentrated again as it descends down it because the surrounding medulla is ___ causing water to leave. The collecting ducts leads to the ___ __ ___, which empties into the __ __. This will drain to the __, then to the ___ __, then to the __.
filtration, reabsorption, secretion, more, passive, less, salts, collecting duct, more, salty, multiple renal calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
The __ __ are an area of closely packed specialized cells lining the DCT that monitor the __ __. If the blood pressure is low, then via __ ___, ___ is secreted which starts the ___ cascade, which tells the __ ___ to synthesize aldosterone and more water is ___ from the DCT and the blood pressure rises and is restored to normal.
macula densa, filtrate pressure, granular cells, renin, angiotensin, adrenal cortex, reabsorbed
Selective permeability of the tubules establishes an ___ _ in the surrounding ____ ____.
osmolarity gradient, interstitial fluid
Urine is __ to the blood and contains a high __ and ___ concentration
hypertonic, urea, solute
The osmolarity gradient is created by the __ and __ of solutes and increases from the ___ to the ___
entering, exiting, cortex, medulla
Because the descending loop is permeable to __ and the ascending loop is permeable to ___ and ___, the medulla is very ___ and facilitates water ___.
water, ions, salts, salty, reabsorption
The innervations of the sympathetic nervous system primarily affect the __ ___ by constricting it, ___ urine output
afferent arterioles, reducing
Humans filter and reclaim _____ L of fluid from the bloodstream through the kidney each day and ___ L are excreted per day
180, 1-2
aquatic animals excrete __ and __ directly into the water, while mammals, sharks and _____ convert NH3 to ___. ____ insects and ____ secrete ___ ___ which is insoluble in water and excreted as a ___ to conserve water.
NH3, NH4, amphibians, urea, birds, reptiles, uric acid, solid
In bird eggs the ____ is a special sac that keeps __ ___ in the form of __ __ away from the embryo
allantois, nitrogenous waste, uric acid
In plants, the excess ___, waste ___, and water vapor leave via __ through the ___ and ___ via transpiration.
CO2, O2, diffusion, stomata, lenticels
