Excretory System 2

Question 1

Marine fish have a body that is ___ to the environment. This means water is constantly ___ by osmosis, so they have to be constantly ____ water and ___ urinate. They secrete accumulated salts through their ___

Answer 1

hypotonic, lost, drinking, rarely, gills

Question 2

Fresh water fish have bodies that are ___ to the environment, thus water is constantly moving ___ and the fish are rarely drinking, and constantly ____. They ___ salt through their gills

Answer 2

hypertonic, in, urinating, absorb

Question 3

Protozoans and cnidarians have all cells that are in contact with the ___, ____ environment. They excrete water soluble wastes like ___ and ___ that exit via __ ___. Protists. such as ___ and amoebas possess. __ ___ for excess water excretion via active transport

Answer 3

external, aqueous, CO2, ammonia, simple diffusion, paramecium, contractile vacuole

Question 4

Annelids excrete CO2 directly through their __ __. _____ are the functional unit of excretion that occur in pairs within each segment of annelids. ___ ___ enters one through a ____ opening called a ____ and concentrate through a. ___ ___. due to selective secretion into surrounding __ ___. ___ that surrounds the tubule reabsorbs the fluid. Water, salts and urea are excreted through an __ ___.

Answer 4

moist skin, nephridia, intersititial fluid, ciliated, nephrostome, collecting tubule, coelomic. fluid, blood, excretory pore

Question 5

Platyhelminthes possess ___ ___ which bundle to form ____ ____ that combine further to form _____. They are distributed along a ____ tube system that permeates the flatworm. Body fluids are filtered across flame cells, whose ___ move fluid through the ___ __. Wastes exit through the __ of the tube. These are also found in ____.

Answer 5

flame cells, flame bulbs, protonephridia, branched, cilia, tube system, pores, rotifera

Question 6

Arthropods release CO2 from their tissues via the ___, which lead to the external air via ____. ___ ___ are found in most terrestrial arthropods and are tubules that attach at the junction between the midgut and the hindgut. They collect body fluid from the ___ that bathes the cells. Fluids include nitrogenous wastes including __ ___ ___. As fluids pass through the hindgut, retained materials pass out of ____ and wastes continue down the tract for excretion through the ____.

Answer 6

trachea, spiracles, malpighian tubules, hemolymph, uric acid crystals, walls, anus

Question 7

Aquatic crustaceans use __ ____ instead, which function similar to malpighian tubules

Answer 7

green glands

Question 8

In the lungs, ___ and ___ gas diffuse from the blood and are continually exhaled.

Answer 8

CO2, H2O

Question 9

The liver is the ___ internal organ that processes ___ ___, blood pigment wastes, other chemicals and produces ___ via the __ ___

Answer 9

largest, nitrogenous wastes, urea, urea cycle

Question 10

__ __ in the skin secrete water and dissolved ___ to regulate body temperature. The skin is the ___ organ overall, and sweat gland function ___ as we age

Answer 10

sweat glands, salts, largest, decreases

Question 11

The kidney has three regions, the __ __, the __ __ and the ___ __ which drains to the ureter. Each kidney has many ____ the functional unit of the kidney. The kidneys maintain ____ of body fluid volume and ___ composition, as well as regulates __ ___.

Answer 11

outer cortex, inner medulla, renal pelvis, nephrons, homeostasis, solute, blood pressure

Question 12

The kidney excretes waste via the path _____ to ___ to ___ to ____.

Answer 12

kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra.

Question 13

Nephrons are composed of a ___ ___ and a ___ __ and function to reabsorb nutrients, ___, and water.

Answer 13

renal corpuscle, renal tubule, salts

Question 14

The renal corpuscle contains the ___ which acts as a sieve and the ___ ____ which encloses it. The latter also. contains two ____, an _____ one that leads to the glomerulus and an ___ one that leads out of it.

Answer 14

glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, arterioles, afferent, efferent

Question 15

___ __ forces plasma through the _____ of the glomerular endothelium and into the __ __. These pores screen out __ __ and large ___ from entering the bowman’s capsule. The fluid that does get in is called the ___ or __ ___. ___ are cells in the Bowman’s capsule that filter blood by holding back large molecules and allowing smaller molecules like ___, water and salts through

Answer 15

hydrostatic pressure, fenestrations, bowman’s capsule, blood cells, proteins, filtrate, primary. urine, podocytes, sugars

Question 16

After the efferent arteriole passes out of the glomerulus, it just webs around the entire nephron structure as the ___ ____ and ___ ____ before dumping back into the __ __ of the renal vein

Answer 16

peritubular capillaries, convoluted tubule, renal branch

Question 17

The peritubular capillaries surround the __ ___ __ and ___ ___ __ and reabsorb materials

Answer 17

proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule

Question 18

The vasa recta surrounds the __ ___ ___ in the kidney’s ___ and maintains the ____ __, and it’s saltiness

Answer 18

loop of henle, medulla, concentration gradient

Question 19

The renal corpuscle leads to. the renal tubule which contains the. ___ __ __, the __ ___ ___, the __ ___ ___, and the ___ ____

Answer 19

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Question 20

The proximal convoluted tubule is where active reabsorption of almost all ___, __ __ and some ___ as well as active reabsorption of __ and ___ begins. Water follows these ions out so the cortex is not ____. Most reabsorption take place here.

Answer 20

glucose, amino acids, NaCl, K+, HCO3-, salty

Question 21

In the proximal convoluted tubule, ____, ___ and ___ also get secreted into the filtrate. ____ ions are secreted in as well via anti-port with Na+

Answer 21

drugs, toxins, NH3, H+,

Question 22

The net result of the PCT is to ___ the amount of filtrate, but the ___ stays roughly the same. PCT cells have a lot of ___ due to all of the active reabsorption. that takes place here.

Answer 22

reduce, concentration, mitochondria

Question 23

The loop of henle makes up a ___ of the nephron. The _____ loop is only permeable to water via lots of ___. The solute concentration in the tube ___ as a result. The ___ loop makes the renal medulla salty. First ___ and then ___ by pumping out NaCl. The ascending loop is also ___ to water and solute concentration ____ as a result in the tube.

Answer 23

majority, descending, aquaporins, increases, ascending, passively, actively, impermeable, decreases

Question 24

In the distal convoluted tubule, more reabsorption of ___, __ and ___ occurs so the cortex isn’t salty. The filtrate, ___ and ___ gets actively pulled out and reabsorbed into the body, and ___ and __ are actively secreted into the tubule. Some water ___ gets pulled out but overall the filtrate concentration is ____.

Answer 24

glucose, ions, water, NaCl, HCO3, K+, H+, passively, lowered

Question 25

__ can act on the distal tubule to increase its permeability to water, which is normally not permeable. It does this by increasing the amount of ___ / ___ ___, in other words, more K+ is ___ by the tubule as more Na+ is _____ from the tubule. Water follows the Na+ ___ and the concentration of the filtrate ____. _____ can also increase the permeability to water, but to a lesser extent

Answer 25

aldosterone, Na+/K+ antiport, secreted, resorbed, out, increases, ADH

Question 26

The collecting duct collects the remaining ____. What happens here is highly dependent on what ____. are acting on it. Resorption of NaCl is at the upper part of the ____, and the collecting duct is largely ___ to water unless ___ acts on it. The body uses this hormone to control how much water we ____. ___ is also resorbed here, which maintains the medulla’s ______. One collecting duct is shared by many ___

Answer 26

filtrate, hormone, medulla, impermeable, ADH, retain, urea, osmolarity, nephrons

Question 27

When urea re enters the collecting tubule at the loop of henle

Answer 27

urea recycling

Question 28

Urea in the collecting duct first descends to the ___ (salty part) where ____ can make more water leave from urine by increasing the ___ of the collecting duct via increased ___. This increases the __ of urine. _____ can also act on the collecting duct by increasing ___ reabsorption, resulting in water passively following Na+. By the time the urine emerges, it usually has varying amounts of water, ___, ___, __ and ____.

Answer 28

medulla, ADH, permeability, aquaporins, concentration, aldosterone, urea, NaCl, K+, creatinine

Question 29

___ blocks the creation of ___ and leads to more urine output since less water is resorbed by the body.

Answer 29

alcohol vasopressin

Question 30

In the process of urine formation, the fluid known as ___, passes through the ___ __, the ___ and the __ __ to the rest of the nephron. It is pushed through the __ ___, and particles that are too large to filter through such as blood cells or ___ remain in the circulatory system. This is a ___ process that is driven by the hydrostatic pressure of blood

Answer 30

filtrate, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, bowman’s capsule, albumen, passive

Question 31

In urine reabsorption, glucose, salts, and ___ ___ are reabsorbed from filtrate and return to the ___. This process takes place primarily in the ___ ___ ___ via ___ transport. The only passive transport here is the movement of water and the leaving of ____. At the __ ___ ___ NaCl and bicarbonate are actively reabsorbed, allowing water to passively follow

Answer 31

amino acids, blood, proximal. convoluted tubule, active, bicarbonate, distal convoluted tubule

Question 32

During urine secretion, substances such as ____, ___, __, ___ and ions are secreted by both passive and active transport from the ___ ___ and ___ the nephron

Answer 32

acids, bases, ammonia, drugs, peritubular capillaries, into

Question 33

The last step is urine ___. When we’re dehydrated, the volume of fluid in the bloodstream is ___ so we need to make small amounts of concentrated urine and increase our ___. __. ___ prevents water loss and increases water retention by making the collecting duct more ___ to water. When blood pressure is ____ aldosterone ____ reabsorption of Na+ by the DCT and collecting duct, which ___ water retention

Answer 33

concentration, low, blood fluids, ADH, permeable, low, increases, increases

Question 34

To recap the process, ___ occurs in the renal corpuscle, then ___ and __ occurs mostly in the PCT. The filtrate becomes ___ concentrated as it moves down the loop of henle due to the ___ movement of water out of the tube. The filtrate becomes ____ concentrated as it moves up the ascending tube due to passive and active transport of ____ out of the loop, but no movement of water. The DCT dumps into the ___ ___ and the filtrate becomes ___ concentrated again as it descends down it because the surrounding medulla is ___ causing water to leave. The collecting ducts leads to the ___ __ ___, which empties into the __ __. This will drain to the __, then to the ___ __, then to the __.

Answer 34

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, more, passive, less, salts, collecting duct, more, salty, multiple renal calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 35

The __ __ are an area of closely packed specialized cells lining the DCT that monitor the __ __. If the blood pressure is low, then via __ ___, ___ is secreted which starts the ___ cascade, which tells the __ ___ to synthesize aldosterone and more water is ___ from the DCT and the blood pressure rises and is restored to normal.

Answer 35

macula densa, filtrate pressure, granular cells, renin, angiotensin, adrenal cortex, reabsorbed

Question 36

Selective permeability of the tubules establishes an ___ _ in the surrounding ____ ____.

Answer 36

osmolarity gradient, interstitial fluid

Question 37

Urine is __ to the blood and contains a high __ and ___ concentration

Answer 37

hypertonic, urea, solute

Question 38

The osmolarity gradient is created by the __ and __ of solutes and increases from the ___ to the ___

Answer 38

entering, exiting, cortex, medulla

Question 39

Because the descending loop is permeable to __ and the ascending loop is permeable to ___ and ___, the medulla is very ___ and facilitates water ___.

Answer 39

water, ions, salts, salty, reabsorption

Question 40

The innervations of the sympathetic nervous system primarily affect the __ ___ by constricting it, ___ urine output

Answer 40

afferent arterioles, reducing

Question 41

Humans filter and reclaim _____ L of fluid from the bloodstream through the kidney each day and ___ L are excreted per day

Answer 41

180, 1-2

Question 42

aquatic animals excrete __ and __ directly into the water, while mammals, sharks and _____ convert NH3 to ___. ____ insects and ____ secrete ___ ___ which is insoluble in water and excreted as a ___ to conserve water.

Answer 42

NH3, NH4, amphibians, urea, birds, reptiles, uric acid, solid

Question 43

In bird eggs the ____ is a special sac that keeps __ ___ in the form of __ __ away from the embryo

Answer 43

allantois, nitrogenous waste, uric acid

Question 44

In plants, the excess ___, waste ___, and water vapor leave via __ through the ___ and ___ via transpiration.

Answer 44

CO2, O2, diffusion, stomata, lenticels