Evolution Flashcards
The changes in allele frequencies that occur over time within a population due to mutation, selection, gene flow, gene drift and nonrandom mating
microevolution
The patterns of changes in groups of related species over broad periods of geologic time
macroevolution
The evolutionary relationships among species and groups of species
phylogeny
The idea that body parts can develop with increased usage and unused parts are weakened
use and disuse theory
The incorrect theory that body features acquired during one’s lifetime can be passed down to offspring
inheritance of acquired characteristics
The idea that organisms produce offspring with changes, transforming each consecutive generation to be slightly more complex
natural transformation of species
the ideal the allele frequencies increase or decrease in order to adapt to the environment
natural selection
when over time and generations, traits providing reproductive advantage become more common within the population
descent with modification
The geography that describes the distribution of species
biogeography
The development of an organism
ontogeny
Body parts that resemble one another between different species that descended from a common ancestor
homologous structures
body parts that resemble one another between different species that evolved independently; similar structure as adaptations to similar environments
analogous structures / homoplasies
examines nucleotide and amino acid sequences of DNA and proteins from different species
molecular biology
more than ___% of nucleotide sequences in humans and chimpanzees are identical
98
organisms with a common ancestor mean they have common biochemical pathways
comparative biochemistry
Populations possess an enormous ___ ___ if all offspring produced also survive. The __ ___ remains stable and it generally fluctuates around a constant size. ____ are limited and do not increase as the population grows larger. Individuals compete for survival because a growing population will ____ the available resources. There is ___ among individuals in a population, and much of it is ___. Only the most ____ survive and evolution occurs as favorable traits ____ in the population because the best adapted individuals leave more ___.
reproductive potential, population size, resources, exceed, variable, heritable, fit, accumulate, offspring
when the bell curve favors an intermediate for a trait it is called ___ ___. when the favoring of traits are at opposite extremes, it is known as _____ ____. __ ___ is a specific type of this as a result of ____ ___ which favors dark coloured phenotypes. ____ ___ occurs when the environment favors extreme or unusual traits while selecting against common ones
stabilizing selection, directional selection, industrial selection, industrial pollution, disruptive selection
In ___ ___, the females who invest more energy into offspring, choose more fit males. In ___ ___, males compete and fight with other males for better mating opportunities. __ ___ are differences in the appearance of males and females which is a form of __ ___. This occurs because female choice leads to traits and behaviours in males that are ___ to females
intersexual selection, intrasexual selection, sexual dimorphism, disruptive selection, favourable
a form of directional selection carried out by humans when they breed favourable traits
artificial selection
The sources of variation are ___, ___ reproduction, ____, _____, ___ ___, __ variation and ____ variation
mutation, sexual, diploidy, outbreeding, balanced polymorphism, neutral, geographic
When a heterozygote condition bears greater advantage that either homozygous conditions
heterozygote advantage
the superior quality of offspring resulting from crosses between two different inbred strains, species, or varieties of organisms
hybrid vigor / heterosis
occurs when least common phenotypes have a selective advantage
frequency-dependent selection / minority advantage
variations that are passed down without any selective value
neutral variation
variation of a species is dependent on climate or geographic conditions and is called ___ __. A graded variation of a phenotype due to this is known as a ___. Variation from north to south environments is a ___ ____
geographic variation, cline, north-south cline
Causes of changes in allele frequencies are __ __, ___ flow, __ ___, ____ mating like __ and ___ ___ and ___
natural selection, gene, genetic drift, nonrandom, inbreeding, sexual selection, mutations
The introduction and removal of alleles from the population when individuals leave or enter the population
gene flow
The random increase and decrease of an allele by chance; has a larger effect on small populations
genetic drift
The __ ___ occurs when a small group of individuals migrate to a new location, and the gene pool of the group is ___ than the original population. After successive generations, the genetic makeup will be ___ from the original population
founder effect, less, unique
The __ ___ occurs when the population undergoes a dramatic decrease in ___ due to __ ____ or other events. The population is now vulnerable to ___ ____ and the gene pool is much smaller
bottleneck effect, size, natural catastrophes, genetic drift
If allele frequencies remain constant from generation to generation then there is no ____. The hardy weinberg equations ______ and ____, can be used to determine allele frequencies for a population.
evolution, p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, p+q =1
For a population to be in hardy-weinberg equilibrium, it must have no ___, no ____ ___, no gene flow, a ___ population, and ___ ___.
mutations, natural selection, large, random mating
the formation of new species when gene flow ceases, or is interrupted between two sections of a population
speciation
type of speciation that occurs when the population is divided by a geographic barrier
allopatric speciation
allopatric speciation can occur through ___ when the group isolated is physically isolated from the larger group or through ___ when the group is isolated but in the overall location of the larger group
dispersal, vicariance
___ ___ is a form of speciation that occurs without the presence of geographic barriers. It can occur through natural selection through _____, ____, ______, and __ ___
sympatric speciation, polymorphism, polyploidy, hybridization, adaptive radiation
When an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes, both of which are from the same parental species
autopolyploidy
when an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes but they come from different species
allopolyploidy
When two different closely related species mate and produce a hybrid along a geographic boundary called a hybrid zone
hybridization
___ ___ results from the rapid evolution of many species from a ___ ancestor. This occurs when an ancestral species is introduced to an area where diverse ___ and ___ conditions are available for colonization
adaptive radiation, single, geographical, ecological
Type of isolation that prevents fertilization before mating is attempted so a zygote is not formed
prezygotic isolation
When species do not encounter each other because they live in different habitats; form of prezygotic isolation
habitat isolation
When species reproduce at different times/seasons ; prezygotic isolation
temporal isolation
When some species will not reproduce with each other each other if they do not perform the correct courtship rituals; prezygotic isolation
behavioural isolation
When male and female genitalia are not compatible; prezygotic isolation
mechanical isolation
When male and female gametes do not recognize each other or the male gametes do not survive in the environment of the female gametes; prezygotic isolation
gametic isolation
methods to maintain reproductive isolation if a zygote does form
postzygotic isolation
When the zygote fails to develop properly and dies before reaching reproductive maturity; postzygotic isolation
hybrid inviability
When hybrids become functional adults but cannot reproduce; postzygotic isolation
hybrid sterility
When hybrids produce offspring that have reduced viability and fertility and cannot reproduce ; postzygotic isolation
hybrid breakdown
when two or more species that originated from a common ancestor become increasingly different over time as a result of speciation
divergent evolution
when two unrelated species evolve to share more similar traits due to adapting to a similar environment
convergent evolution
When two related species make similar evolutionary changes after their divergence from a common ancestor
parallel evolution
evolution where two species cause the other to evolve
coevolution
__ ___ theory says that evolution occurs by the gradual accumulation of small changes. This is unlikely because _____ stage of evolution are missing in the fossil records and only ____ __ in groups of organisms are seen
phyletic gradualism, intermediate, major changes
__ ___ theory says that evolutionary history consists of geologically long periods of ____ or stability, with little or no evolution, followed by geologically short periods of ____ evolution
punctuated equilibrium, stasis, rapid
The universe is ___ billion years old. The solar system is ___ billion years old. The earth is ____ billion years old. The microfossils of prokaryotes are ___ billion years old, photosynthetic bacteria are ____ billion years old and eukaryotes are ___ billion years old
12-15, 4.6, 4.5, 3.6, 2.3, 1.8
Structures that appear to be useless but had ancestral function
vestigial structures
two or more harmful species that are not closely related but share one or more common predators and have come to mimic each other’s warning signals
mullerian mimicry
when a harmless species have evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a common predator
batesian mimicry
when speciation occurs without a geographic barrier so that the population is continuous, but it still does not mate randomly
parapatric speciation
when the population is isolated and prevented from exchanging genes but one of the populations is much smaller than the other so it is subjected to accelerated genetic drift
peripatric speciation
The gradual evolution of a species without any branching
anagenesis / phyletic evolution
a method of classification according to the proportion of measurable characteristics held in common between two organisms
cladistics
A group of species that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants
clade / monophylum
a small local population of the same species that regularly interbreed
deme
shared traits derived from an evolutionary ancestor common to all members of a group
synapomorhies
The earth and the atmosphere formed through ____. The atmosphere contained __, __, ___, ___, ___ ___, ___, and ___ gasses. There was little to no ___
volcanoes, CH4, NH3, CO, CO2, H2, N2, H2O, S, HCl, HCN, oxygen
As the earth cooled, the gasses ___ and formed a sea filled with ___ and ____.
condensed, water, minerals
an ___ ___ formed from inorganic compounds driven by energy from __ __, ___, __ and ___. The resulting organic compounds included __ __, ___ and __ ___
organic soup, UV rays, lightning, heat, radiation, acetic acid, formaldehyde, amino acids
___ and ____ proposed the organic soup theory. They said that if there was ____ in the primordial atmosphere, no organic molecules would have formed because oxygen is very ___. they hypothesized that early earth’s environment was _____ which provides the chemical requirements to produce complex molecules from simple building blocks. An oxidizing environment would have _____ the complex molecules apart
oparin, haldane, reactive, reducing, broken
__ ____ and ____ tested oparin’s theory and produced organic molecules. They sealed ___, ____, ___ and ___ in a flask and simulated lighting, simulated primordial earth. The experiment produced several __ __, ___ __ and starting materials but no ___ ___
stanley miller, urey, ammonia, methane, water, hydrogen, organic molecules, amino acids, nucleic acids
After organic molecules were made, simple monomers became ___ through ___ __ reactions. ____ are abiotically produced polypeptides and can be formed by heating _ ___ in the lab
polymers, dehydration condensation, proteinoids, amino acids
then organic molecules became ____, or the precursors of cells. They were ___ active but unable to ___. Examples are ___ / ___, and ____, which have some selectively permeable qualities
protobionts, metabolically, reproduce, microspheres, liposomes, coacervates
after protobionts, primitive _____ _____ formed, and they obtained energy by consuming other organic substances. These mutated and gained the ability to produce their own food, and ___ ____ formed.
heterotrophic prokaryotes, autotrophic prokaryotes
Then the ___ ___ formed, which ended abiotic chemical evolution. This was due to ___ ___ of autotrophs which produced large amounts of oxygen. ___ ___ and oxygen formed this layer and it absorbed ___ ___ thus blocking the energy needed to make organic materials. This causes the termination of __ __ and abiotic evolution
ozone layer, photosynthetic activity, UV light, UV light, primitive cells
Eukaryotes formed when prokaryotes ___ other prokaryotes, which became __ and ___ that lived in symbiosis with the main prokaryotes. This is called __ ___, and is the reason their ____ reproduce independently in a process similar to binary fission
engulfed, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endosymbiont theory, ribosomes
The modern atmosphere is roughly ___ % N2, ____% O2, ___% Ar, and some less important gasses
78, 21, 1
Earth’s crust is ___% oxygen and ___% silicon
47, 28
