Evolution

Question 1

The changes in allele frequencies that occur over time within a population due to mutation, selection, gene flow, gene drift and nonrandom mating

Answer 1

microevolution

Question 2

The patterns of changes in groups of related species over broad periods of geologic time

Answer 2

macroevolution

Question 3

The evolutionary relationships among species and groups of species

Answer 3

phylogeny

Question 4

The idea that body parts can develop with increased usage and unused parts are weakened

Answer 4

use and disuse theory

Question 5

The incorrect theory that body features acquired during one’s lifetime can be passed down to offspring

Answer 5

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 6

The idea that organisms produce offspring with changes, transforming each consecutive generation to be slightly more complex

Answer 6

natural transformation of species

Question 7

the ideal the allele frequencies increase or decrease in order to adapt to the environment

Answer 7

natural selection

Question 8

when over time and generations, traits providing reproductive advantage become more common within the population

Answer 8

descent with modification

Question 9

The geography that describes the distribution of species

Answer 9

biogeography

Question 10

The development of an organism

Answer 10

ontogeny

Question 11

Body parts that resemble one another between different species that descended from a common ancestor

Answer 11

homologous structures

Question 12

body parts that resemble one another between different species that evolved independently; similar structure as adaptations to similar environments

Answer 12

analogous structures / homoplasies

Question 13

examines nucleotide and amino acid sequences of DNA and proteins from different species

Answer 13

molecular biology

Question 14

more than ___% of nucleotide sequences in humans and chimpanzees are identical

Answer 14

98

Question 15

organisms with a common ancestor mean they have common biochemical pathways

Answer 15

comparative biochemistry

Question 16

Populations possess an enormous ___ ___ if all offspring produced also survive. The __ ___ remains stable and it generally fluctuates around a constant size. ____ are limited and do not increase as the population grows larger. Individuals compete for survival because a growing population will ____ the available resources. There is ___ among individuals in a population, and much of it is ___. Only the most ____ survive and evolution occurs as favorable traits ____ in the population because the best adapted individuals leave more ___.

Answer 16

reproductive potential, population size, resources, exceed, variable, heritable, fit, accumulate, offspring

Question 17

when the bell curve favors an intermediate for a trait it is called ___ ___. when the favoring of traits are at opposite extremes, it is known as _____ ____. __ ___ is a specific type of this as a result of ____ ___ which favors dark coloured phenotypes. ____ ___ occurs when the environment favors extreme or unusual traits while selecting against common ones

Answer 17

stabilizing selection, directional selection, industrial selection, industrial pollution, disruptive selection

Question 18

In ___ ___, the females who invest more energy into offspring, choose more fit males. In ___ ___, males compete and fight with other males for better mating opportunities. __ ___ are differences in the appearance of males and females which is a form of __ ___. This occurs because female choice leads to traits and behaviours in males that are ___ to females

Answer 18

intersexual selection, intrasexual selection, sexual dimorphism, disruptive selection, favourable

Question 19

a form of directional selection carried out by humans when they breed favourable traits

Answer 19

artificial selection

Question 20

The sources of variation are ___, ___ reproduction, ____, _____, ___ ___, __ variation and ____ variation

Answer 20

mutation, sexual, diploidy, outbreeding, balanced polymorphism, neutral, geographic

Question 21

When a heterozygote condition bears greater advantage that either homozygous conditions

Answer 21

heterozygote advantage

Question 22

the superior quality of offspring resulting from crosses between two different inbred strains, species, or varieties of organisms

Answer 22

hybrid vigor / heterosis

Question 23

occurs when least common phenotypes have a selective advantage

Answer 23

frequency-dependent selection / minority advantage

Question 24

variations that are passed down without any selective value

Answer 24

neutral variation

Question 25

variation of a species is dependent on climate or geographic conditions and is called ___ __. A graded variation of a phenotype due to this is known as a ___. Variation from north to south environments is a ___ ____

Answer 25

geographic variation, cline, north-south cline

Question 26

Causes of changes in allele frequencies are __ __, ___ flow, __ ___, ____ mating like __ and ___ ___ and ___

Answer 26

natural selection, gene, genetic drift, nonrandom, inbreeding, sexual selection, mutations

Question 27

The introduction and removal of alleles from the population when individuals leave or enter the population

Answer 27

gene flow

Question 28

The random increase and decrease of an allele by chance; has a larger effect on small populations

Answer 28

genetic drift

Question 29

The __ ___ occurs when a small group of individuals migrate to a new location, and the gene pool of the group is ___ than the original population. After successive generations, the genetic makeup will be ___ from the original population

Answer 29

founder effect, less, unique

Question 30

The __ ___ occurs when the population undergoes a dramatic decrease in ___ due to __ ____ or other events. The population is now vulnerable to ___ ____ and the gene pool is much smaller

Answer 30

bottleneck effect, size, natural catastrophes, genetic drift

Question 31

If allele frequencies remain constant from generation to generation then there is no ____. The hardy weinberg equations ______ and ____, can be used to determine allele frequencies for a population.

Answer 31

evolution, p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, p+q =1

Question 32

For a population to be in hardy-weinberg equilibrium, it must have no ___, no ____ ___, no gene flow, a ___ population, and ___ ___.

Answer 32

mutations, natural selection, large, random mating

Question 33

the formation of new species when gene flow ceases, or is interrupted between two sections of a population

Answer 33

speciation

Question 34

type of speciation that occurs when the population is divided by a geographic barrier

Answer 34

allopatric speciation

Question 35

allopatric speciation can occur through ___ when the group isolated is physically isolated from the larger group or through ___ when the group is isolated but in the overall location of the larger group

Answer 35

dispersal, vicariance

Question 36

___ ___ is a form of speciation that occurs without the presence of geographic barriers. It can occur through natural selection through _____, ____, ______, and __ ___

Answer 36

sympatric speciation, polymorphism, polyploidy, hybridization, adaptive radiation

Question 37

When an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes, both of which are from the same parental species

Answer 37

autopolyploidy

Question 38

when an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes but they come from different species

Answer 38

allopolyploidy

Question 39

When two different closely related species mate and produce a hybrid along a geographic boundary called a hybrid zone

Answer 39

hybridization

Question 40

___ ___ results from the rapid evolution of many species from a ___ ancestor. This occurs when an ancestral species is introduced to an area where diverse ___ and ___ conditions are available for colonization

Answer 40

adaptive radiation, single, geographical, ecological

Question 41

Type of isolation that prevents fertilization before mating is attempted so a zygote is not formed

Answer 41

prezygotic isolation

Question 42

When species do not encounter each other because they live in different habitats; form of prezygotic isolation

Answer 42

habitat isolation

Question 43

When species reproduce at different times/seasons ; prezygotic isolation

Answer 43

temporal isolation

Question 44

When some species will not reproduce with each other each other if they do not perform the correct courtship rituals; prezygotic isolation

Answer 44

behavioural isolation

Question 45

When male and female genitalia are not compatible; prezygotic isolation

Answer 45

mechanical isolation

Question 46

When male and female gametes do not recognize each other or the male gametes do not survive in the environment of the female gametes; prezygotic isolation

Answer 46

gametic isolation

Question 47

methods to maintain reproductive isolation if a zygote does form

Answer 47

postzygotic isolation

Question 48

When the zygote fails to develop properly and dies before reaching reproductive maturity; postzygotic isolation

Answer 48

hybrid inviability

Question 49

When hybrids become functional adults but cannot reproduce; postzygotic isolation

Answer 49

hybrid sterility

Question 50

When hybrids produce offspring that have reduced viability and fertility and cannot reproduce ; postzygotic isolation

Answer 50

hybrid breakdown

Question 51

when two or more species that originated from a common ancestor become increasingly different over time as a result of speciation

Answer 51

divergent evolution

Question 52

when two unrelated species evolve to share more similar traits due to adapting to a similar environment

Answer 52

convergent evolution

Question 53

When two related species make similar evolutionary changes after their divergence from a common ancestor

Answer 53

parallel evolution

Question 54

evolution where two species cause the other to evolve

Answer 54

coevolution

Question 55

__ ___ theory says that evolution occurs by the gradual accumulation of small changes. This is unlikely because _____ stage of evolution are missing in the fossil records and only ____ __ in groups of organisms are seen

Answer 55

phyletic gradualism, intermediate, major changes

Question 56

__ ___ theory says that evolutionary history consists of geologically long periods of ____ or stability, with little or no evolution, followed by geologically short periods of ____ evolution

Answer 56

punctuated equilibrium, stasis, rapid

Question 57

The universe is ___ billion years old. The solar system is ___ billion years old. The earth is ____ billion years old. The microfossils of prokaryotes are ___ billion years old, photosynthetic bacteria are ____ billion years old and eukaryotes are ___ billion years old

Answer 57

12-15, 4.6, 4.5, 3.6, 2.3, 1.8

Question 58

Structures that appear to be useless but had ancestral function

Answer 58

vestigial structures

Question 59

two or more harmful species that are not closely related but share one or more common predators and have come to mimic each other's warning signals

Answer 59

mullerian mimicry

Question 60

when a harmless species have evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a common predator

Answer 60

batesian mimicry

Question 61

when speciation occurs without a geographic barrier so that the population is continuous, but it still does not mate randomly

Answer 61

parapatric speciation

Question 62

when the population is isolated and prevented from exchanging genes but one of the populations is much smaller than the other so it is subjected to accelerated genetic drift

Answer 62

peripatric speciation

Question 63

The gradual evolution of a species without any branching

Answer 63

anagenesis / phyletic evolution

Question 64

a method of classification according to the proportion of measurable characteristics held in common between two organisms

Answer 64

cladistics

Question 65

A group of species that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants

Answer 65

clade / monophylum

Question 66

a small local population of the same species that regularly interbreed

Answer 66

deme

Question 67

shared traits derived from an evolutionary ancestor common to all members of a group

Answer 67

synapomorhies

Question 68

The earth and the atmosphere formed through ____. The atmosphere contained __, __, ___, ___, ___ ___, ___, and ___ gasses. There was little to no ___

Answer 68

volcanoes, CH4, NH3, CO, CO2, H2, N2, H2O, S, HCl, HCN, oxygen

Question 69

As the earth cooled, the gasses ___ and formed a sea filled with ___ and ____.

Answer 69

condensed, water, minerals

Question 70

an ___ ___ formed from inorganic compounds driven by energy from __ __, ___, __ and ___. The resulting organic compounds included __ __, ___ and __ ___

Answer 70

organic soup, UV rays, lightning, heat, radiation, acetic acid, formaldehyde, amino acids

Question 71

___ and ____ proposed the organic soup theory. They said that if there was ____ in the primordial atmosphere, no organic molecules would have formed because oxygen is very ___. they hypothesized that early earth's environment was _____ which provides the chemical requirements to produce complex molecules from simple building blocks. An oxidizing environment would have _____ the complex molecules apart

Answer 71

oparin, haldane, reactive, reducing, broken

Question 72

__ ____ and ____ tested oparin's theory and produced organic molecules. They sealed ___, ____, ___ and ___ in a flask and simulated lighting, simulated primordial earth. The experiment produced several __ __, ___ __ and starting materials but no ___ ___

Answer 72

stanley miller, urey, ammonia, methane, water, hydrogen, organic molecules, amino acids, nucleic acids

Question 73

After organic molecules were made, simple monomers became ___ through ___ __ reactions. ____ are abiotically produced polypeptides and can be formed by heating _ ___ in the lab

Answer 73

polymers, dehydration condensation, proteinoids, amino acids

Question 74

then organic molecules became ____, or the precursors of cells. They were ___ active but unable to ___. Examples are ___ / ___, and ____, which have some selectively permeable qualities

Answer 74

protobionts, metabolically, reproduce, microspheres, liposomes, coacervates

Question 75

after protobionts, primitive _____ _____ formed, and they obtained energy by consuming other organic substances. These mutated and gained the ability to produce their own food, and ___ ____ formed.

Answer 75

heterotrophic prokaryotes, autotrophic prokaryotes

Question 76

Then the ___ ___ formed, which ended abiotic chemical evolution. This was due to ___ ___ of autotrophs which produced large amounts of oxygen. ___ ___ and oxygen formed this layer and it absorbed ___ ___ thus blocking the energy needed to make organic materials. This causes the termination of __ __ and abiotic evolution

Answer 76

ozone layer, photosynthetic activity, UV light, UV light, primitive cells

Question 77

Eukaryotes formed when prokaryotes ___ other prokaryotes, which became __ and ___ that lived in symbiosis with the main prokaryotes. This is called __ ___, and is the reason their ____ reproduce independently in a process similar to binary fission

Answer 77

engulfed, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endosymbiont theory, ribosomes

Question 78

The modern atmosphere is roughly ___ % N2, ____% O2, ___% Ar, and some less important gasses

Answer 78

78, 21, 1

Question 79

Earth's crust is ___% oxygen and ___% silicon

Answer 79

47, 28