Evolution Flashcards
The changes in allele frequencies that occur over time within a population due to mutation, selection, gene flow, gene drift and nonrandom mating
microevolution
The patterns of changes in groups of related species over broad periods of geologic time
macroevolution
The evolutionary relationships among species and groups of species
phylogeny
The idea that body parts can develop with increased usage and unused parts are weakened
use and disuse theory
The incorrect theory that body features acquired during one’s lifetime can be passed down to offspring
inheritance of acquired characteristics
The idea that organisms produce offspring with changes, transforming each consecutive generation to be slightly more complex
natural transformation of species
the ideal the allele frequencies increase or decrease in order to adapt to the environment
natural selection
when over time and generations, traits providing reproductive advantage become more common within the population
descent with modification
The geography that describes the distribution of species
biogeography
The development of an organism
ontogeny
Body parts that resemble one another between different species that descended from a common ancestor
homologous structures
body parts that resemble one another between different species that evolved independently; similar structure as adaptations to similar environments
analogous structures / homoplasies
examines nucleotide and amino acid sequences of DNA and proteins from different species
molecular biology
more than ___% of nucleotide sequences in humans and chimpanzees are identical
98
organisms with a common ancestor mean they have common biochemical pathways
comparative biochemistry
Populations possess an enormous ___ ___ if all offspring produced also survive. The __ ___ remains stable and it generally fluctuates around a constant size. ____ are limited and do not increase as the population grows larger. Individuals compete for survival because a growing population will ____ the available resources. There is ___ among individuals in a population, and much of it is ___. Only the most ____ survive and evolution occurs as favorable traits ____ in the population because the best adapted individuals leave more ___.
reproductive potential, population size, resources, exceed, variable, heritable, fit, accumulate, offspring
when the bell curve favors an intermediate for a trait it is called ___ ___. when the favoring of traits are at opposite extremes, it is known as _____ ____. __ ___ is a specific type of this as a result of ____ ___ which favors dark coloured phenotypes. ____ ___ occurs when the environment favors extreme or unusual traits while selecting against common ones
stabilizing selection, directional selection, industrial selection, industrial pollution, disruptive selection
In ___ ___, the females who invest more energy into offspring, choose more fit males. In ___ ___, males compete and fight with other males for better mating opportunities. __ ___ are differences in the appearance of males and females which is a form of __ ___. This occurs because female choice leads to traits and behaviours in males that are ___ to females
intersexual selection, intrasexual selection, sexual dimorphism, disruptive selection, favourable
a form of directional selection carried out by humans when they breed favourable traits
artificial selection
The sources of variation are ___, ___ reproduction, ____, _____, ___ ___, __ variation and ____ variation
mutation, sexual, diploidy, outbreeding, balanced polymorphism, neutral, geographic
When a heterozygote condition bears greater advantage that either homozygous conditions
heterozygote advantage
the superior quality of offspring resulting from crosses between two different inbred strains, species, or varieties of organisms
hybrid vigor / heterosis
occurs when least common phenotypes have a selective advantage
frequency-dependent selection / minority advantage
variations that are passed down without any selective value
neutral variation
variation of a species is dependent on climate or geographic conditions and is called ___ __. A graded variation of a phenotype due to this is known as a ___. Variation from north to south environments is a ___ ____
geographic variation, cline, north-south cline
Causes of changes in allele frequencies are __ __, ___ flow, __ ___, ____ mating like __ and ___ ___ and ___
natural selection, gene, genetic drift, nonrandom, inbreeding, sexual selection, mutations
The introduction and removal of alleles from the population when individuals leave or enter the population
gene flow
The random increase and decrease of an allele by chance; has a larger effect on small populations
genetic drift
The __ ___ occurs when a small group of individuals migrate to a new location, and the gene pool of the group is ___ than the original population. After successive generations, the genetic makeup will be ___ from the original population
founder effect, less, unique
The __ ___ occurs when the population undergoes a dramatic decrease in ___ due to __ ____ or other events. The population is now vulnerable to ___ ____ and the gene pool is much smaller
bottleneck effect, size, natural catastrophes, genetic drift
If allele frequencies remain constant from generation to generation then there is no ____. The hardy weinberg equations ______ and ____, can be used to determine allele frequencies for a population.
evolution, p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, p+q =1
