Diversity of Life Flashcards
Taxonomic divisions
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genius, species
Domain ___ and ___ are prokaryotic, while domain ____ are eukaryotic
archaea, eubacteria, eukarya
prokaryotic cells are __ ____ organisms. They have no ____ and no nucleus, thus DNA is held in a ___. Their DNA is ___, with no introns. They have a ____ cell wall, and can undergo ___ and ____. They use __ ___ to replicate. They have __- and ___ on their surface for adhesion, and often have _____ which is made of flagellin. They have ____ ribosomes
single celled, organelles, nucleoid, circular, peptidoglycan, conjugation, transformation, binary fission, pili, fimbriae, flagella, 70S
Eukaryotic cells are both single and ___ organisms, have ____ and a ___. Their DNA is bound to ____ proteins, has ___ is ___, and is found inside organelles. They can have __ or flagella made of ___. They have a ___ ribosome and under __/___ to divide
multicellular, organelles, nucleus, histone, introns, linear, cilia, tubulin, 80S, mitosis, meiosis
_____ are organisms that obtain energy by the consumption of organic molecules produce autotrophs. These include ____ and ____ that live off dead, decaying matter, also referred to as ___.
heterotrophs, parasites, saprophytes, decomposers
___ make their own organic molecules. _____ use light (photosynthesis) while _____ use inorganic molecules
autotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs
organisms that must live in the presence of oxygen
obligate aerobes
organisms that can survive only in the absence of oxygen
obligate anaerobes
Organisms that grow in the presence of oxygen but can also undergo anaerobic metabolism if oxygen is absent
facultative anaerobe
Domain archaea, or _____, are the ___ domain of life. They have a prokaryotic cell type, but have no ______, but they have ___ like bacteria, have phospholipids with ___ linkages to glycerol, ___ hydrocarbons, ___ proteins, and ___ in their DNA. They are not ____ and their ribosomes are not inhibited by ____
archaebacteria, oldest, peptidoglycan, polysaccharides, ether, branched, histone, introns, pathogenic antibiotics
Methanogens belong to the domain ___ and are __ ___. The produce ___ as a biproduct of their anabolic pathways, and are found in the __ __ of humans, cows, the __ and ____
archaea, obligate anaerobes, methane, GI tract, mud, swamps
Thermophiles are part of domain ____. They are ___ ___ and most are ___ based ___
archaea, heat lovers, sulfur, chemoautotrophs
Halophiles are part of domain ___ and are ___ ___, living in environments like the __ _ ___, and __ ___. Most are ___ but some are anaerobic. Some are __ and some are ___
archaea, salt lovers, great salt lake, dead sea, aerobic, photosynthetic, heterotrophic
Domain eubacteria have a prokaryotic cell type and a cell wall made up of ____, which is either ___ or _____. They have no __ proteins for DNA and their ribosome composition is different and thus can be inhibited by antibiotics like ____. They also have ____ which remain dormant until conditions are right to form a bacterium cell
peptidoglycan, gram +, gram -, histone, streptomycin, endospores
Rod shaped bacteria
bacillus
spherical shape bacteria
coccus
spiral shaped bacteria
sprillium
When bacteria are arranged in multiple cells in a chain
“strepto”
When bacteria are arranged as a cluster of cells
staphyl-
Gram positive bacteria have a ___ layer of peptidoglycan, and no _____ outer membrane. They also have __ __ between the peptidoglycan and plasma membrane. These characteristics cause it to turn _ ___ when gram stained
thick, LPS, teichoic acids, dark purple
Gram negative bacteria have a __ layer of peptidoglycan, and a ____ outer membrane that will release ____ when the cell is killed. They have no ____ ___ and turn __ when stained
thin, LPS, endotoxin, teichoic acids, pink
Nitrogen fixing bacteria takes __ and fixes it to ____ ions. Nitrifying bacteria will take these and convert it to ___. This last product can be a ____ into plants, and thus these bacteria have a ___ relationship with plants
N2, ammonium, nitrate, taken, mutualistic
Cyanobacteria or ___ ___, are ____ prokaryotic bacteria.
blue-green algae, photosynthetic
Conjugation is unique to ___ cells, as it involves ____ that code for a ____ that allows for horizontal gene transfer. This may promote ____
prokaryotic, plasmid, pilus, fitness
Transformation is unique to ___ cells and allows bacteria to uptake plasmids in the environment. ___ or ____ will cause the membrane of the cell to open and take up the plasmid
prokaryotic, heat CaCl2,
Transduction is unique to ___ cells and involves the transfer of __ __ via ___
prokaryotic, bacterial DNA, viruses
Viruses are ___ ___ that infect the host’s cells. Viruses are made up of either double of single stranded __ or __ but never both. They have a ___ cover called a ___ that encloses their genetic information and may have ____ as part of it that is involved in surface recognition. They may also have a ___ ____ that is obtained from the host cell membrane
non-living, parasitic, RNA, DNA, protein, capsid, glycoproteins, phospholipid envelope
viruses that infect bacteria
bacteriophages
Polymers that make up capsids
capsomeres
In the ___ cycle, a virus injects genetic material into its host cell, hijacks the cell’s machinery like ___ to produce more viruses. The new virus ___ from the host cell’s membrane, obtaining a __ __ and killing the cell in the process
lytic, enzymes, erupts, phospholipid envelope
____ are ssRNA viruses that use ___ __ to make DNA from its ___. Then this DNA is incorporated into the host’s genome and either goes through the lytic or ___ cycle An example is ___
retroviruses, reverse transcriptase, RNA, lysogenic, HIV
In the lysogenic cycle a virus hides in the host’s ___, and viral DNA is incorporated into the DNA of the host’s cell. These viruses are known as ___ in bacteria or ___ when it is dormant. After the dormant virus receives a certain signal from the ___ it undergoes the ___ cycle and kills the cell
genome, provirus, prophage, environment, lytic
Bacteriophages can have a ___ that helps it inject its genetic material and __ ___ that help it recognize and attach onto its host cell
sheath, tail fibers
The phospholipid envelope is also called the _____ ___, and is typically seen in viruses that infect ___ cells.
viral envelope, animal
In the viral lifecycle, the virus first undergoes ___, in which the virus is limited to the ___ of cell it can attach to, and the different ___ __ present.
attachment, type, surface proteins
a set of species a virus can infect
host ranges
After attachment, viruses ___ the cell depending on the virus type and host cell. ____ inject their genetic information into the host using a __ __. ____ viruses will fuse their __ __ with the membrane of the host. Others are taken in through ____
enter, bacteriophages, protein tail, enveloped, viral envelope, endocytosis
After the virus enters the host, it undergoes ____, where the genome is exposed via the breakdown of viral ___.
uncoating, capsid
After uncoating the virus, the virus uses the hosts’ ____, ____ and ____ to replicate their genome and create __ __. This is specific to the __ of virus
nucleotides, enzymes, ribosomes, viral proteins, type
After creating the viral proteins, they undergo _____, the process of ____ assembling the genome and viral proteins into new complete particles called ___
self-assembly, spontaneously, virions
After self assembly the virus exits the host cell by ___ ___, which is ___, __ of the host cell, or ___. Then the virus is free to ___ more cells
viral shedding, budding, apoptosis, exocytosis, infect
The the virus exists its host cell by budding off a portion of the host’s cell’s membrane to use as a viral envelope
budding
When the virus is released by vesicles fusing with the host cell’s membrane
exocytosis
The phase of the lysogenic cycle in which a stress causes the phage to transition from the lysogenic to the lytic cycle
trigger phase
viral genomes that integrate into bacterial genomes
prophage
Viral genomes that integrate into eukaryotic genomes
provirus
Some bacteria have _ ___ ___ that prevent phages from identifying the bacterial surface proteins. Some have __ ___ that cut the phage DNA at specific recognized ___, preventing it from being duplicated or replicated.
cell surface mutations, restriction enzymes, sequenecs
if the phage DNA has been added to the host’s genome, ___ ___ will activate the __ system. The phage DNA is transcribed and ____ making small ____. This binds ___ ___. This complex tracks down the __ __ which is cleaved and destroyed,
subsequent infection, CRISPR-cas, processed, RNA, cas proteins, viral genome
Acute viral infections involve ____ onset and ___ of symptoms. These types of infections travel through ____ exposure and are usually responsible for viral outbreaks like the ___ The virions ____ rapidly, but the load shortly ___ after the infection
quick, briefness, airborne, flu, replicate, decreases
Chronic viral infections involve a period of ___ initial viral load, where the virus can ___ to other sites. Eventually the immune system is able to control the infection, resulting in a ____ viral load that can last several____ to a lifetime
high, spread, low, years
latent viral infections, can last years to a ____, and includes ___ phases of high viral load after the initial ___ phase
lifetime, intermittent, acute
Slow progressing infection is similar to a ___ __, however, after a period of latency, the illness continues to progress when the virus becomes ___ to start replicating itself. This latent period is seen when the virus enters the ___ cycle, followed by the __ phase which can release new particles
latent infection, reactivated, lysogenic, trigger
_____ viruses are when viruses suddenly become prominent in a population. This can occur when an existing virus ____
emerging, mutates
viral outbreak in a large population
epidemic
global viral outbreak
pandemic
Weakened agents that mimic a disease causing organism to stimulate the immune system
vaccines
Viruses have very few ___ ___ mechanisms, thus they are affected by the __ ___ of __ __ ___. This makes it harder for the immune system to ___ the proteins that vaccines that primed it for
proof reading, random mutation, viral surface proteins, recognize
Small minor changes in the viral antigens due to mutations, changing how effectively they can infect the same host species
antigenic drift
When two viruses infecting the same host at the same time mixes genes, causing large outbreaks and pandemics (ex. H2N1)
antigenic shift
infectious misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to mis fold
prions
Prions _____ and prevent normal tissue function, resulting in ___. Prions are able self replicate without going through a __ or ____ intermediate. They are responsible for certain ____ diseases in animals like -_ ___ disease
aggregate, disease, RNA, DNA, neurodegenerative, mad cow
simple molecules of single stranded RNA that infect plants
viroids
prions are characterized by ___ ___ __ of up to 10+ years, and thus are ___ ___. They are also very resistant to ___, as they are not killed off at standard ___ __. This can result in __ __
long incubation periods, slowly-progressing infections, deactivation, cooking temperatures, human transmission
Kingdom protista is part of the domain ___. Most protists are ____, but some are multicellular. They can be both both __ and _____. Protists can have ____ relationships or be ____. All types live in ___ environments
eukarya, unicellular, auto, heterotrophs, symbiotic, free-living, moist
Plant like protists are ___ ___ _____. Thus they have ____. However, they do not have ___, __ and -__ like plants. They are critical __ __ in food webs.
aquatic photosynthetic autotrophs, chloroplasts, leaves, root, stems, primary producers
___ are an example of plant like protists. They are ____ with two ____. They cause __ ___, or an algal bloom, where there is an influx of ___ in the sea floor, increasing the rate of ___ of these dinoflagellates. These protists release ____ that kill off other species. They can be ____ because they can undergo photosynthesis, but they are ___ when they are inside another organism
dinoflagellates, unicellular, flagella, red tides, nutrients, reproduction, toxins, autotrophic, heterotrophic, parasitic
Another plant like protist is the ___. They are unicellular plant like protists with ___ that ___ together. Some are ____, while others are heterotrophic and feed via __ and ____. They live primarily in ___ environments and are covered in a ____ rather than a cell wall. These are __ __ beneath the cell membrane that give it rigidity
euglenoids, flagella, clump, autotrophic, phagocytosis, diffusion, fresh, pellicle, protein strips
Another plant like protist is a ____, which are a type of algae. They are ___, ____ and ___ together. They live in both __ and ___ environments and can be classified based on shape such as _____ and ___
diatoms, unicellular, photosynthetic, clump, fresh, marine, pennate, centric
algae is an ___ taxonomic group that live in ___ environments. They can be uni or ___. They are ____, containing ___ pigments. However they do not contain __ ____ like leaves, roots and stems
informal, aquatic, multcellular, photosyntehtic, chlorophyll, plant tissues
Brown algae are not ____. They are large, ___ organisms that are all ___ and live in ___ environments. Examples include ___ and ___
protists, macroscopic, multicellular, marine, seaweed, kelp
____ is a phyla of plant like protists, and are also referred to as ____ algae. They can be both __ and ___.
chlorophyta, green, unicellular, multicellular
___ is the other phyla of plant like protists, and are referred to as ___ __. They are ___ have __ pigments and no ____
rhodophyta, red algae, multicellular, red, flagella
Fungus like protists are also referred to as ___ ___ or __ __. Contrary to their name, they do not have ___ unlike the kingdom fungi, however, they reproduce by ____. They are heterotrophic ___ that live off of dead decaying ____ matter
slime molds, water molds, chitin, spores, decomposers, organic
Animal like protists is often called _____. They are all _______, are very ___, having ___ or flagella, and ____, feeding by ______ on algae, ___ and ____.
protozoa, single-celled, mobile, cilia, heterotrophic, phagocytosis, fungi, bacteria
an animal like protist that produces a test (shell) and is found on the sea bottom or near the surface
foraminifera
sea bottom
benthic
a protozoa that is a unicellular ciliate and uses cilia to move
paramecium
protozoa that move by utilizing their cytoplasm
amoeboid
protozoa that are parasites of animals
apicomplexans
an animal like protist that causes malaria
plasmodium
The kingdom fungi are composed of ___, ___ and ___. They can be unicellular or ___, or multicellular / ____. They all have ___, are all ___, and are all ____. They also contain ___
mushrooms, mold, yeasts, non-filamentous, filamentous, chitin, heterotrophic, saprophytes, hypha
Unicellular or non filamentous fungi are ___ ___ and are ____. They reproduce ___ by _____, where they replicate genetic material and ___ off a portion of the cytoplasm and cell membrane to form a new cell
facultatively anaerobic, yeasts, asexually, budding, pinch
filamentous or multicellular fungi are ____. They reproduce ____, and are ___. They have ____ which are composed of a network of ___ (roots) that connect the fungi together, and produce ____ to absorb nutrients in the soil. ___ arise from this structure
molds, sexually, aerobic, mycelium, hyphae, enzymes, mushrooms
mycelium type where there is no division of hyphae (no cytokinesis during cell division) resulting in a multinucleated cell
coenocytic hyphae
Mycelium type that have septa or porous cell walls that separate the hyphae
septate hyphae
specialized hyphae that penetrate cell walls of an organism (parasitic)
haustoria
Filamentous fungi can under asexual reproduction through ____ which disperse through wind and water, ___ and ____ where hyphae are broken off and undergo _____ to produce another mycellium. all asexual reproduction is ___
spores, budding, fragmentation, germination haploid
Filamentous fungi can also undergo sexual reproduction for __ ___. They can use ___, when hyphae of two different fungi grow towards each other and fuse their ___ together. Then ____ occurs when their nuclei fuse to make a __ organisim. Then this organism will under ___ to produce ___ spores that grow into new organisms
genetic variation, plasmogamy, cytoplasm, karyogamy, diploid, meiosis, haploid
Anything with the ___ or ____ suffixes are considered fungi
mycota, mycete
___ are mutualistic relationship of fungi and algae. The algae provides ___ via ___, while the fungi provides ___
lichens, sugar, photosynthesis, protection
mutualistic relationship between fungi and roots of plants
mycorrhiza
Kingdom plantae are all ___, ___ and ____, containing chlorophyll. They all contain _____ in their cell walls, and can undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction. They also under ___ __ ___. Around ___% of plants have mutualistic relationships with bacteria or ___.
multicellular, autotrophic, photosynthetic, cellulose, alternation of generations, 90, fungi
When generations are alternating to be haploid and diploid
alteration of generations
Alternation of generations starts with a ___ or a diploid, which undergoes ___ to produce spores. These spores undergo ____ to produce haploid ____. These will produce ___ that fuse with other gametes to produce a diploid ____. This undergoes ____ to start at the beginning again. Plants can be identified by how much ___ they spend in a haploid or diploid state
sporophyte, meiosis, mitosis, gametophytes, gametes, zygote, mitosis, time
If the plant has no body differentiation, it is known as a ___. They are the ___ form of a plant. It has no ____ ___ __ and lives in ___ environments. It includes ____
thallophytes, simplest, formal vascular system, aquatic, algae
If the plant does have a plant body but no vascular system, it is a ___. This means they do not grow _____, and they have ___ that absorb water. They are found in both__ and aquatic habitats and encompass ___, ____ and ____. They are mostly in the _____ stage
bryophytes, vertically, rhizoids, land, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, gametophyte
If a plant has a differentiated cell body and a vascular system it is a ____. These can grow _____ and have a ___ the transports minerals and water from the ____, and a ___ the transports the food produced from photosynthesis. It is mostly in the ___ stage
tracheophytes, vertically, xylem. roots, phloem, sporophyte
Tracheophytes that do not produce seeds are called ___ __ and include ___, ___ and __ ___ Tracheophytes that do produce seeds are called ___ ____
seedless tracheophytes, ferns, horsetails, club mosses, seed-bearing tracheophytes
If a plant does not produce flowers. it is known as a ____. These bear ___ seeds, and do not have ___. They are mostly found in the ____ stage. An example is ___
gymnosperms, naked, fruit, sporophyte, conifers
If a plant does produce flowers, it is known as a ____, and they bear seeds inside ___. They are around ___% of all plants. The flowers house their reproductive organs like the __ and the ___. Angiosperms can undergo _____ , meaning one sperm with fertilize an egg, and one sperm will fertilize a __ __ to create an ___. Angiosperms can be divided into ___ and ___
angiosperms, flowers, 90, pistol, stamen, double-fertilization, polar nuclei, endosperm, monocots, diocots
nutrient storage tissue during embryonic development of a plant
cotyledon
Monocots have ___ cotyledon and have ____ veins. Their vascular system is ___ and they have flower parts in multiples of ___
one, parallel, scattered, 3
Diocots have __ cotyledons and ___ veins. They have a ___ vascular system and flower parts in multiples of __ or ___
two, net-like, ringed, 4, 5
