Diversity of Life Flashcards
Taxonomic divisions
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genius, species
Domain ___ and ___ are prokaryotic, while domain ____ are eukaryotic
archaea, eubacteria, eukarya
prokaryotic cells are __ ____ organisms. They have no ____ and no nucleus, thus DNA is held in a ___. Their DNA is ___, with no introns. They have a ____ cell wall, and can undergo ___ and ____. They use __ ___ to replicate. They have __- and ___ on their surface for adhesion, and often have _____ which is made of flagellin. They have ____ ribosomes
single celled, organelles, nucleoid, circular, peptidoglycan, conjugation, transformation, binary fission, pili, fimbriae, flagella, 70S
Eukaryotic cells are both single and ___ organisms, have ____ and a ___. Their DNA is bound to ____ proteins, has ___ is ___, and is found inside organelles. They can have __ or flagella made of ___. They have a ___ ribosome and under __/___ to divide
multicellular, organelles, nucleus, histone, introns, linear, cilia, tubulin, 80S, mitosis, meiosis
_____ are organisms that obtain energy by the consumption of organic molecules produce autotrophs. These include ____ and ____ that live off dead, decaying matter, also referred to as ___.
heterotrophs, parasites, saprophytes, decomposers
___ make their own organic molecules. _____ use light (photosynthesis) while _____ use inorganic molecules
autotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs
organisms that must live in the presence of oxygen
obligate aerobes
organisms that can survive only in the absence of oxygen
obligate anaerobes
Organisms that grow in the presence of oxygen but can also undergo anaerobic metabolism if oxygen is absent
facultative anaerobe
Domain archaea, or _____, are the ___ domain of life. They have a prokaryotic cell type, but have no ______, but they have ___ like bacteria, have phospholipids with ___ linkages to glycerol, ___ hydrocarbons, ___ proteins, and ___ in their DNA. They are not ____ and their ribosomes are not inhibited by ____
archaebacteria, oldest, peptidoglycan, polysaccharides, ether, branched, histone, introns, pathogenic antibiotics
Methanogens belong to the domain ___ and are __ ___. The produce ___ as a biproduct of their anabolic pathways, and are found in the __ __ of humans, cows, the __ and ____
archaea, obligate anaerobes, methane, GI tract, mud, swamps
Thermophiles are part of domain ____. They are ___ ___ and most are ___ based ___
archaea, heat lovers, sulfur, chemoautotrophs
Halophiles are part of domain ___ and are ___ ___, living in environments like the __ _ ___, and __ ___. Most are ___ but some are anaerobic. Some are __ and some are ___
archaea, salt lovers, great salt lake, dead sea, aerobic, photosynthetic, heterotrophic
Domain eubacteria have a prokaryotic cell type and a cell wall made up of ____, which is either ___ or _____. They have no __ proteins for DNA and their ribosome composition is different and thus can be inhibited by antibiotics like ____. They also have ____ which remain dormant until conditions are right to form a bacterium cell
peptidoglycan, gram +, gram -, histone, streptomycin, endospores
Rod shaped bacteria
bacillus
spherical shape bacteria
coccus
spiral shaped bacteria
sprillium
When bacteria are arranged in multiple cells in a chain
“strepto”
When bacteria are arranged as a cluster of cells
staphyl-
Gram positive bacteria have a ___ layer of peptidoglycan, and no _____ outer membrane. They also have __ __ between the peptidoglycan and plasma membrane. These characteristics cause it to turn _ ___ when gram stained
thick, LPS, teichoic acids, dark purple
Gram negative bacteria have a __ layer of peptidoglycan, and a ____ outer membrane that will release ____ when the cell is killed. They have no ____ ___ and turn __ when stained
thin, LPS, endotoxin, teichoic acids, pink
Nitrogen fixing bacteria takes __ and fixes it to ____ ions. Nitrifying bacteria will take these and convert it to ___. This last product can be a ____ into plants, and thus these bacteria have a ___ relationship with plants
N2, ammonium, nitrate, taken, mutualistic
Cyanobacteria or ___ ___, are ____ prokaryotic bacteria.
blue-green algae, photosynthetic
Conjugation is unique to ___ cells, as it involves ____ that code for a ____ that allows for horizontal gene transfer. This may promote ____
prokaryotic, plasmid, pilus, fitness
Transformation is unique to ___ cells and allows bacteria to uptake plasmids in the environment. ___ or ____ will cause the membrane of the cell to open and take up the plasmid
prokaryotic, heat CaCl2,
Transduction is unique to ___ cells and involves the transfer of __ __ via ___
prokaryotic, bacterial DNA, viruses
Viruses are ___ ___ that infect the host’s cells. Viruses are made up of either double of single stranded __ or __ but never both. They have a ___ cover called a ___ that encloses their genetic information and may have ____ as part of it that is involved in surface recognition. They may also have a ___ ____ that is obtained from the host cell membrane
non-living, parasitic, RNA, DNA, protein, capsid, glycoproteins, phospholipid envelope
viruses that infect bacteria
bacteriophages
Polymers that make up capsids
capsomeres
In the ___ cycle, a virus injects genetic material into its host cell, hijacks the cell’s machinery like ___ to produce more viruses. The new virus ___ from the host cell’s membrane, obtaining a __ __ and killing the cell in the process
lytic, enzymes, erupts, phospholipid envelope
____ are ssRNA viruses that use ___ __ to make DNA from its ___. Then this DNA is incorporated into the host’s genome and either goes through the lytic or ___ cycle An example is ___
retroviruses, reverse transcriptase, RNA, lysogenic, HIV
In the lysogenic cycle a virus hides in the host’s ___, and viral DNA is incorporated into the DNA of the host’s cell. These viruses are known as ___ in bacteria or ___ when it is dormant. After the dormant virus receives a certain signal from the ___ it undergoes the ___ cycle and kills the cell
genome, provirus, prophage, environment, lytic
Bacteriophages can have a ___ that helps it inject its genetic material and __ ___ that help it recognize and attach onto its host cell
sheath, tail fibers
The phospholipid envelope is also called the _____ ___, and is typically seen in viruses that infect ___ cells.
viral envelope, animal
In the viral lifecycle, the virus first undergoes ___, in which the virus is limited to the ___ of cell it can attach to, and the different ___ __ present.
attachment, type, surface proteins
a set of species a virus can infect
host ranges
After attachment, viruses ___ the cell depending on the virus type and host cell. ____ inject their genetic information into the host using a __ __. ____ viruses will fuse their __ __ with the membrane of the host. Others are taken in through ____
enter, bacteriophages, protein tail, enveloped, viral envelope, endocytosis
After the virus enters the host, it undergoes ____, where the genome is exposed via the breakdown of viral ___.
uncoating, capsid
After uncoating the virus, the virus uses the hosts’ ____, ____ and ____ to replicate their genome and create __ __. This is specific to the __ of virus
nucleotides, enzymes, ribosomes, viral proteins, type
After creating the viral proteins, they undergo _____, the process of ____ assembling the genome and viral proteins into new complete particles called ___
self-assembly, spontaneously, virions
After self assembly the virus exits the host cell by ___ ___, which is ___, __ of the host cell, or ___. Then the virus is free to ___ more cells
viral shedding, budding, apoptosis, exocytosis, infect
