Endocrine System Flashcards
Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream to act on target cells, tissues, and organs to coordinate specific functions
hormones
Hormones are transported through the ___., which also for a more widespread and longer _____ effect. It is also ___, ____, and __ ___ compared to the nervous system. The endocrine system can affect any cell that receives __ __
blood, range, slower, indirect, longer lasting, blood flow
endocrine synthesize and secretes hormones directly into the blood
endocrine signalling
When substances are secreted through ducts
exocrine signalling
When a cell releases signals to target cells nearby
paracrine signalling
When cells release signals that bind to receptors on the same cell
autocrine signalling
any hormone made of a chain of linked amino acids
peptide hormones
hormones that are derived from lipid cholesterol
steroid hormones
Hormones derived from amino acid tyrosine
tyrosine-derivative hormones
Peptide hormones are synthesized in the _ __ ___. They act on cells by binding to __ ___ and do not cross the __ ___.
rough endoplasmic reticulum, surface receptors, cell membrane.
Peptide hormones are __ ___ and thus move freely through the blood. However, they cannot diffuse through the _ ___ due to their __ size and ____ nature. Once they bind to their membrane bound receptors, they can open _ ___, which increase the permeability of ions, they can activate or deactivate other ___ ___ __, and they may activate intracellular __ __ ___ to cause a cascade of effects
water-soluble, cell membrane, large, hydrophillic, ion channels, intrinsic membrane proteins, 2nd messenger systems
secondary messengers allow for signals from the ____ of the cell to be transferred throughout the __ of the cell. The second messengers are __, ___, __ and ___
outside, inside, cAMP, IP3, DAG, Calcium
In a secondary messenger, a ____ binds to a receptor, activating it and turning on its associated ___. This in turn activate __ __ ___, which activate a __ ____ that triggers a cellular response such as __ ___, and ___ ___
ligand, G-protein, secondary messenger molecules, signalling cascade, gene activation, transcriptional factors
In the cAMP pathway, a ligand binds to a g-protein coupled receptor and activates its ____ ___ by converting its __ to ___. The protein then slides along the membrane to activate __ ___. This in turn converts ___ to _____. This will in turn activate __ __ ___ which triggers a cellular response, usually by ___ proteins
g protein, GDP, GTP, adenylyl cyclase, ATP, cAMP, protein kinase A, phosphorylating
In the IP3 pathway, the ligand binds to a g protein coupled receptor, activating the g protein. The g protein goes on to activate ____ __ which cuts ____ into two separate molecules, ___ and ____.
phospholipase C, PIP2, DAG, IP3
IP3 diffuses through the cytoplasm and binds to receptors on the __ ___. This causes __ to be released out of the ER and into the cytoplasm, where it will bind to various ____ activating them, and leading to cellular responses
endoplasmic reticulum, calcium, proteins
DAG will slide along the membrane activate __ __ __. This in turn will trigger a cellular response by ___ or ___ different molecules
protein kinase C, phosphorylating, activating
Endocrine organs tend to produce hormones of a __ __
single type
__ ____ which are protein molecules synthesized in the __ __ ___. They are not considered to be hormones because they affect __ __ rather than travelling through the blood stream, and also act on cells by binding to __ __ and relying on __ __. They usually stimulate a cell to __ and ___
growth factors, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nearby cells, surface receptors, secondary messengers, grow, divide
Steroids hormones are all synthesized from ___ in the ___ ___ __. They are ____ and pass through the cell membrane and bind to ___ receptors
cholesterol, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, hydrophobic, intracellular
Steroid hormones use a ___ pathway, meaning they enter the cell and bind to receptors in the __ or ___. Then a ____ __ is formed, This then trigger changes usually by binding to the ___ region of the gene which will ___ gene expression
direct, cytosol, nucleus, hormone-receptor, promoter, alter
Amino acid hormones are derived usually from ___. These are divided into two broad categories. ___ hormones are hydrophobic and bind intracellularly. Examples include __ and ___. ______ are hydrophillic and bind extracellularly, using secondary messengers. Examples are __ and ____
tyrosine, thyroid, T3, T4, catecholamines, epinephrine, norepinephrine
thyroid hormones include ____ and ____. They bind to receptors in the ___ and increase __ of many genes
trilodthyronine (T3), thyroxine (T3), nucleus, transcription
Catecholamines bind to __ __ which act via secondary messengers via the ___ pathway
surface membranes, cAMP
__ and ___ ___ ___ are essential to maintain homeostasis. Feedback loops can be __ or ___. Positive feedback loops eventually reach a ____ to shut down
positive, negative feedback loops, short, long, termination
The ____ maintains homeostasis by monitoring the __ and _ environment. It exclusively produces __ ___.
hypothalamus, internal, external, peptide hormones
The hypothalamus serves as a link between the ___ and ____ systems. The _____ _____ or the ___ connects the hypothalamus to the ___ ____ by direct neuronal connection, and the posterior pituitary by __ ___. It helps regulate the gland through the secretion of __ and ___ hormones
endocrine, nervous, pituitary stalk, infundibulum, anterior pituitary, vascular connection, releasing, inhibiting
The hypothalamus produces both ___ and the _____, which are both stored in the posterior pituitary gland
vasopressin, oxytocin
The hypothalamus can release releasing hormones to the anterior pituitary gland. ____ ___ stimulates FSH and LH release, _______ ___ stimulates ACTH release, ___ ___ stimulates TSH release, and _____ ___ __ stimulates GH release
gonadotropin-releasing hormones, corticotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone
The hypothalamus can also release inhibiting hormones, such as ___ which inhibits the release of GH and TSH, and ___ or _____ ___ which inhibits the anterior pituitary release of prolactin
somatostatin, dopamine, prolactin-inhibiting hormone,
Releasing and inhibiting hormones are synthesized in the ___ __ __ of the hypothalamus. These get released into a __ __ in the hypothalamus, then the ___ ___ __ transports the hormones to the anterior pituitary
neuronal cell bodies, capillary network, hypophyseal portal veins
Oxytocin and ADH are made in the neurons of the hypothalamus and packaged into ___ that travel down ____ that extend into the __ __ for ___, until they are stimulated for release into the ___
vesicles, axons, posterior pituitary storage, bloodstream
The anterior pituitary mainly regulates __ ___ by other glands. The hormones produced here are either ____ which act indirectly, stimulating other endocrine organs to release their own hormones, or they are _____ which act directly to affect the non-endocrine tissues
hormone production, tropic, nontropic
nontropic hormones include ______ ___ which stimulates melanocytes to produce and release ____, _____ which stimulates milk production in females from the __ ___ __, and the __ __ which stimulates bone and muscle growth, increases cell size, ____, rate of __ synthesis and various __ ___
melanocyte-stimulating hormone, melanin, prolactin, mammary gland cells, growth hormone, mitosis, protein, metabolic functions
Tropic hormones include: ______ ___ which stimulates the thyroid gland, increasing its size and __ ___, and the rate of secretion of __ and ___. _____ ___ which stimulates the adrenal cortex to release ____ like cortisol. _____ ____, which stimulates the testes in males to release ___, and triggers __, ___ __ __ and ___ release in females
thyroid-stimulating hormone, cell number, T3, T4, adrenocorticotropic hormone, glucocorticoids, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, ovulation, corpus luteum formation, progesterone
All of the anterior pituitary hormones are ___ hormones
peptide
ADH in the posterior pituitary regulates __ __ in the body by increasing the permeability of the __ __ and __ __ of the nephron. This allows water to exit the __ __ and travel back into the bloodstream. This will increase ___ of water and increase blood __ and __. This hormone is inhibited by __ and ___
water levels, collecting duct, distal convoluted tube, kidney tubules, reabsorption, volume, pressure, coffee, alcohol
Oxytocin in the posterior pituitary is secreted during ___, which stimulates __ ___ that help facilitate the birthing process. It also stimulates __ __ from the mammary glands, and induces __ ___
childbirth, uterine contractions, milk production, maternal behaviour
The __ ___ in the brain secretes melatonin. It is an __ __ derived hormone and helps regulate __ __. This rises at ____ to signal sleep and ___ in the day to signal wakefulness.
pineal gland, amino acid, circadian rhythm, night, falls
The thyroid gland is a ___ shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the ___. It secretes ___, __ and ___
butterfly, trachea, thyroxine, trilodothyronine, calcitonin
T3 and T4 are _____ ___ hormones that increase the body’s _____, and ___ ___.
tyrosine-derivative, lipid-soluble, metabolism, heart rate
Calcitonin is a __ ___ that tones down the ___ in the blood, and increasing the amount of calcium in the bone by inhibiting ___ activity and increasing ____ activity
peptide hormone, calcium, osteoclast, osteoblast
Within the thyroid gland are ____, which are cells that surround an empty area called a ___. Precursors to T3 and T4 are synthesized in the ____ ____, then are transported into the lumen. ____ is also transported into the cell and the lumen, which combines with the thyroid precursors to make T3 and T4. the hormones are then exported back into the cell to be activated within ____. Once they are activated they are dumped into the bloodstream
follicles, lumen, rough ER, iodine, lysosomes
____ is the oversecretion of T3 and T4, which produces an excessively high ___ ___ and metabolism rate. ______ results in a under secretion of T3 and T4, which results in a very low __ ___. This may be due to low ____ intake in the diet. Both result in ____ of enlargement of the thyroid gland.
hyperthyroidism, heart rate, hypothyroidism, metabolic rate, iodine, goiters,
The parathyroid gland are 4 ____ structures attached to the thyroid. The parathyroid hormone ___ calcium levels in the blood by stimulating release from ___, and increases ____ activity for bone resorption. It also increases ___ ____ of calcium and converts __ __ to its active form, which acts to further increase calcium absorption in the gut. It also has a secondary effect of lowering __ __ levels by increasing phosphate excretion in the kidneys
pea-shaped, increases, bone, osteoclast, kidney reabsorption, vitamin D, blood phosphate
When the body breaks something down and absorbs it back into circulation
resorption
When a substance is brought back into the blood stream after being filtered in the kidney tubules
reabsorption
___ _ is maintained by calcitonin and parathyroid hormone working together to produce the right balance of __ and ___ calcium levels
bone homeostasis, blood, bone
The thymus located in the ___ behind the ___ and is a ___ organ. It secretes ______ a ___ hormone that stimulates naive _____ to mature and differentiate into functional T-cells
chest, sternum, lymphoid, thymosin, peptide, T-lymphocytes
The adrenal glands are located on the ___, and consists of the adrenal ___, the outer portion of the gland, and the adrenal ___ the inner portion of the gland
kidneys, cortex, medulla
The adrenal cortex produces ___ ____ that pass directly through the cell membrane. These include ____, ___ and __. The adrenal cortex also suppresses certain functions that is considers less necessary for stressful situations like the ___ __, __ __ and __ __
steroid hormones, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, immune system, reproductive system, body growth
Glucocorticoids include ___ and ___. These are ___ hormones and they stimulate ___ in the liver, increasing blood glucose. They also break down ___ and __ for energy.
cortisol, cortisone, gluconeogenesis, protein, fats
Mineralocorticoids like ____, regulate __ and __ balance in the body. It causes the increase of ___ reabsorption and excretion of ____. This causes an increase in __ __ and thus an increase in __ ____ and __ __
water, electrolyte, Na+, K+, water retention, blood volume, blood pressure
Cortical ____ are precursors to estrogen and testosterone, and they are the reason males and females both have these hormones. This release is a small amount and is ___ compared to the ___
androgens, insignificant, gonads
The adrenal medulla produces ___ (___) and _____ (__), which are tyrosine derived ____ _____ responsible for the ____ response. They stimulate the __ __ __, increase blood ___, is a ____ to internal organs and the skin, is a ___ to the skeletal muscles, increases ____, and increases heart rate
epinephrine, adrenaline, norepinephrine, noradrenalin, water-soluble, catecholamines, fight-or-flight, sympathetic nervous system, glucose, vasoconstrictor, vasodilator, bronchodilation
