Cell Division

Question 1

Dense packaging of chromatin, existing during mitosis and meiosis

Answer 1

chromosome

Question 1

The region where the two chromatids are held together

Answer 1

centromere

Question 2

1 set of chromosomes

Answer 2

haploid

Question 3

2 sets of chromosomes

Answer 3

diploid

Question 4

___ chromosomes are found in diploid and represent chromosome pairs from each ____. They are similar in ___, __ __ and ___ ___. Humans have ___ homologous pairs. Homologous chromosomes do not necessarily have identical __ ___

Answer 4

homologous, parent, length, gene position, centromere position, 23, nucleotide sequences

Question 5

where microtubules emerge from during cell division

Answer 5

microtubule organizing centers

Question 6

In animal cells, the microtubule organizing centers are the ____, which are composed of two ___ ___ to each other. Plants also have MTOCs, but they are not ____

Answer 6

centrosomes, centrioles, perpendicular, centrosomes

Question 7

The microtubules that emerge from the centrosome are called __ ___, and they allow for the chromosomes and chromatids to be __ during cell division. Drugs that disrupt __ __ will disrupt cell division

Answer 7

spindle fibers, separated, microtubule formation

Question 8

During cell division, spindle fibers attach to proteins called ____, located on the ___ region of the chromosome. This serves as an __ point and allows the spindle fibers to change the ___ of the chromosome during cell division

Answer 8

kinetochores, centromere, anchor, position

Question 9

during prophase, the chromatin condenses into ____. The ____ disappears, but the nuclear envelope is still ___. The __ __ begins to form and the ___ begin to move towards opposite ends of the cell

Answer 9

chromosomes, nucleolus, intact, mitotic spindle, centrosomes

Question 10

During prometaphase, the nucleus ____, the chromosomes condense further, and each chromatid is attached to a ____. The __ __ further develops and the spindle fibers begin to attach to the ____ of chromosomes

Answer 10

dissembles, kinetochore, mitotic spindle, kinetochores

Question 11

During metaphase, the chromosomes are lined up across the center of the cell on the _ ___. The ___ have reached the opposite ends of the cell and the _ ___ is fully developed. All the chromosomes are attached to _ ___ via kinetochores. ____ is performed during this stage

Answer 11

metaphase plate, centrosomes, mitotic spindle, spindle fibers, karyotyping

Question 12

During anaphase, the microtubules ___ and the chromatids are pulled apart. Each sister chromatid is now considered to be an individual _____. These are pulled to ___ ends of the cell

Answer 12

shorten, chromosome, opposite

Question 13

In telophase, the ___ reappear, two __ ___ develop, and the chromosomes decondense back into ____. The __ ___ disappear.

Answer 13

nucleoli, nuclear envelopes, chromatin, spindle fibers

Question 14

Cytokinesis occurs at the end of ___, and is the physical division to form two cells. In animals, the ___ ___ acts as a contractile ring to separate the cells and is made by __ and ____. In plant cells, a __ ___ develops between the two nuclei and fuses with the __ ____ separating the cells

Answer 14

telophase, cleavage furrow, actin, myosin, cell plate, cell wall

Question 15

At the end of mitosis, there are two daughter cells that are ___, and the ____ and amount of it is identical to the __ ___

Answer 15

2N, DNA, parent cell

Question 16

The process of meiosis produces ___ ___ cells. In meiosis I, separation of the _ ___ and _ ___ occurs. In meiosis II, separation of the _ __ occurs

Answer 16

4, haploid, homologous chromosomes, genetic recombination, sister chromatids

Question 17

In prophase I, the __ and ___ disappear, and chromatin condense into chromosomes. The ___ spindle begins to form and centrosomes begin to move towards opposite ends of the cell. The _ ___ also pair up into ____, and __ ___ occurs. The microtubules begins to attach to the ___ of the homologous chromosomes

Answer 17

nucleolus, nucleus, meiotic, homologous chromosomes, tetrads, crossing over, kinetochores

Question 18

Crossing over is the process of __ __ producing chromosomes that are unique at the genetic level. ___ is the region where crossing over occurs, creating genetic ___ in offspring

Answer 18

genetic recombination, chiasmata, diversity

Question 19

___ is when homologous chromosomes pair up into ___. These are two chromosomes sitting on ___ of each other. This process is necessary for __ __

Answer 19

synapsis, tetrads, top, crossing over

Question 20

In metaphase i, the _ __ are lined up across the __ __ and ___ are attached to kinetochores

Answer 20

homologous pairs, metaphase plate, microtubules

Question 21

In anaphase I, the meiotic spindle shortens and the homologous pairs ___ and are pulled to opposite poles in a process called ___

Answer 21

uncouple, disjunction

Question 22

during telophase I the _ __ redevelops and the chromosomes begin to ____, Each new daughter cell has a new nucleus that has ___ the number of chromosomes, making it ___. The chromosomes are not _ ___ to the parent cells due to recombination. Then, ___ occurs

Answer 22

nuclear envelope, decondense, half, haploid, genetically identical, cytokinesis

Question 23

Prophase II is the same as prophase I but not __ ___ occurs

Answer 23

crossing over

Question 24

In metaphase II, there are ___ the number of chromosomes as there were in metaphase i, and the sister chromatids are no longer ___ due to crossing over during _ ___

Answer 24

half, identical prophase i

Question 25

In anaphase II, the ___ are pulled apart

Answer 25

chromatids

Question 26

Telophase II and cytokinesis is the same as ___

Answer 26

mitosis

Question 27

Genetic variation occurs during three events: __ __, ___ __ and ___ __ of gametes

Answer 27

crossing over, independent assortment, random joining

Question 28

The ____ phase is the physical separation of a cell into daughter cells and includes both mitosis and ___

Answer 28

mitotic, cytokinesis

Question 29

Cells spend the majority of their time in ____.

Answer 29

interphase

Question 30

During G1, the cell ___ and increases in ___. _ ___ begins in preparation for cell division

Answer 30

grows, size, protein synthesis

Question 31

During S, or ___, the DNA is _____. This is where __ __ are formed and ____ are replicated

Answer 31

synthesis, replicated, sister chromatids, centrosomes

Question 32

In G2, the ___ replicates, the cell continues to ___, and the cell ___ that everything is ready to proceed with mitosis

Answer 32

organelles, grow, checks

Question 33

Cells like __ and ___ cells are permanently in the ___ phase, a state of a cell that is not actively dividing. Cells like ____ ____ are reversibly in the G0 stage and will re-enter the cell cycle based on different ___ ____

Answer 33

muscle, nerve, G0, T cells, environmental cues

Question 34

Cells that are reversibly in G0

Answer 34

quiescent

Question 35

A cell that is permanently in G0

Answer 35

Senescent

Question 36

When a cell grows in size, the ____ grows more rapidly in comparison to the __ ___. This makes the cell less function because a small _____ value makes cellular exchange of __ and ___ harder

Answer 36

volume, surface area, S:V, nutrients, waste

Question 37

An increase in cell volume also causes the ___ value to increase. When this happens, the cells exceeds the ability of its genome to produce enough amount of ___ for cellular activities.

Answer 37

G:V, regulation

Question 38

Cells like __ ___ cells are not capable of dividing but are capable of growing larger through ____. They sustain this by having multiple ____ which overcomes the G;V limit. They are also ____ instead of spherical, improving the ____ limit

Answer 38

skeletal muscle, exercise, nuclei, long, S:V

Question 39

The first checkpoint is at the end of ___ and is called the ___ point. Cell growth is assessed and favorable conditions like __ __, necessary __ __, adequate __ ___, and __ ___ are required to pass into S

Answer 39

G1, restriction, sufficient nutrients, cell products, cell size, healthy DNA

Question 40

The next checkpoint is at the end of ____. The cell evaluates the __ and __ of DNA replication to proceed into the mitotic phase

Answer 40

G2, accuracy, completion

Question 41

The final cell checkpoint is during _____ and is called the __ checkpoint. The cell evaluates if all the sister chromatids are attached to a __ ___. Mitosis stops if it is not

Answer 41

metaphase, spindle, spindle fiber

Question 42

If the cells fails the checkpoints it may enter ___ permanently, or undergo ___

Answer 42

G0, apoptosis

Question 43

When a cell stops dividing when the surrounding cell density reaches a maximum

Answer 43

density-dependent inhibition

Question 44

__ ___ demonstrates that cells only divide when attached to an __ ___. This prevents cells from multiplying while ___ throughout the body

Answer 44

anchorage dependence, external surface, floating

Question 45

In cancer, mutated cells __ __ and increase in number. This causes a mass called a ____. A tumor is considered ____ when its cells break loose and travel to other tissues and organs, a process called ____

Answer 45

divide uncontrollably, tumor, malignant, metastasis

Question 46

The ___ gene actively suppresses tumors, and ____ of the gene cause the cell to uncontrollably divide, leading to ___ growth.

Answer 46

p53, mutation, tumor

Question 47

Cancer drugs can inhibit _____ to stop uncontrolled growth, for example, by disrupting the ability of ___ to separate chromosomes during anaphase

Answer 47

mitosis, microtubules

Question 48

cells that are continuously dividing (ex. skin cells)

Answer 48

labile cells

Question 49

cells that do not usually divide, but can be stimulated to as needed (ex. liver cells)

Answer 49

quiescent (stable) cells

Question 50

Cells that have little to no capacity for cell division (ex. cardiac muscle cells)

Answer 50

fixed (permanent) cells

Question 51

The chromosome number only changes when _ __ separate, and thus does not occur in __ __

Answer 51

sister chromatids, meiosis I