Digestive System

Question 1

When food is broken down via enzymes and other chemical substances

Answer 1

chemical digestion

Question 2

When food is physically broken apart

Answer 2

mechanical digestion

Question 3

When food is moved through the digestive tract

Answer 3

propulsion

Question 4

When nutrients and water from food are made available to the cells of the body

Answer 4

absorption

Question 5

Digestion begins in the mouth. Mechanical digestion by ___ increases the __ __ of food and increases its exposure to __ ___. It also makes the food easier to __ and move through the digestive tract. The chewed up food is called the ___. The enzyme ___ in the saliva also breaks down ___ in chemical digestion

Answer 5

chewing, surface area, digestive enzymes, swallow, bolus, amylase, starch

Question 6

Next food travels from the food to the ___, where food and air passes cross. It contains the ____, which is a flap of tissue that blocks solids and liquids from entering the ____, to prevent airway blockage. It also contains the _ __ ___, which prevents against reflux of ____ from the esophagus, and helps air from entering the digestive tract

Answer 6

pharynx, epiglottis, trachea, upper esophageal sphincter, acid

Question 7

When food is swallowed, it enters the ____, which is a tube leading to the stomach. Saliva and ____, wave-like contractions keep the bolus travelling down the digestive tract

Answer 7

esophagus, peristalsis

Question 8

Peristalsis is a series of alternating ___ and ___. It is performed by the __ __, which contracts ___ the food, to move it forward, and relaxes in ____ of the food to let it pass through. This occurs in the ___, ___, ___ ___, and __ __

Answer 8

contractions, relaxations, smooth muscles, behind, front, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Question 9

Food then enters the stomach through the ____ ___ __/ __ ___, which prevents acid reflux. The stomach secretes ___ ___ (stomach acid) which is a mixture of mostly __ and water, that helps to start the digestive process and destroy harmful ____. The stomach has __ ___ which are indentations in the stomach walls that function as __ ___. The stomach walls also have ___ (folds) that increase the surface area of the stomach which increases the exposure to __ ___, and allow the stomach to ___. They also allow the stomach to ____.

Answer 9

lower esophageal sphincter, cardiac sphincter, gastric juice, HCl, pathogens, gastric pits, exocrine glands, rugae, stomach secretions, expand, churn

Question 10

____ are rings of muscles that can relax or contract to regulate the ___ of food throughout the digestive system, and prevent the ___ of food through the digestive tract.

Answer 10

sphincters, flow, backflow

Question 11

The stomach can be used for ____, due to the accordian-like folds that increase the surface area of __ ___. It also aids in mechanical digestion, by contraction of the stomach walls, which mixes the food with __ ___, which produces a slurry like mixture called ___. These contractions also help to physically __ __ down. The stomach also assists in chemical breakdown, as the enzyme ____ digests ____. ___ are also broken down the acidic environment

Answer 11

storage, stomach lumen, gastric juice, chyme, break down, pepsin, proteins, microorganisms

Question 12

The stomach also contains gastric pits that are used as exocrine glands, as they secrete substances through long ___ into the stomach. These gastric pits are made of ___, ___, ____, ___ and ___ cells

Answer 12

ducts, mucus, chief, parietal, G, ECL

Question 13

Mucous cells secrete ___ that ___ and protects the stomach’s __ ____ from acid

Answer 13

mucous, lubricates, epithelial lining

Question 14

The chief cells secrete _____ which is a zymogen, which gets converted to ___ by the low pH in the stomach. It helps to digest proteins into smaller ___.

Answer 14

pepsinogen, pepsin, peptides

Question 15

Parietal cells secrete ___ which makes the stomach highly acidic, and allows pepsinogen to be ____. into its active form. They also secrete __ ____, which helps aid in the absorption of ___ ____ in the intestines

Answer 15

HCl, cleaved, intrinsic factor, vitamin B12

Question 16

The G cells secrete _____, which is a ___ hormone that stimulates the stomach parietal cells to release ____

Answer 16

gastrin, peptide, HCl

Question 17

The ECl cells are stimulated by ____, and will produce _____. This in turn stimulates the parietal cells to produce ___

Answer 17

gastrin, histamine, HCl

Question 18

___ ___ are wounds in the lining of the stomach that result from excess stomach acid or __ ___, which disrupts the ___ layer of the stomach

Answer 18

peptic ulcers, H. pylori, mucus

Question 19

The __ leaves the stomach and enters the ___ __ through controlled release by the __ ___

Answer 19

chyme, small intestine, pyloric valve

Question 20

In the small intestine the majority of __ and __ ___ occurs. There are three segments; the ___, __ and ___

Answer 20

digestion, nutrient absorption, duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 21

The duodenum is where a lot of the digestion takes place. It breaks down __, ___, ___ and __ ___ through __ ___. The duodenum also secretes ____, contains ___ and regulates the ___ of the small intestine

Answer 21

proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, pancreatic juice, secretin, bile, pH

Question 22

The jejunum is the site of __ ____ and further enzymatic digestion. _____, __ __ and ____ ___ are absorbed through the walls of the jejunum and sent through the ____ for transportation to our cells

Answer 22

nutrient absorption, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, bloodstream

Question 23

the ileum is the ___ segment of the small intestine, which continues the absorption of nutrients, capturing anything that was ___ in the previous segment. It also contains __ ___, which area areas of lymphatic tissue that contain __ ___ that check for pathogens in anything passing through the digestive system and mount an __ __ if necessary

Answer 23

longest, missed, peyers patches, immune cells, immune response

Question 24

The walls of the small intestine are highly ___ and have finger like projections called _____. These increase the __ ____ of the small intestine, which increases digestion and absorption. Within the villi are ___ which are lymph vessels surrounded by a __ ___. These function to absorb and transfer ___. the individual cells that line the villi are called ____ which have a core made of ___ and help to further increase the surface area of the small intestine

Answer 24

folded, villi, surface area, lacteals, capillary network, fats, microvilli, actin

Question 25

The small intestine also has ___ cells that secretes mucous, which helps to __ and protect the intestinal ____.

Answer 25

goblet, lubricate, lining

Question 26

The small intestine is ___ acidic than the stomach because ____ ions from the ___ neutralizes the stomach acids

Answer 26

less, bicarbonate, pancreas

Question 27

The small intestine exhibits ____, as well as ____. The latter is a contracting and relaxing of different ___ of the small intestine, which promotes optimal digestion and the intestinal mixing of chyme, and __ ___.

Answer 27

peristalsis, segmentation, segments, digestive juices

Question 28

The pancreas acts as an ____ ___, as it secretes major enzymes into the ____. it also secretes _____, which neutralizes the acid in the small intesine

Answer 28

exocrine gland, duodenum, bicarbonate

Question 29

The pancreas secretes ____ such as ____ and ____, which are zymogens. Trypsin is activated by ______, and goes on to activate ____. Collectively these break down ____

Answer 29

proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, enterokinases, chymotrypsin, proteins

Question 30

The digestive enzymes of the pancreas are secreted as part of the _ ___, which flows from the ___ __ to the duodenum. This also contains __, water and ___.

Answer 30

pancreatic juice, pancreatic duct, bicarbonate, electrolytes

Question 31

The pancreas also secretes _____, which breaks down carbohydrates, ______ which breaks down fats, and _____ which break down nucleic acids

Answer 31

amylase, lipase, nucleases

Question 32

The pancreas functions as both and endocrine and exocrine gland. The ____ ___ secrete digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct over __ ___, serving exocrine function. __ of the __ ___ secrete hormones into the blood vessels, serving endocrine function

Answer 32

acinar cells, short distinces, islets, langerhans cells

Question 33

Pancreatic juice is also mixed with __ produced from the ____, before it enters the duodenum.

Answer 33

bile, liver

Question 34

The liver produces ____, which does not contain any digestive _____. However, it helps to ___ ___, and neutralizes stomach acid through ___ like the pancreas

Answer 34

bile, enzymes, emulsify fats, bicarbonate

Question 35

Bile is stored in the __ ___. It flows out of the _ ___ when it is time to be released, which merges with the __ ___ ___ into the __ __ ___, which in turn merges with the __ ___. From there, bile is secreted into the duodenum through the __ ____ ___

Answer 35

gall bladder, cystic duct, common hepatic duct, common bile duct, pancreatic duct, ampulla of vater

Question 36

When fats move through the digestive system, it is exposed to a lot of ___, and end up ___ together into large spheres. bile ___ the fats which breaks it up into smaller pieces and increases the __ __ for lipases to work on. People with defects in bile production are often ___ of digesting fats

Answer 36

water, clump, emulsifies, surface area, incapable

Question 37

The liver also _____ and ___ harmful substances such as toxins and alcohol from the blood, and ___ them. The liver also contains ___ cells, which are specialized macrophages in the liver that identify and remove pathogen in the __ that pass through the liver

Answer 37

detoxifies, filters, excretes, Kupfer, blood

Question 38

The liver also stores ___ as needed for blood cell production as well as vitamins __, __ and ___

Answer 38

iron, A, D, B12

Question 39

The kupfer cells can also destroy ___ ___ and the __ that is contained within them

Answer 39

irregular erthrocytes, hemoglobin

Question 40

The liver also maintains normal __ __ levels, as it stores glucose in the form of ____ when it is high, and break it back down to glucose when levels are low

Answer 40

blood glucose, glycogen

Question 41

The liver can also convert excess __- and __ into fat

Answer 41

carbohydrates, proteins

Question 42

The liver also plays a role in the metabolism of proteins. it can synthesize __ __ and ___ amino acids. It removes the -___ group, from amino acids, and converts it to ____, which is sent to the kidneys to be excreted.

Answer 42

plasma proteins, nonessential, amine, urea

Question 43

The large intestine which is also called the ____, receives chyme from the __ __, which is the passageway from the small to the large intestine. The large intestine mostly functions to absorb __ and ____.

Answer 43

colon, ileocecal valve, water, electrolytes

Question 44

There are 4 parts to the large intestine:, the ___, ___ ___ and __ ___

Answer 44

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon

Question 45

The pouch like opening to the large intestine

Answer 45

Cecum

Question 46

The ___ is a projection from the cecum that functions to hold __ __ and a reservoir of healthy __ ___ in humans. In herbivores, this structure contains the bacteria that digest ____, which gives them the ability to digest plant __ ___>

Answer 46

appendix, immune cells, gut bacteria, cellulose, cell walls

Question 47

At the end of the large intestine is the _____ which forms feces, that is excreted through the __ ___. Malfunction of the large intestine results in improper ____ absorption and thus can lead to ___

Answer 47

rectum, anal canal, water, diarrhea

Question 48

The large intestine also contain ______ that are __ in the large intestine, These bacteria synthesize vitamin ___ and ___ that the large intestine absorbs

Answer 48

e. coli, symbiont, k, b12

Question 49

the microorganisms living throughout your digestive tract

Answer 49

gut microbiome

Question 50

The gut microbiome assist in ___ of compounds we are unable to digest on our own, provide _ ___, by competing against pathogens in the __ __, and they allow for the __ and ___of key nutrients. The extended use of ____ can lead to vitamin deficiency, as they kill bacteria indiscriminately

Answer 50

digestion, immune protect, gut living, synthesis, absorption, antibiotics

Question 51

secretin is produced by the cells of the ____, and stimulates the release of ____ from the pancreas, which neutralizes the __ of chyme entering the small intestine

Answer 51

duodenum, bicarbonate, acidity

Question 52

____ or CCK, is released by the cells of the duodenum when there is the presence of __ ___ and __ __ It stimulates the pancreas to stimulate __ __ and the gall bladder to release ___. It also slows _ ___, which means it slows the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine, giving more __ to digest food and prevent from ___ the intestine with too many nutrients too quickly

Answer 52

cholecystokinin, amino acids, fatty acids, digestive enzymes, bile, gastric motility, time, overloading

Question 53

_ ___ ___ is a hormone secreted by cells in the small intestine in response to ___, fats and ___. It stimulates ___ release, and mildly inhibits ___ ___ and ___

Answer 53

gastric inhibitory peptide, glucose, proteins, insulin, gastric secretion, motility

Question 54

____ is a hormone that is primarily secreted by the pancreas. This ___ the secretion of most digestive hormones like gastrin, secretin and ___. It also decreases __ __

Answer 54

somatostatin, inhibits, CCK, gastric motility

Question 55

The hormone ___ stimulates hunger when the body detects a decrease in __ ___.

Answer 55

ghrelin, body mass

Question 56

____ suppresses hunger when the body senses an increases in body fat

Answer 56

leptin

Question 57

__ ____, ____ and ___ all suppress the appetite

Answer 57

peptide YY, insulin, epinephrine