Immune System

Question 1

The immune systems protects the body from pathogens such as ___, ___ and ____. It does so by differentiating __ from ___ cells, which are needed to prevent hurting its own cells, or miss targeting a harmful cell.

Answer 1

bacteria, viruses, fungi, self, nonself

Question 2

The first line of defence are the _____ barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the cells. If a pathogen makes it past this barrier, it encounters the 2nd line of defence, or the _____ ____. These are the ___ ____ defences that we have to deal with the pathogens in a ___ way. Finally if a pathogen passes through to the 3rd layer, or __ ____. This immune response is more _____, and can remember pathogens but is ____

Answer 2

physical, innate immunity, internal cellular, nonspecific, adaptive immunity, specific, slower

Question 3

The first line of defence are primarily _____, and very ____.

Answer 3

external, generalized

Question 4

The first barrier is the ___, which prevents pathogens from entering. It can sometimes help eliminate pathogens through its ____ and ____ ____ from sweat glands.

Answer 4

skin, oily, acidic secretions

Question 5

___ ___ are lysozymes found in ___ and ___, that breaks down ___ ___ of pathogens

Answer 5

antimicrobial proteins, saliva, tears, cell walls

Question 6

Cillia that line the ____ sweep away pathogens that become trapped in the ____ lining the respiratory airway

Answer 6

lungs, mucus

Question 7

In the stomach, ___ ____ kills microbes ingested

Answer 7

gastric juices

Question 8

_____ _____ present in the digestive tract and ____ outcompetes other organisms

Answer 8

symbiotic bacteria, vagina

Question 9

Cells of the innate immune system are activated more ___, and provide a more ___ response. There is no ___ ____, and the response os the same whether the pathogen has been ___ ___.

Answer 9

quickly, general, memory effect, previously encountered

Question 10

cells of the adaptive immune system are ____ to act but are very ____. They are able to more ___ respond to previously encountered pathogens. The cells of the adaptive immune system are called ____, and consist of ___ and ____ cells

Answer 10

slower, specific, effectively, lymphocytes, t, b

Question 11

Immune cells are just a specialized type of___ ____ all of which originate from ____ ___ __ in the ___ ___ ___

Answer 11

blood cell, hematopoietic stem cells, red bone marrow

Question 12

____ are innate immune cells that _____ (phagocytosis) pathogens or ___ ____. The process starts with the _____ surrounding the pathogens and beginning to pull it in. Then the pathogens are brought into the cell via ____, and a ____ forms around it to enclose and isolate the pathogen. The vacuole is then fused with _____, where the pathogen is destroyed by ___ __ and ___ __. This is why white blood cells have a large number of ___. The debris from pathogens are then released by ____

Answer 12

phagocytes, engulfes, cellular debris, pseudopodia, endocytosis, vacuole, lysosome, toxic compounds, lysosomal enzymes, lysosomes, exocytosis

Question 13

______ are phagocytes of the innate immune system that destroy pathogens in ___ ___. They usually circulate the ____, but are drawn to infected areas by ____ via the process of ____, and squeeze out of blood vessels and into the ___ __ surrounding cells in a process called ___. They are one of the ___ ___ to inflammation and infection and are the key initiators of the ___ ___

Answer 13

neutrophils, infected tissues, bloodstream, chemicals, chemotaxis, interstitial fluid, diapedesis, first responders, inflammatory response

Question 14

____ are also phagocytes of the innate immune system that circulate in the blood, until they move into tissues via ____, where they develop into ____.

Answer 14

monocytes, diapedesis, macrophages

Question 15

Macrophages are found in the ____ and ___ cell debris and pathogens. They are also key initiators of the ___ ___ and can release ___ ___ that activate other immune cells.

Answer 15

tissue, phagocytize, inflammatory response, signalling molecules

Question 16

___ ___ are another derivative of monocytes. They are also found in the _____, and ingest pathogens and stimulate the ___ ___ ___

Answer 16

dendritic cells, tissue, acquired immune response

Question 17

Macrophages and dendritic cells are called ___ ____ ___ ___. These cells destroy pathogens, but also load their ____ ____ onto the surface of their cells. These antigens can be shown to other immune cells called __ __ ____, to trigger a more complex immune response.

Answer 17

professional antigen presenting cells, foreign antigens, helper t cells

Question 18

____ work collectively to surround and destroy ____ ____ such as parasites. They do this by releasing granules containing __ ___,

Answer 18

eosinophils, multicellular pathogens, destructive enzymes

Question 19

___ ___ are found in the ___ ___, and contribute to both the inflammatory and _____ response, which is an overreaction of the immune system to typically harmless substances. They can also result in ____, a dangerous form allergic response, and release ______, a regulator of inflammation

Answer 19

mast cells, connective tissue allergic, anaphylaxis, histamine

Question 20

____ are involved in the inflammatory response and are recruited to tissues when they are needed. They also release ____, and are involved in the allergic response, but circulate in the ____.

Answer 20

basophils, histamine, blood

Question 21

Natural killer cells attack abnormal body cells, either ____ or _____ cells. They do this by releasing ____ that destroy the cell.

Answer 21

tumors, pathogen-infected, chemicals

Question 22

____ _____ are critical for innate immune cells to recognize ___ ___ ___ present on the surface of pathogens. For example, it can recognize the presence of __ ___, a bacterial ___ __, or ___ ___ that shouldn’t be found in eukaryotes. ____ TLRs found in the ____ can also recognize _____ ___ which aren’t present in eukaryotes.

Answer 22

toll-like receptors, broad molecular patterns, bacterial flagella, cell wall, parasitic structures, internal, nucleus, double-stranded RNA

Question 23

____ are chemical signalling molecules used in the immune response for ___ ____. They can activate and ___ immune cells to the site of an infection, stimulate the production of more ____, and promote ___ itself

Answer 23

cytokines, cell-cell, attract, leukocytes, inflammation

Question 24

_____ are a specific group of cytokines. _____ is involved in the inflammatory reaction while ___ triggers the adaptive immune response

Answer 24

interleukins, IL-1, IL-2

Question 25

____ are another group of cytokines. They are signalling molecules released by ___ ___ that stimulate neighbouring cells to produce ____ to prevent ___ ___ and slow down ____ if the cell does encounter a virus to limit its ability to ___. They activate cells that can more effectively fight the virus, and also initiate ____ in neighbouring infected cells.

Answer 25

interferons, infected cells, proteins, viral replication, selectivity, spread, apoptosis

Question 26

The ___ system is part of the innate response but can be activated by the adaptive immune system. It consists of proteins that circulate in an ____ ____. An immune responses ___ these proteins into their ___ form. The proteins then creates structures that create numerous ___ in the membranes of the pathogen, leading to cell ____.

Answer 26

complement, inactive state, cleaves, active, pores, lysis

Question 27

The goal of the inflammatory response is release substances that will increase the flow of ___ to an area. This attracts _____ ___ ___ and facilitates the ____ of tissue, as well as the destruction of pathogens.

Answer 27

blood, white blood cells, repair

Question 28

When an injury occurs or a pathogen is encountered, ___ and ___ first are drawn to the site of injury by signals from the ___ or ___ tissue. ____ may already be present in the tissue and will release signals to attract more immune cells.

Answer 28

neutrophils, macrophages, infected, injuried, macrophages.

Question 29

Then ____ ___ will start to release histamine, which in combination to the ___ released by macrophages, will cause _____ of the nearby ____ _____, which causes them to be more permeable to ____, ___ __, and ____, which act locally to cause ___ and pain

Answer 29

mast cells, cytokines, dilation, blood vessels, neutrophils, antimicrobial proteins, prostaglandins, fever

Question 30

Overtime, the increased blood flow and various _____ allows for other immune cells to be recruited, which digests ___ and ___ __ allowing the damaged area to heal

Answer 30

cytokines, pathogens, cell debris

Question 31

During diapedesis, ____ enter the tissues as part of the ______ ___. They move through gaps in between cells of the ___ __ ___, when attracted via ___ to the area of concern.

Answer 31

leukocytes, inflammatory response, blood vessel epithelium, chemotaxis