Nervous System

Question 1

The nervous system is ___, __ and involves ___ signalling

Answer 1

fast, specific, direct

Question 2

Neurons cannot ___ and use ___ as an energy storage

Answer 2

reproduce, glucose

Question 3

structures that receive electrical signals

Answer 3

dendrites

Question 4

where action potentials are initiated; where soma and axon meet

Answer 4

axon hillock

Question 5

tranduce signals

Answer 5

axons

Question 6

substance that forms a sheath around some axons; enhances the speed of propagation

Answer 6

myelin sheath

Question 7

In a myelinated axon, the myelin acts as an ____, which means the ___ only occurs at the ___ ___ ____ making the electrical signal faster.

Answer 7

insulator, depolarization, nodes of ranvier

Question 8

A _____ diameter of neuron means faster action potential because of less ____

Answer 8

larger, resistance

Question 9

Cells that produce the myelin sheath in the CNS

Answer 9

oligodendrocytes

Question 10

Cells that produce myelin sheath in the PNS

Answer 10

schwann cells

Question 11

support cells of the nervous that are capable of dividing

Answer 11

glial cells

Question 12

glial cells that provide immune function in the NS

Answer 12

microglia

Question 13

glial cells that circulate the CSF using cilia for nourishment

Answer 13

ependymal cells

Question 14

Glial cells that support function of PNS

Answer 14

satellite cells

Question 15

glial cells that provide nutrient balance in the CNS using the BBB

Answer 15

astrocytes

Question 16

channels that open and close in response to a change in electric membrane potential

Answer 16

voltage gated channel

Question 17

a channel that opens and closes in responses to a molecule binding to a ligand binding site

Answer 17

ligand gated channel

Question 18

channel that opens and closes in response to physical changes around the channel

Answer 18

mechanically gated channel

Question 19

Na+ channels are ___ ____ channels and can be ___

Answer 19

fast voltage-gated

Question 20

K+ channels can be ____ and there is another type that is ___ and allows for ____ transport of K+ to the outside

Answer 20

voltage-gated, leaky, passive

Question 21

The Na+/K+ ATPase continuously pumps ___ Na+ out for every ___ K+ in. It requires ___

Answer 21

3, 2, ATP

Question 22

action potential threshold

Answer 22

-55 mV

Question 23

Absolute refractory period results in __ __ to additional stimuli because the cell is already ___ or the voltage gated ____ channels are deactivated while the cell is repolarizing

Answer 23

no response, depolarizing, sodium

Question 24

Relative refractory period a very ____ stimulus can trigger an action potential and this is during the -__ stage

Answer 24

large, hyperpolarization

Question 25

When ions move between cells through gap junctions to transmit APs; rapid

Answer 25

electrical transmission

Question 26

when APs release NTs that bind to adjacent neurons or cells to send a signal

Answer 26

chemical transmission

Question 27

The AP activates ____ ____ ___ Influx of Ca2+ causes presynaptic neuron to release ___

Answer 27

voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, vesicles

Question 28

postsynaptic membrane depolarizes by opening Na+ gates

Answer 28

EPSP

Question 29

Post synaptic membrane hyperpolarizes by opening K+ gates

Answer 29

IPSP

Question 30

ACh is released at __ __ for muscle contraction (excitatory). ACh is ____ or broken down by ____ ____, on the postsynaptic membrane. This is a hydrolysis reaction that produces __, which is diffused away and ____ which undergoes reuptake to be used again as ACh

Answer 30

neuromuscular junction, hydrolyzed, enzyme acetylcholinesterase, acetate, choline

Question 31

___, _____ and ____ are amino acid transmitters. The first is excitatory, the second is inhibitory in the ___, and the third is inhibitory in the __ __

Answer 31

glutatmate, gaba, glycine, brain, spinal cord

Question 32

Amino acid derived NTs include __ and ___ which are released in the ANS, and ___ and ___ which are released in the brain

Answer 32

norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, dopamine

Question 33

___ ____ is a NT that is not stored in vesicles for release. Instead it is synthesized __ __. It relaxes __ __ and causes ____ which increases blood flow

Answer 33

nitric oxide, on demand, smooth muscle, vasodilation

Question 34

Neuropeptides are short amino acid chains like ___ and substance P, which play a role in ____ perception

Answer 34

endorphins, pain