Circulatory System Flashcards
The ___ from the heart pumping moves blood through the blood ____, by maintaining a __ __
pressure, vessels, pressure gradient
The outer membrane is the ___, and it is double membraned and __ ___. It keeps the heart in a stable location and separates it from the _- and other structures. The fluid lubricates the heart to prevent ___ from pumping.
pericardium fluid filled, lungs, friction
the outer layer of the pericardium is called the __ __ and the inner layer is called the __ __
fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium
The heart has __ chambers. The lower ones are separated by ___ and right and left are separated by a ___. The upper chambers are called ____, and the lower ones are called ___
4, valves, septum, atria, ventricles
The right side of the heart carries ____ blood that needs to be replenished. The left side of the heart carries ___ blood
deoxygenated, oxygenates
The blood in the atria are at a ___ pressure because they are sent to the ventricles. The blood in the ventricles is under ___ pressure because it is sent to the ___ under systemic circulation. Therefore the walls of the ventricles are ____
lower, higher, lungs, thicker
The valves of the heart open under __ like when a heart chamber is contracting, to push blood out of it, and then close to prevent ____.
pressure, backflow
Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle
tricuspid valve
Valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries
pulmonary valve
Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
mitral (bicuspid) valve
Valve between the left ventricle and aorta
aortic valve
The Aorta is a thick, ___ structure that distributes blood directly from the heart to the ___ of the body. It is strong to withstand the ___ of the blood flow
muscular, arteries, pressure
Fish have ___ atria and ___ ventricle
1, 1
Amphibians and reptiles have ___ atria and ___ ventricle. However, an exception are ___ and ___ who have 4 chambers
2, 1, crocodiles, aligaters
Birds and mammals have ____ atria and ___ ventricles
2, 2
The more heart chambers, the more ___ the circulatory system, because the better separation of __ vs ___ blood
efficient, oxygenated, deoxygenated
The arteries carry blood ___ from the heart and holds blood that is very ___ ___. It replenishes the ____ needed by cells
away, oxygen rich, blood
Veins carry ____ blood __ to the heart
deoxygenated, back
Blood being pumped from the heart to the lungs
pulmonary circulation
blood being pumped from the heart to the rest of the blood
systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation begins when ____ blood is pumped from the ___ ventricle through the __ __ to the ___ ___, which carries the blood to the lungs.Blood in the pulmonary arteries have the ___ concentration of oxygen in the body
deoxygenated, right, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, lowest
The pulmonary arteries bring the deoxygenated blood to the ___ of the lungs, which surround the ___. The ___ inhaled diffuse across the latter to resupply the blood with oxygen. The ___ built up in the blood diffuses out of the lungs
capillaries, alveoli, oxygen, CO2
The oxygenated blood travels back to the heart via the __ __ to the ___ atrium. The pulmonary veins have the ___ concentration of oxygen in the blood
pulmonary veins, left, highest
In systemic circulation the left atria contracts due to an increase in ____ to push the ___ blood through the ___ valve and into the ___ ventricle.
pressure, oxygenated, mitral, left
Then the left ventricle contracts and pushes the blood through the ____ valve to the ____. The mitral valve __ and prevents ___
aortic, aorta, closes, backflow
Blood from the aorta is carried in ____ to the rest of the body. When the blood reaches the tissues, the _____ will exchange __ and -__ for __ and ___, which are unloaded onto the ___ end of capillaries
arteries, capillaries, O2, nutrients, wastes, CO2, venus
Once the blood is deoxygenated from the tissues, the ___ carry the blood back to the _____ and ___ ___ ___, which empty into the __ atrium. The right atrium then contracts and blood travels through the ____ valve into the __ __, to be replenished
veins, superior, inferior, vena cava, right, tricuspid, right ventricle
when the heart contracts to pump blood out
systole
When the heart relaxes after a contraction
diastole
Cells of the heart in the __ ___ are capable of generating their own ___, thus are called pacemaker cells. This energy is used to keep the heart beating to the correct ___ ___.
sinoatrial node, electricity, coordinated rhythm
cell to cell junctions that join one cardiac muscle cell to the next
intercalated disks
Intercalated disks contain __ ___ which allow for the electrical transmission created by ____ ___ to reach all the cardiac cells
gap junctions, pacemaker cells
The electrical signal begins at the __ ___ which causes both ___ to contract. This signal then reaches the ____ node, where it slightly delays to allow the atria to completely ___. Then it will spread through cells called the ___ __ __ which is located between both ventricles in the ___. When the electrical signals reach the bottom of the heart, they are carried up by __ ___, which causes both ____ to contract simulataneously
SA node, atria, atrio-ventricular, empty, bundle of his, septum, purkinje fibers, ventricles
The ___ wave represents the electrical signal of the atria contracting. The ___ ____ represents the ventricles contracting. The ___ wave represents the ventricles repolarizing
P, QRS complex, T
The volume of blood discharged from both ventricles each minute
cardiac output; = stroke volume x heart rate
The volume of blood discharged from the ventricles with each contraction
stroke volume
The number of heart contractions per minute
heart rate
Stroke volume is equal to the _____ - ____
end diastolic volume, end systolic volume
volume of blood in the ventricle just before contraction
end diastolic volume
volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of contraction
end systolic volume
pressure of circulating blood against the vessels
blood pressure; cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance
systemic vascular resistance is the __ to the flow of blood. The ___ the blood vessels, more resistance there is. The higher the _____ of blood, the higher the resistance
resistance, narrower, viscosity
The arteries are ___ due to the higher pressure, while ___ are thinner because have lower pressure blood
arteries, veins
oxygenated blood from the heart is carried from the __ to the ___, to the ___, where exchange occurs. Then deoxygenated blood is carried to the ___, to the __, and back to the heart
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
The outer layer of the arteries is made of ____ ___, which strengthens it and connects it to nearby ___
connective tissues, tissue
The middle layer of the artery is ___ and made of ___ __. It can withstand the pressure of the blood, and contract or relax to regulate the __ of the artery
thick, smooth muscle, diameter
Beneath the thick muscle layer of the artery is the ___ layer that gives the artery ____, and allows it to withstand high pressures. Beneath this layer is the ___ which is the inner surface of the artery that allows blood to flow easily
elastic, flexibility, endothelium
Some arteries have small ___ __ on their surface to supply them with blood and __ that their walls are too __ to absorb
blood vessels, nutrients, thick
Arterioles are ___ than arteries and wrapped in a thick layer of __ ___. This contracts and dilates to regulate ____ __ and is the major way the circulatory system does so
smaller, smooth muscle, blood pressure
The capillaries have the smallest ____ branching from the arterioles, but the greatest ___ __ and cross sectional area due to their abundance. They are composed of only a single layer of ____ cells which allows for exchange of nutrients and wastes via ____
diameter, surface area, endothelial, diffusion
The ___ of capillaries allows for nutrient and gas exchange. The ___ end receives oxygenated blood and the ___ end that takes the deoxygenate blood away. It also controls ___ and __ ___
thinness, arterial, venus, thermoregulation, blood pressure
The ___ pressure is the pressure of fluid against the capillary walls. This causes ___ and ___ to flow out into the tissues
hydrostatic, water, oxygen
____ pressure is the pressure of blood ____ pulling fluid towards themselves. This causes extra fluids, __ and ___ to flow into the capillaries.
oncotic, proteins, wastes, CO2
In the arterial end of the capillaries there is net ___ as ____ pressure wins out. At the venus end of the capillaries, there is net ____, because the oncotic pressure wins out, because the force of the heart ___
filtration, hydrostatic, reabsorption, fades
Rings of muscles that can control blood flow by contracting or relaxing
precapillary sphincter
The ___ of precapillary sphincters deliver less blood flow, ___ and __ to the tissues. The ___ of precapillary sphincters, for example during ___, which deliver more blood flow to the tissues
contracting, O2, nutrients, relaxing, exercise
The venules are the ___ vein component, and drain ____ blood from the capillary bed. They are very __ and ___, consisting of the __ ___ layer on the outside, a thin __ __ and an ___
smallest, deoxygenated, thin, porous, connective tissue, muscle layer, endothelium
The veins are ___ than venules and are composed of a connective tissue layer a thinner ____ layer, an ___ layer and ____. They are in a __ __ environment, thus they need ___ to prevent backflow and also rely on __ __ __ to increase pressure
larger, muscle, elastic, endothelium, low pressure, valves, skeletal muscle contraction
In fetal circulation the goal is to get blood to the __ instead of the lungs, and then to the ____. The lungs and ___ are underdeveloped, so are lower in priority to receive oxygenated blood
placenta, tissues, liver
At the placenta there is an exchange of __ and ___. The mother’s blood supply provides __ and ___ to the fetus. This blood travels from the placenta to the fetal circulatory system via the __ ___. The used blood diffuse back to the placenta to be replenished by the mother’s blood via the ___ __
gasses, waste, oxygen, nutrients, umbilical vein, umbilical arteries
When the __ __ is cut after pregnancy, the umbilical vein and arteries collapse
umbilical cord
The __ __ connects the umbilical vein to the __ ___ __. This exist for oxygenated blood to bypass the __ in fetuses, because it is not fully functional
ductus venosus, inferior vein cava, liver
The ______ ____ is a hole in the septum between the two ___ that allows blood to directly flow past them. It does this to bypass the ___ and right ____ so it can go out to the body’s tissues faster. After birth the hole ___
foramen ovale, atria, lungs, ventricle, closes
Not all the blood goes through the foramen ovale. For the blood that does enter the _ __, that blood can bypass the lungs using the _ ____. The hole closes after birth
pulmonary artery, ductus arteriosus
Humans have a ____ circulatory system, being all the blood is contained within ____. If blood pressure falls above or below equilibrium, the blood vessels will __ or ___
closed, vessels, dilate, constrict
Blood pressure is ___ regulated. ____ can impact blood flow and can be regulated through ___ ___. High blood pressure can negatively damage blood ___, __ and negatively affect health.
continuously, vessel diameter, vessels, organs
Low blood pressure can lead to ____, ___ blood to the organs and ___
fainting, inadequate, fatigue
The compression of blood vessels and increase of pressure and resistance to blood flow
vasoconstriction
The widening of blood vessels and the decrease in blood pressure and resistance to blood flow
vasodilation
Blood pressure is also regulated by altering __ __ and hormones such as ___
cardiac output, epinephrine
Blood pressure can also be regulated through blood ___. This is regulated by the ___, which controls how much water is excreted. If blood pressure is too ___, the body will expel more urine
volume, kidneys, high
Blood pressure is highest in the ___ and ____. Lower pressure is seen in the arterioles and ____. This is necessary to allow for the exchange of nutrients and ___, and prevents damage to the ___ capillaries. The blood pressure is extremely low in the veins and lowest in the ___ and ___ ___ ___
aorta, arteries, capillaries, wastes, thin, superior, inferior vein cava
Blood is ___% liquid called ____. It is an aqueous mixture of nutrients. salts, ___, __ hormones, and ___
55, plasma, gasses, wastes, proteins
____% of the blood is the ____ or red blood cells and ___% is the ____ ___ or the white blood cells / platelets
45, hematocrit, 1, buffy coat
The surface of __ ___ ___ contain ____ or antigens, substances that can produce an __ ___. This determines blood ___
red blood cells, glycoproteins, immune response, type
Type of blood where there are neither A or B antigens on the red blood cell
O type
If someone is given the wrong blood type, ___ occurs. ____ will recognize it as a foreign substance and cause red blood cells to ___ together, causing blood ___. While ___ can be filtered out of the blood ___ cannot be
agglutination, antibodies, clump, clots, antibodies, antigens
A type blood will produce _____ antibodies, B type blood will produce _____ antibodies, O type blood will produce both, and AB type blood will produce ___ antibodies
anti-b, anti-a, neither
Blood type ___ is the universal recipient, while blood type ____ is the universal donor
AB, O
Rh factor; another antigen
Rhesus factor
A true universal donor is ____ type, and Rh factor ___. A true universal recipient is _____ type and Rh factor ___
O, negative, AB, positive
An individual with type A blood could have a genotype of ___ or ___
AA, AO
An individual with type O blood must have a genotype of ___ and an individual with type AB blood must have a genotype of ___ and ___
OO, A, B
An individual with type B blood can have a genotype of __ or ___
BB, BO
___ or red blood cells, are the most abundant cell type in the blood. They have a __ shape which gives them a large surface area and ____ to squeeze through small blood vessels. They have no ____, which give them more space to carry __ and some ___ throughout the body
erthyrocytes, biconcave, flexibility, organelles, O2, CO2
CO2 can bind to hemoglobin but does not bind to the same ____ as ___. Only a little CO2 is transferred this way
site, O2
myoglobin is found in the muscles and binds oxygen, but does not ___ it. Instead, it helps ___ it in muscle tissue as a ____
transport, store, reservoir
CO has a ____x higher affinity than oxygen, and binds to the same ___ as it.
200, site
Bicarbonate is found in the ___ part of the blood, and ____ it. When there is too much acid in the blood, acid will combine with bicarbonate to form _ ___. When there is too much base in the blood, carbonic acid will ______ to neutralize it, forming ___
plasma, buffers, carbonic acid, dissociate, bicarbonate
Most of the carbon dioxide in the body is transported in the form of __-
bicarbonate
An enzyme that turns carbonic acid into CO2 and water
carbonic anhydrase
___ is used to buffer outside of the cells while ___ is used to buffer inside of the cells
bicarbonate, phosphate
In the blood brain barrier, __ __ act as the first barrier to prevent most substances from crossing out of the blood to the ___ __ of the brain. The ___ further support this barrier by surrounding the ____ __
tight junctions, extracellular space, astrocytes, capillary cells
The blood brain barrier is a ______ _____ _ ____ membrane. It allows ___, ___, ___, and small ___ molecules like ____ ___ and ___ ____ to pass through
highly selective, semi permeable, water, O2, CO2, lipid-soluble, steroid hormones, fat-soluble vitamins
Blood clotting is triggered by damaged to __ ___. It works to ___ the injury to stop blood loss and prevent ____
blood vessels, seal, infection
the clotting cascade is triggered when an injury exposes a broken blood vessel to __ __. The exposed proteins attract ____ to the site which act as an immediate ___ ___. These in turn release __ __ that activate clotting factors
blood constituents, platelets, chemical signals
The clotting factors cause an __ __ that converts ___ to ____. This is involved in a __ _ ___, which results in more of this conversion. Thrombin itself is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of __ to ____
enzymatic cascade, prothrombin, thrombin, positive feedback loop, fibrinogen, fibrin
Fibrin is a mesh of sticky __ __ that trap blood cells together to form a stable __ ___that reinforces the initial platlet plug
proteins strands, blood clot
a genetic disease that causes excessive bleeding and bruising due to the inability to produce clotting factors
hemophilia
The clotting cascade is regulated by intact blood vessel ____, the normal circulation of blood, which prevents clotting factors from __ __ in one spot, and ____ that inhibit the clotting cascade until it is needed
walls, building up, anti-coagulants
Leech ___ contains ____ to prevent blood clotting, This helps promote ___ __ to aid in wound healing
saliva, anticoagulants, blood flow
