Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DAT booster Biology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The ___ from the heart pumping moves blood through the blood ____, by maintaining a __ __

A

pressure, vessels, pressure gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The outer membrane is the ___, and it is double membraned and __ ___. It keeps the heart in a stable location and separates it from the _- and other structures. The fluid lubricates the heart to prevent ___ from pumping.

A

pericardium fluid filled, lungs, friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the outer layer of the pericardium is called the __ __ and the inner layer is called the __ __

A

fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The heart has __ chambers. The lower ones are separated by ___ and right and left are separated by a ___. The upper chambers are called ____, and the lower ones are called ___

A

4, valves, septum, atria, ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The right side of the heart carries ____ blood that needs to be replenished. The left side of the heart carries ___ blood

A

deoxygenated, oxygenates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The blood in the atria are at a ___ pressure because they are sent to the ventricles. The blood in the ventricles is under ___ pressure because it is sent to the ___ under systemic circulation. Therefore the walls of the ventricles are ____

A

lower, higher, lungs, thicker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The valves of the heart open under __ like when a heart chamber is contracting, to push blood out of it, and then close to prevent ____.

A

pressure, backflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries

A

pulmonary valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

mitral (bicuspid) valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Valve between the left ventricle and aorta

A

aortic valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The Aorta is a thick, ___ structure that distributes blood directly from the heart to the ___ of the body. It is strong to withstand the ___ of the blood flow

A

muscular, arteries, pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fish have ___ atria and ___ ventricle

A

1, 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Amphibians and reptiles have ___ atria and ___ ventricle. However, an exception are ___ and ___ who have 4 chambers

A

2, 1, crocodiles, aligaters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Birds and mammals have ____ atria and ___ ventricles

A

2, 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The more heart chambers, the more ___ the circulatory system, because the better separation of __ vs ___ blood

A

efficient, oxygenated, deoxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The arteries carry blood ___ from the heart and holds blood that is very ___ ___. It replenishes the ____ needed by cells

A

away, oxygen rich, blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Veins carry ____ blood __ to the heart

A

deoxygenated, back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Blood being pumped from the heart to the lungs

A

pulmonary circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

blood being pumped from the heart to the rest of the blood

A

systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pulmonary circulation begins when ____ blood is pumped from the ___ ventricle through the __ __ to the ___ ___, which carries the blood to the lungs.Blood in the pulmonary arteries have the ___ concentration of oxygen in the body

A

deoxygenated, right, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, lowest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The pulmonary arteries bring the deoxygenated blood to the ___ of the lungs, which surround the ___. The ___ inhaled diffuse across the latter to resupply the blood with oxygen. The ___ built up in the blood diffuses out of the lungs

A

capillaries, alveoli, oxygen, CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The oxygenated blood travels back to the heart via the __ __ to the ___ atrium. The pulmonary veins have the ___ concentration of oxygen in the blood

A

pulmonary veins, left, highest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In systemic circulation the left atria contracts due to an increase in ____ to push the ___ blood through the ___ valve and into the ___ ventricle.

A

pressure, oxygenated, mitral, left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Then the left ventricle contracts and pushes the blood through the ____ valve to the ____. The mitral valve __ and prevents ___

A

aortic, aorta, closes, backflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Blood from the aorta is carried in ____ to the rest of the body. When the blood reaches the tissues, the _____ will exchange __ and -__ for __ and ___, which are unloaded onto the ___ end of capillaries

A

arteries, capillaries, O2, nutrients, wastes, CO2, venus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Once the blood is deoxygenated from the tissues, the ___ carry the blood back to the _____ and ___ ___ ___, which empty into the __ atrium. The right atrium then contracts and blood travels through the ____ valve into the __ __, to be replenished

A

veins, superior, inferior, vena cava, right, tricuspid, right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

when the heart contracts to pump blood out

A

systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When the heart relaxes after a contraction

A

diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cells of the heart in the __ ___ are capable of generating their own ___, thus are called pacemaker cells. This energy is used to keep the heart beating to the correct ___ ___.

A

sinoatrial node, electricity, coordinated rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

cell to cell junctions that join one cardiac muscle cell to the next

A

intercalated disks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Intercalated disks contain __ ___ which allow for the electrical transmission created by ____ ___ to reach all the cardiac cells

A

gap junctions, pacemaker cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The electrical signal begins at the __ ___ which causes both ___ to contract. This signal then reaches the ____ node, where it slightly delays to allow the atria to completely ___. Then it will spread through cells called the ___ __ __ which is located between both ventricles in the ___. When the electrical signals reach the bottom of the heart, they are carried up by __ ___, which causes both ____ to contract simulataneously

A

SA node, atria, atrio-ventricular, empty, bundle of his, septum, purkinje fibers, ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The ___ wave represents the electrical signal of the atria contracting. The ___ ____ represents the ventricles contracting. The ___ wave represents the ventricles repolarizing

A

P, QRS complex, T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The volume of blood discharged from both ventricles each minute

A

cardiac output; = stroke volume x heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The volume of blood discharged from the ventricles with each contraction

A

stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The number of heart contractions per minute

A

heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Stroke volume is equal to the _____ - ____

A

end diastolic volume, end systolic volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

volume of blood in the ventricle just before contraction

A

end diastolic volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of contraction

A

end systolic volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

pressure of circulating blood against the vessels

A

blood pressure; cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance

42
Q

systemic vascular resistance is the __ to the flow of blood. The ___ the blood vessels, more resistance there is. The higher the _____ of blood, the higher the resistance

A

resistance, narrower, viscosity

43
Q

The arteries are ___ due to the higher pressure, while ___ are thinner because have lower pressure blood

A

arteries, veins

44
Q

oxygenated blood from the heart is carried from the __ to the ___, to the ___, where exchange occurs. Then deoxygenated blood is carried to the ___, to the __, and back to the heart

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

45
Q

The outer layer of the arteries is made of ____ ___, which strengthens it and connects it to nearby ___

A

connective tissues, tissue

46
Q

The middle layer of the artery is ___ and made of ___ __. It can withstand the pressure of the blood, and contract or relax to regulate the __ of the artery

A

thick, smooth muscle, diameter

47
Q

Beneath the thick muscle layer of the artery is the ___ layer that gives the artery ____, and allows it to withstand high pressures. Beneath this layer is the ___ which is the inner surface of the artery that allows blood to flow easily

A

elastic, flexibility, endothelium

48
Q

Some arteries have small ___ __ on their surface to supply them with blood and __ that their walls are too __ to absorb

A

blood vessels, nutrients, thick

49
Q

Arterioles are ___ than arteries and wrapped in a thick layer of __ ___. This contracts and dilates to regulate ____ __ and is the major way the circulatory system does so

A

smaller, smooth muscle, blood pressure

50
Q

The capillaries have the smallest ____ branching from the arterioles, but the greatest ___ __ and cross sectional area due to their abundance. They are composed of only a single layer of ____ cells which allows for exchange of nutrients and wastes via ____

A

diameter, surface area, endothelial, diffusion

51
Q

The ___ of capillaries allows for nutrient and gas exchange. The ___ end receives oxygenated blood and the ___ end that takes the deoxygenate blood away. It also controls ___ and __ ___

A

thinness, arterial, venus, thermoregulation, blood pressure

52
Q

The ___ pressure is the pressure of fluid against the capillary walls. This causes ___ and ___ to flow out into the tissues

A

hydrostatic, water, oxygen

53
Q

____ pressure is the pressure of blood ____ pulling fluid towards themselves. This causes extra fluids, __ and ___ to flow into the capillaries.

A

oncotic, proteins, wastes, CO2

54
Q

In the arterial end of the capillaries there is net ___ as ____ pressure wins out. At the venus end of the capillaries, there is net ____, because the oncotic pressure wins out, because the force of the heart ___

A

filtration, hydrostatic, reabsorption, fades

55
Q

Rings of muscles that can control blood flow by contracting or relaxing

A

precapillary sphincter

56
Q

The ___ of precapillary sphincters deliver less blood flow, ___ and __ to the tissues. The ___ of precapillary sphincters, for example during ___, which deliver more blood flow to the tissues

A

contracting, O2, nutrients, relaxing, exercise

57
Q

The venules are the ___ vein component, and drain ____ blood from the capillary bed. They are very __ and ___, consisting of the __ ___ layer on the outside, a thin __ __ and an ___

A

smallest, deoxygenated, thin, porous, connective tissue, muscle layer, endothelium

58
Q

The veins are ___ than venules and are composed of a connective tissue layer a thinner ____ layer, an ___ layer and ____. They are in a __ __ environment, thus they need ___ to prevent backflow and also rely on __ __ __ to increase pressure

A

larger, muscle, elastic, endothelium, low pressure, valves, skeletal muscle contraction

59
Q

In fetal circulation the goal is to get blood to the __ instead of the lungs, and then to the ____. The lungs and ___ are underdeveloped, so are lower in priority to receive oxygenated blood

A

placenta, tissues, liver

60
Q

At the placenta there is an exchange of __ and ___. The mother’s blood supply provides __ and ___ to the fetus. This blood travels from the placenta to the fetal circulatory system via the __ ___. The used blood diffuse back to the placenta to be replenished by the mother’s blood via the ___ __

A

gasses, waste, oxygen, nutrients, umbilical vein, umbilical arteries

61
Q

When the __ __ is cut after pregnancy, the umbilical vein and arteries collapse

A

umbilical cord

62
Q

The __ __ connects the umbilical vein to the __ ___ __. This exist for oxygenated blood to bypass the __ in fetuses, because it is not fully functional

A

ductus venosus, inferior vein cava, liver

63
Q

The ______ ____ is a hole in the septum between the two ___ that allows blood to directly flow past them. It does this to bypass the ___ and right ____ so it can go out to the body’s tissues faster. After birth the hole ___

A

foramen ovale, atria, lungs, ventricle, closes

64
Q

Not all the blood goes through the foramen ovale. For the blood that does enter the _ __, that blood can bypass the lungs using the _ ____. The hole closes after birth

A

pulmonary artery, ductus arteriosus

65
Q

Humans have a ____ circulatory system, being all the blood is contained within ____. If blood pressure falls above or below equilibrium, the blood vessels will __ or ___

A

closed, vessels, dilate, constrict

66
Q

Blood pressure is ___ regulated. ____ can impact blood flow and can be regulated through ___ ___. High blood pressure can negatively damage blood ___, __ and negatively affect health.

A

continuously, vessel diameter, vessels, organs

67
Q

Low blood pressure can lead to ____, ___ blood to the organs and ___

A

fainting, inadequate, fatigue

68
Q

The compression of blood vessels and increase of pressure and resistance to blood flow

A

vasoconstriction

69
Q

The widening of blood vessels and the decrease in blood pressure and resistance to blood flow

A

vasodilation

70
Q

Blood pressure is also regulated by altering __ __ and hormones such as ___

A

cardiac output, epinephrine

71
Q

Blood pressure can also be regulated through blood ___. This is regulated by the ___, which controls how much water is excreted. If blood pressure is too ___, the body will expel more urine

A

volume, kidneys, high

72
Q

Blood pressure is highest in the ___ and ____. Lower pressure is seen in the arterioles and ____. This is necessary to allow for the exchange of nutrients and ___, and prevents damage to the ___ capillaries. The blood pressure is extremely low in the veins and lowest in the ___ and ___ ___ ___

A

aorta, arteries, capillaries, wastes, thin, superior, inferior vein cava

73
Q

Blood is ___% liquid called ____. It is an aqueous mixture of nutrients. salts, ___, __ hormones, and ___

A

55, plasma, gasses, wastes, proteins

74
Q

____% of the blood is the ____ or red blood cells and ___% is the ____ ___ or the white blood cells / platelets

A

45, hematocrit, 1, buffy coat

75
Q

The surface of __ ___ ___ contain ____ or antigens, substances that can produce an __ ___. This determines blood ___

A

red blood cells, glycoproteins, immune response, type

76
Q

Type of blood where there are neither A or B antigens on the red blood cell

A

O type

77
Q

If someone is given the wrong blood type, ___ occurs. ____ will recognize it as a foreign substance and cause red blood cells to ___ together, causing blood ___. While ___ can be filtered out of the blood ___ cannot be

A

agglutination, antibodies, clump, clots, antibodies, antigens

78
Q

A type blood will produce _____ antibodies, B type blood will produce _____ antibodies, O type blood will produce both, and AB type blood will produce ___ antibodies

A

anti-b, anti-a, neither

79
Q

Blood type ___ is the universal recipient, while blood type ____ is the universal donor

A

AB, O

80
Q

Rh factor; another antigen

A

Rhesus factor

81
Q

A true universal donor is ____ type, and Rh factor ___. A true universal recipient is _____ type and Rh factor ___

A

O, negative, AB, positive

82
Q

An individual with type A blood could have a genotype of ___ or ___

A

AA, AO

83
Q

An individual with type O blood must have a genotype of ___ and an individual with type AB blood must have a genotype of ___ and ___

A

OO, A, B

84
Q

An individual with type B blood can have a genotype of __ or ___

A

BB, BO

85
Q

___ or red blood cells, are the most abundant cell type in the blood. They have a __ shape which gives them a large surface area and ____ to squeeze through small blood vessels. They have no ____, which give them more space to carry __ and some ___ throughout the body

A

erthyrocytes, biconcave, flexibility, organelles, O2, CO2

86
Q

CO2 can bind to hemoglobin but does not bind to the same ____ as ___. Only a little CO2 is transferred this way

A

site, O2

87
Q

myoglobin is found in the muscles and binds oxygen, but does not ___ it. Instead, it helps ___ it in muscle tissue as a ____

A

transport, store, reservoir

88
Q

CO has a ____x higher affinity than oxygen, and binds to the same ___ as it.

A

200, site

89
Q

Bicarbonate is found in the ___ part of the blood, and ____ it. When there is too much acid in the blood, acid will combine with bicarbonate to form _ ___. When there is too much base in the blood, carbonic acid will ______ to neutralize it, forming ___

A

plasma, buffers, carbonic acid, dissociate, bicarbonate

90
Q

Most of the carbon dioxide in the body is transported in the form of __-

A

bicarbonate

91
Q

An enzyme that turns carbonic acid into CO2 and water

A

carbonic anhydrase

92
Q

___ is used to buffer outside of the cells while ___ is used to buffer inside of the cells

A

bicarbonate, phosphate

93
Q

In the blood brain barrier, __ __ act as the first barrier to prevent most substances from crossing out of the blood to the ___ __ of the brain. The ___ further support this barrier by surrounding the ____ __

A

tight junctions, extracellular space, astrocytes, capillary cells

94
Q

The blood brain barrier is a ______ _____ _ ____ membrane. It allows ___, ___, ___, and small ___ molecules like ____ ___ and ___ ____ to pass through

A

highly selective, semi permeable, water, O2, CO2, lipid-soluble, steroid hormones, fat-soluble vitamins

95
Q

Blood clotting is triggered by damaged to __ ___. It works to ___ the injury to stop blood loss and prevent ____

A

blood vessels, seal, infection

96
Q

the clotting cascade is triggered when an injury exposes a broken blood vessel to __ __. The exposed proteins attract ____ to the site which act as an immediate ___ ___. These in turn release __ __ that activate clotting factors

A

blood constituents, platelets, chemical signals

97
Q

The clotting factors cause an __ __ that converts ___ to ____. This is involved in a __ _ ___, which results in more of this conversion. Thrombin itself is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of __ to ____

A

enzymatic cascade, prothrombin, thrombin, positive feedback loop, fibrinogen, fibrin

98
Q

Fibrin is a mesh of sticky __ __ that trap blood cells together to form a stable __ ___that reinforces the initial platlet plug

A

proteins strands, blood clot

99
Q

a genetic disease that causes excessive bleeding and bruising due to the inability to produce clotting factors

A

hemophilia

100
Q

The clotting cascade is regulated by intact blood vessel ____, the normal circulation of blood, which prevents clotting factors from __ __ in one spot, and ____ that inhibit the clotting cascade until it is needed

A

walls, building up, anti-coagulants

101
Q

Leech ___ contains ____ to prevent blood clotting, This helps promote ___ __ to aid in wound healing

A

saliva, anticoagulants, blood flow

DAT booster Biology (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions