Integumentary System

Question 1

The integumentary system is composed of the ___, ___, ___, ___ and some __ ___

Answer 1

skin, hair, nails, glands, nerve endings

Question 2

The skin is an outer layer of cells that covers the body. It protects the body, acting as a physical barrier to ___, ___, ___ and more. It also traps ____ in the body that we need. The skin is also used for environmental ___ input, as it gathers information about the environment by sensing ____, ___ and ___. The skin also allows __ and ___ to be ___.

Answer 2

bacteria, dehydration, chemicals, water, sensory, temperature, pressure, pain, water, salts, excreted

Question 3

The skin also function for immunity, as specialized cells such as ____ ___, and ___ ____ are part of the immune system.

Answer 3

langerhans cells, t cells

Question 4

a cell that captures and present pathogens to other immune cells

Answer 4

langerhans cell

Question 5

The skin also is important for ___ ___ ___. UV radiation activates a skin molecule that is a ____ for it.

Answer 5

vitamin D synthesis, precursor

Question 6

Skin also functions as a ____, as it helps to regulate body temperatures via __, ___ ____ and ____

Answer 6

thermoregulator, capillaries, sweat glands, hair

Question 7

Sweat glands regulate body temperature via ___ ___. When sweat is secreted to the skin, it ____. In this process, heat from the body is ____, cooling the body by dissipating heat away. However, sweating also requires ___, and results in a loss of water, salts, and ____ which can lead to ____.

Answer 7

evaporative cooling, evaporates, absorbed, ATP, electrolytes, dehydration

Question 8

The ____ ____ is caused by tiny muscles in the skin which pulls on ___ ___ to make them stand up. This traps a layer of heat next to the skin, ___ us up. It is more effective in generating warmth in animals with more ____. It also occurs in response to ___ or ___, which in other animals, is used to the make the animal look more intimidating

Answer 8

piloerection reflex, hair follicles, warming, hair, stress, emotion

Question 9

Blood vessels, or _____ will _____ in response to heat, which causes the body to lose heat. They will ____ in the cold to preserve heat. This is why skin is more pale in the cold, because the vessels are ___ and pulling away from the skin ___

Answer 9

capillaries, dilate, constrict, narrow, surface

Question 10

The outermost layer of the skin is called the ___. It is ____, meaning is has no blood supply of its own. To get nutrients on blood supply, it relies on the ___. This layer is mostly a ___ layer.

Answer 10

epidermis avascular, dermis, protective

Question 11

The second layer of the skin is called the ____, and is composed of ___ __ filled with __- and __ ___. The dermis also contains hair follicles, ___, ____ and blood vessels. This layer is highly ____, and is tightly connected to the epidermis via the __ ___

Answer 11

dermis, connective tissue, collagen, elastic fibers, glands, nerves, vascularized, basement membrane

Question 12

The bottom layer of the skin which is called the ___, and is made of __ ___ ___ and ___ ___. It serves as a layer of __ ___ and ____ by storing fat, and can act as a ___ ___

Answer 12

hypodermis, loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, energy storage, insulation, shock absorber

Question 13

The first layer of the epidermis is the __ ____. This is a layer of ___ ___, that are filled with ____, a protein that gives them a lot of ____ strength by forming a strong ___. This prevents the skin from ___ easily. This layer is also ____, meaning water cannot enter or leave the skin. Because this is a layer of dead cells, the cells are constantly ___ and replaced

Answer 13

stratum corneum, dead cells, keratin, mechanical, barrier, tearing, hydrophobic, shed

Question 14

The second layer of the epidermis is the ___ ___. This layer is only found in the ___ of the hands and ___ of the feet, making these areas have thicker skin, The cells here are also ___ and filled with keratin

Answer 14

stratum lucidum, palms, soles, dead

Question 15

The third year of the epidermis is the ___ ___. This layer is filled with cells called ____, which are starting to produce keratin needed in the cells of the layers above it. These cells are starting to undergo ____ and ___ out.

Answer 15

stratum granulosum, keratinocytes, apoptosis, flattening

Question 16

The fourth layer of the epidermis is the __ ___, which provides __ and ___. this layer is held together by __ ___ called ____. It is mostly made of keratinocytes, but these cells are ___ and have not started producing keratin

Answer 16

stratum spinosum, strength, flexibility, adhesion proteins, desmosomes, alive

Question 17

The last layer of the epidermis is the ____ ___/ ____. This is the deepest layer and contains ___ ___, ____ ____, and ____. The stem cells create new ______ to replenish the layers above

Answer 17

stratum basale, germinativum, merkel cells, stem cells, melanocytes, keratinocytes

Question 18

Keratinocytes produce kertain that helps ___ the skin and allows it form a __ ___ to withstand mechanical stress. As they are pushed up toward the top of the skin, they produce keratin and ___, losing their ___ along the way. This type of cell constitutes most of the epidermis, and the keratin produced is the most abundant ____ in the epidermis.

Answer 18

waterproof, strong barrier, die, organelles, protein

Question 19

The melanocytes produce _____, which is a pigment molecule that alters the __- of the skin and can protect it against ___ light.

Answer 19

melanin, colour. UV

Question 20

The langerhans cells are ___ cells mostly found in the ____ layers of epidermis. They can detect pathogens and stimulate an immune response by gathering ____ from pathogens, and presenting them to __ ___ for further immune defence.

Answer 20

immune, deeper, antigens, t cells

Question 21

Merkel cells are attached with ___ ____ to function as ____

Answer 21

sensory neurons, mechanoreceptors

Question 22

The dermis allows the skin to be sturdy but ___, and gives a lot of _____ ___ ___ to the skin, due to it being thicker than the epidermis. It contains structures that allow the skin to act as more than just a protective barrier. For example, hair follicles allow for ____. ___ ____ conduct sensory information to the rest of the body, and blood vessels provide ___ and ____, as well as ____.

Answer 22

flexible, underlying structural support, thermoregulation, nerve endings, oxygen, nutrients, thermoregulation

Question 23

Collagen is the most ____ protein is the dermis and the entire body. It is a __ __ that is present in tissue as a ___ ___, which provides its strength. It is a repeating pattern of ___ ___, every 3rd of which is ____.

Answer 23

abundant, fibrous protein, triple helix, amino acids, glycine

Question 24

Mechanoreceptors called ___ __, detect light touch. These are found mostly in the ___, and are abundant in the ____ and ____. They are also called _____ corpuscles.

Answer 24

tactile corpuscles, dermis, fingertips, lips, meissner

Question 25

___ or ___ _____detect vibration and deep pressure, and are found in the ___.

Answer 25

lamellar, pacinian corpuscles, dermis

Question 26

There are 2 types of ___ or sweat glands. ____ glands regulate temperature through perspiration (more watery sweat), directly on the skin, and are found ____. ____ glands are large, and releases more ___ secretions. They are found in the ___ and pubic regions. They release sweat onto ____ ___ instead of directly onto the surface of the skin. These sweat glands are mostly for releasing ____, instead of cooling you down.

Answer 26

sudoriferous, eccrine, everywhere, apocrine, viscous, armpits, hair follicles , pheromones

Question 27

The ____ or the oil glands secrete onto the ___ ___ which then carry the ___ up to the skin surface, which ____ the skin, and inhibits ___ _____ by being ___ and acting as an ____ physical barrier. These glands are not found in the ___ and ____. If this glands are blocked, ___ can result from the oil being backed up.

Answer 27

sebaceous, hair follicles, sebum, moisturizes, microbial growth, acidic, oily, palms, soles, acne

Question 28

___ or wax glands are found in the __ ___, and produces a ______ material, which ____ the ear canal and helps trap ___, ___, and __ from getting further into the ear

Answer 28

ceruminous, ear canal, wax-like, lubricate, pathogens, dust debris

Question 29

____ or milk glands are found in the breasts and secrete milk. They are found in both males and females, but _____ (milk production) usually occurs only in females

Answer 29

mammary, lactation

Question 30

Hair is a column of ____ ____ held tightly together. Is is produced by the underlying __ ___. As hair grows, it becomes more ____, and begins to die off. Eventually the hair falls out of the follicle, and __ ___ grows in its place. Baldness is caused by the hair follicle ____, which causes the strand of hair to be too ___ or ___ to be visible.

Answer 30

keratinized cells, hair follicle, keratinized, new hair, shrinking short, thin,

Question 31

Hair mostly acts as a form of ___ and body temperature regulation. It can also protect us from ___ and act as a ___ ___.

Answer 31

insulation, sunlight, sensory input

Question 32

The hypodermis, due to its loose structure, has more ___ cells, and contains more ___ ___, which is a gel that gives the skin layer extra flexibility and ____. The hypodermis attached to the dermis above it and also to the __ and ___ beneath it.

Answer 32

scattered, ground substance, cushioning, muscle, bone