Plants Flashcards
The dominant generation in plants is the ___ __ generation expect in primitive ____. A diploid organism provides two copies of DNA that protects plants against ___ ___ that they were more susceptible to once out of the ____
diploid sporophyte, bryophytes, genetic damage, water
A waxy covering that reduces dessiccation
cuticle
Having a __ __ reduces the plant’s dependency on water, meaning the cells no longer need to be close to it. This led to the formation of specialized ___, like ___, ___ and ____. The __ and ___ are two groups of vascular tissues
vascular system, tissues, leaves, stems, roots, xylem, phloem
Primitive plant divisions use ___ ___ which requires water to swim to eggs. In advanced plant divisions such as the__ and ___, the sperm is packaged as __ and dispersed with ___.
flagellated sperm, coniferophyta, antophyta, pollen, wind
A division of plants also known as angiosperms; have their gametophytes enclosed and protected inside an ovary
anthophyta
In coniferophyta and anythophyta they. express ___ ___ in response to the availability of water and ___. Some are __ meaning they shed their leaves to prevent water loss through slow growing seasons. Others like desert plants, will ___, __, ___ and produce seeds rapidly in brief periods of ___
seasonal variation, light, deciduous, germinate, grow, flower, rain
In bryophytes, the ____ is the male gametangium which produces ____ sperm that swim through water. The ___ is the female gametangium which produces ___.
antheridium, flagellated, archegonium, eggs
Bryophytes lack true roots, leaves and stems, and thus they must remain ___ or __ water. These plants are anchored to the substrate by ___ rather than roots. ___ and some fungi form these as well
near, in, rhizoids, algae
Ferns produce clusters of ____ the structure in which spores are produced, called ___ that develop on the undersurface of fern ___.
sporangia, sori, fronds,
Horsetails have hollow, __ and jointed ____. The ____ bear spores. The plants also have a rough texture due to ___
ribbed, stems, strobili, silica
Whisk ferns are plants that have branching ___ without ___. The leaves are reduced to small ___ or are absent, and the absence of roots and leaves is considered ___ ____ which means they were lost as whisk ferns diverged from their ancestors
stems, roots, appendages, secondary loss
Microsporangia produce numerous ____ ___ ___ which divide by ____ to produce 4 haploid cells, or ____. These then mature into ____ ____ which are immature male gametophytes with a ___ covering. The grains further divide into _____ or ____ cells. One of the cells is a ___ / ___ cell that controls the growth of the pollen tube, while the other cells are ___ cells.
microspore mother cells, meiosis, microspores, pollen grains, hard, 3, 4, vegetative, tube, sperm
the nucleus produces the ___ ___ ___. After undergoing meiosis, 4 haploid cells are created but only one survives to become the ____. This undergoes mitosis to produce the __ __. There is ___ egg in flowering plants and ___. eggs in conifers. One or two tissue layers called ____. surround the megasporangium. The ____ is the opening within the integuments for pollen to access the egg
megaspore mother cell, megaspore, embryo sac, 1, 2, integuments, micropyle
Once the pollen grain contacts the megasporangium, the ___ ___ of the sperm directs the growth of the pollen tube through the ___ and towards the egg. __ and the creation of a zygote occurs which becomes an ___. This is the beginning of the ___ generation. The integuments become the ___ ____.
tube cell, micropyle, fertilization, embryo, sporophyte, seed coat
Coniferophyta have _____ ___ cones and ____ __ cones. The seeds produced in ___ megaspores are near the ___ of the reproductive structure. Fertilization and seed develop require _____ years.
pollen-bearing male, ovule-bearing female, unprotected, surface, 1-3
An angiosperm flower has the ___ which is the female reproductive structure. It has the ____, ____ and ___. The ovary encloses one or more ovules with. a ____ egg nucleus. The ___ is the male reproductive structure that has a pollen-bearing ___, __ and ___. The anther is the chamber where the pollen ____. The petals and sometimes the ____ function to attract pollinators. In angiosperms, the ___ encloses and protects the flower bud.
pistil, ovary, style, stigma, monopoloid, stamen, anther, stalk, filament, develops, sepals, sepals
Angiosperms can attract pollinators such as ___ and ___. The ___ is protected inside an ovary which develops into __ following fertilization. The __ are then dispersed by wind or by other animals.
insects, birds, ovule, fruit, seeds
In angiosperms, the pollen lands on the sticky ____. The pollen tube that contains the __ ___ grows down the style of the ovule and there are two ___ __ inside the pollen tube.
stigma, vegetative nucleus, sperm cells
The ovule within the ovary consists of.a ____ ___ __ surrounded by the nuclleus, and _____. The megaspore mother cell undergoes __ to form 4 haploid megaspores. One of those megaspores survive and undergoes mitosis ___ times to create ___ nuclei. Six of those nuclei undergo _____ and form plasma membranes. At the ___ end of the embyro sac are 3 cells consisting of an ___ and two synergids. At the other end of the micropyle are 3 _____ cells. In the middle are _____ ____ which are two haploid cells.
megaspore mother cell, integuments, meiosis, 3, 8 cytokinesis, micropyl, egg, antipodal, polar nuclei
The pollen tube then enters the __ __ through the micropyle. One sperm cell fertilizes the ___ and forms the diploid zygote. The nucleus of the second sperm cell fuses with both __ __ to create a ___ nucleus and ____, which provides nutrients. ___ ___ is the fertilization of the egg and polar nuclei each by a separate sperm cell and is unique to angiosperms
embryo sac, egg, polar nuclei, triploid, endosperm, double fertilization
resistant bodies that contain DNA and small amounts of cytoplasm
endospores
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic and contain an accessory pigment called ___. Some have specialized cells called ___ that produce _____ enzymes that convert N2 to ___ that can be used to make __ __ and nucleotides. Cyanobacteria are the ___ known fossils and can rapidly ___ in aquatic environments, turning the water green or _____.
phycobilins, heterocysts, nitrogen-fixing, NH3, amino acids, oldest, grow, blue-green
Coiled bacteria that move with a corkscrew motion and have an internal flagella between cell wall layers
spirochetes
Cilliates use __ for moving and other functions. They have specialized structures like ___, ___ and ___ ___ as well as two kinds of ____. They are the most _____ of all cells and an example is the paramecium
cilia, mouths, pores, contractile vacoules, nuclei, complex
Cellular slime molds have _____ and ___ characteristics. The spores germinate into ___ which feed on ___. When no food is available, amoebas aggregate into single unit ___. The individual cells of the slug mobilize into a ___ with a ___ at the top to release ____ which germinate and repeat the cycle. Their stimulus for aggregation is ___ ____ which is secreted by the amoebas that first experience ____ ____.
fungus-like, protozoa-like, amoebas, bacteria, slug, stalk, capsule, spores, cAMP secretion, food deprivation
Plasmodial slime molds grow as a single, spreading mass known as a ____, that feeds on ___ ___. When there is no food or ___ occurs, stalks bearing spore capsules form and ____ spores are release from the capsule to germinate into haploid ____/____ cells. These cells fuse to form ___ cells and grow into plasmodium but are not ___ with others.
plasmodium, decaying vegetation, dessiccation, haploid, amoeboid, flagellated, diploid, mutualistic
Oomycota are water molds, mildews, and __ __. They are either __ or ____. They form ___ which secrete enzymes that digest surrounding substances like fungi do. The hyphae are ______ and the cell walls are made of ___
white rusts, parasites, saprobes, hyphae, coenocytic, cellulose
fungi that do not have a sexual phase
imperfect fungi
spores that are produced in sac-like capsules called sporangia that are borne on a stalk called a sporangiophore
sporangiospores
a type of sexual spore formed at the tups of specialized hyphae and are not enclosed inside sacs
conidia
zygomycota are fungi that lack ___ except the filaments bordering ___ filaments. They can reproduce ___ by fusion of hyphae from different strains followed by ____, karyogamy and meiosis. They usually reproduce asexually via ___.
septa, reproductive, sexually, plasmogamy, sporangia
Glomermycota fungi lack ___ and do not reproduce sexually. They form ___ associations with roots of ____, and this is called a ___. In this relationship, plants provide ___ and the fungus increases the ability of the plant to absorb nutrients, especially ___
septa, mutualistic, plants, mycorrhiza, carbohydrates, phosphorus
Ascomycota fungi have septa and reproduce sexually by producing haploid ____ which are held in a sac called an ___. This sac is located within an ____, a cup-shaped fruiting body.
ascospores, ascuc, ascocarps
