Plants Flashcards
The dominant generation in plants is the ___ __ generation expect in primitive ____. A diploid organism provides two copies of DNA that protects plants against ___ ___ that they were more susceptible to once out of the ____
diploid sporophyte, bryophytes, genetic damage, water
A waxy covering that reduces dessiccation
cuticle
Having a __ __ reduces the plant’s dependency on water, meaning the cells no longer need to be close to it. This led to the formation of specialized ___, like ___, ___ and ____. The __ and ___ are two groups of vascular tissues
vascular system, tissues, leaves, stems, roots, xylem, phloem
Primitive plant divisions use ___ ___ which requires water to swim to eggs. In advanced plant divisions such as the__ and ___, the sperm is packaged as __ and dispersed with ___.
flagellated sperm, coniferophyta, antophyta, pollen, wind
A division of plants also known as angiosperms; have their gametophytes enclosed and protected inside an ovary
anthophyta
In coniferophyta and anythophyta they. express ___ ___ in response to the availability of water and ___. Some are __ meaning they shed their leaves to prevent water loss through slow growing seasons. Others like desert plants, will ___, __, ___ and produce seeds rapidly in brief periods of ___
seasonal variation, light, deciduous, germinate, grow, flower, rain
In bryophytes, the ____ is the male gametangium which produces ____ sperm that swim through water. The ___ is the female gametangium which produces ___.
antheridium, flagellated, archegonium, eggs
Bryophytes lack true roots, leaves and stems, and thus they must remain ___ or __ water. These plants are anchored to the substrate by ___ rather than roots. ___ and some fungi form these as well
near, in, rhizoids, algae
Ferns produce clusters of ____ the structure in which spores are produced, called ___ that develop on the undersurface of fern ___.
sporangia, sori, fronds,
Horsetails have hollow, __ and jointed ____. The ____ bear spores. The plants also have a rough texture due to ___
ribbed, stems, strobili, silica
Whisk ferns are plants that have branching ___ without ___. The leaves are reduced to small ___ or are absent, and the absence of roots and leaves is considered ___ ____ which means they were lost as whisk ferns diverged from their ancestors
stems, roots, appendages, secondary loss
Microsporangia produce numerous ____ ___ ___ which divide by ____ to produce 4 haploid cells, or ____. These then mature into ____ ____ which are immature male gametophytes with a ___ covering. The grains further divide into _____ or ____ cells. One of the cells is a ___ / ___ cell that controls the growth of the pollen tube, while the other cells are ___ cells.
microspore mother cells, meiosis, microspores, pollen grains, hard, 3, 4, vegetative, tube, sperm
the nucleus produces the ___ ___ ___. After undergoing meiosis, 4 haploid cells are created but only one survives to become the ____. This undergoes mitosis to produce the __ __. There is ___ egg in flowering plants and ___. eggs in conifers. One or two tissue layers called ____. surround the megasporangium. The ____ is the opening within the integuments for pollen to access the egg
megaspore mother cell, megaspore, embryo sac, 1, 2, integuments, micropyle
Once the pollen grain contacts the megasporangium, the ___ ___ of the sperm directs the growth of the pollen tube through the ___ and towards the egg. __ and the creation of a zygote occurs which becomes an ___. This is the beginning of the ___ generation. The integuments become the ___ ____.
tube cell, micropyle, fertilization, embryo, sporophyte, seed coat
Coniferophyta have _____ ___ cones and ____ __ cones. The seeds produced in ___ megaspores are near the ___ of the reproductive structure. Fertilization and seed develop require _____ years.
pollen-bearing male, ovule-bearing female, unprotected, surface, 1-3
An angiosperm flower has the ___ which is the female reproductive structure. It has the ____, ____ and ___. The ovary encloses one or more ovules with. a ____ egg nucleus. The ___ is the male reproductive structure that has a pollen-bearing ___, __ and ___. The anther is the chamber where the pollen ____. The petals and sometimes the ____ function to attract pollinators. In angiosperms, the ___ encloses and protects the flower bud.
pistil, ovary, style, stigma, monopoloid, stamen, anther, stalk, filament, develops, sepals, sepals
Angiosperms can attract pollinators such as ___ and ___. The ___ is protected inside an ovary which develops into __ following fertilization. The __ are then dispersed by wind or by other animals.
insects, birds, ovule, fruit, seeds
In angiosperms, the pollen lands on the sticky ____. The pollen tube that contains the __ ___ grows down the style of the ovule and there are two ___ __ inside the pollen tube.
stigma, vegetative nucleus, sperm cells
The ovule within the ovary consists of.a ____ ___ __ surrounded by the nuclleus, and _____. The megaspore mother cell undergoes __ to form 4 haploid megaspores. One of those megaspores survive and undergoes mitosis ___ times to create ___ nuclei. Six of those nuclei undergo _____ and form plasma membranes. At the ___ end of the embyro sac are 3 cells consisting of an ___ and two synergids. At the other end of the micropyle are 3 _____ cells. In the middle are _____ ____ which are two haploid cells.
megaspore mother cell, integuments, meiosis, 3, 8 cytokinesis, micropyl, egg, antipodal, polar nuclei
The pollen tube then enters the __ __ through the micropyle. One sperm cell fertilizes the ___ and forms the diploid zygote. The nucleus of the second sperm cell fuses with both __ __ to create a ___ nucleus and ____, which provides nutrients. ___ ___ is the fertilization of the egg and polar nuclei each by a separate sperm cell and is unique to angiosperms
embryo sac, egg, polar nuclei, triploid, endosperm, double fertilization
resistant bodies that contain DNA and small amounts of cytoplasm
endospores
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic and contain an accessory pigment called ___. Some have specialized cells called ___ that produce _____ enzymes that convert N2 to ___ that can be used to make __ __ and nucleotides. Cyanobacteria are the ___ known fossils and can rapidly ___ in aquatic environments, turning the water green or _____.
phycobilins, heterocysts, nitrogen-fixing, NH3, amino acids, oldest, grow, blue-green
Coiled bacteria that move with a corkscrew motion and have an internal flagella between cell wall layers
spirochetes
Cilliates use __ for moving and other functions. They have specialized structures like ___, ___ and ___ ___ as well as two kinds of ____. They are the most _____ of all cells and an example is the paramecium
cilia, mouths, pores, contractile vacoules, nuclei, complex
Cellular slime molds have _____ and ___ characteristics. The spores germinate into ___ which feed on ___. When no food is available, amoebas aggregate into single unit ___. The individual cells of the slug mobilize into a ___ with a ___ at the top to release ____ which germinate and repeat the cycle. Their stimulus for aggregation is ___ ____ which is secreted by the amoebas that first experience ____ ____.
fungus-like, protozoa-like, amoebas, bacteria, slug, stalk, capsule, spores, cAMP secretion, food deprivation
Plasmodial slime molds grow as a single, spreading mass known as a ____, that feeds on ___ ___. When there is no food or ___ occurs, stalks bearing spore capsules form and ____ spores are release from the capsule to germinate into haploid ____/____ cells. These cells fuse to form ___ cells and grow into plasmodium but are not ___ with others.
plasmodium, decaying vegetation, dessiccation, haploid, amoeboid, flagellated, diploid, mutualistic
Oomycota are water molds, mildews, and __ __. They are either __ or ____. They form ___ which secrete enzymes that digest surrounding substances like fungi do. The hyphae are ______ and the cell walls are made of ___
white rusts, parasites, saprobes, hyphae, coenocytic, cellulose
fungi that do not have a sexual phase
imperfect fungi
spores that are produced in sac-like capsules called sporangia that are borne on a stalk called a sporangiophore
sporangiospores
a type of sexual spore formed at the tups of specialized hyphae and are not enclosed inside sacs
conidia
zygomycota are fungi that lack ___ except the filaments bordering ___ filaments. They can reproduce ___ by fusion of hyphae from different strains followed by ____, karyogamy and meiosis. They usually reproduce asexually via ___.
septa, reproductive, sexually, plasmogamy, sporangia
Glomermycota fungi lack ___ and do not reproduce sexually. They form ___ associations with roots of ____, and this is called a ___. In this relationship, plants provide ___ and the fungus increases the ability of the plant to absorb nutrients, especially ___
septa, mutualistic, plants, mycorrhiza, carbohydrates, phosphorus
Ascomycota fungi have septa and reproduce sexually by producing haploid ____ which are held in a sac called an ___. This sac is located within an ____, a cup-shaped fruiting body.
ascospores, ascuc, ascocarps
Basidiomycota fungi have septa and reproduce sexually by producing haploid ____. The fruiting body they create is called the __ or ___. They can also reproduce asexually via ____.
basidiospores, basidiocarp, mushrooms, conidia
Deuteromycota are ___ fungi because they have no known sexual reproductive cycle. ____ produces penicillin which is an ___ that disrupts bacteria’s ability to synthesize its ___ ___
imperfect, penicillium, antibiotic, cell wall
Rhizopus is a fungal ___ that is involved with food ___. It is an ___ ___ because it depends on its host for survival. Rhizopus stolonifer is commonly known as black ___ __ and is also a type of zygomycota
pathogen, spoilage, obilgate parasite, bread mold
A fungi involved in infections of mucous membranes
candida
A type of yeast involved in fermenting sugars to alcohol
saccharomyces cerevisiae
a form of asexual reproduction in plants leading to genetically identical offspring
vegetative propagation
___ ___ provide structural support to the plant and thus make up most of the plant’s ____. The ____ is the most common type. They have ___ cell walls and their function is ___, __ and ____. _____ cells in leaves are examples. ___ have thick but flexible cell walls and serve ___ support functions. ___ have even thicker walls and provide mechanical support by producing ___ which is a strengthening polymer
ground tissues, mass, parenchyma, thin, storage, photosynthesis, secretion, mesophyll, collenchyma, mechanical, sclerenchyma, lignin
Dermal tissues includes the ___ cells that cover the outside of plant parts. ___ cells are a type of these cells that surround ____, hair cells, ___ cells and ___ cells. In aerial portions of plants the epidermal cells secrete a waxy substance that forms the ___. Roots do not have this because it would prevent the them from absorbing ___.
epidermis, guard, stomata, stinging, glandular, cuticle, water
The seed consists of the __, the __ __ and some kind of storage material in the form of ____. In many monocots, this is the primary storage tissue and cotyledons function to transfer ___ from the endosperm to the embryo.
embryo, seed coat, endosperm, nutrients
The embryo consists of the ____ which is the top portion and becomes the shoot tip, the ____ which are young leaves often attached to the ____ and located underneath it, the ____ located at the bottom region of the young shoot and attached to the cotyledons, the ___ which develop from below the hypocotyls and become the ___, and the ____ which is a sheath in monocots that surrounds and protects the ___. In developing young plants they appear first then the true leaves from the ____ break through it.
epicotyl, plumule, epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicles, roots, coleoptiles, epicotyl,, plumule
Germination begins with _____ or the absorption of water. ____ are then activated to start biochemical processes and ____ begins. The absorbed water causes the seed to ___ and for the seed coat to ___. The growing tips of the radicle produce ____ that anchor the seedling. The ___ elongates and the young shoot is formed.
imbibition, enzymes, respiration, swell, crack, roots, hypocotyl
In young seedlings and plants, grow occurs at the tups of roots and shoots called ___ ___. ____ cells are areas of actively dividing, ___ cells and this causes growth. Growth at the apical meristems is called ___ __ and it produces primary tissues like primary ___ and _____ elongation. Apical growth also causes ____ growth. Most plants including ___ just have this type of growth. ____ meristems can be found on the sides of. plants which causes growth in ___ and ____.
apical meristems, meristematic, mitotic, primary growth, xylem, phloem, vertical, monocots, lateral, width, thickness
The root cap or the ___ protects the __ ___ behind it. It secretes ___ that moisten the soil, permitting root growth. The zone of __ ___ is formed from the dividing cells of the apical meristem and it right above it. The zone of ____ is where newly formed cells from the zone of cell division absorb water and elongate. This zone is responsible for our ___ of growth. The zone of ___ is where the cells differentiate and mature into the ___, ____, ____, or ___ cells. Root __ may growth here. This type of growth is similar for ___ ___ growth, except there is no root cap present
tip, apical meristem, polysaccharides, cell division, elongation, perception, maturation, xylem, phloem, parenchyma, epidermal, hair, shoot tip
___. and __ ___ undergo secondary growth in addition to primary growth which increases ___, and is the origin of woody plant tissues. Secondary growth occurs at the two lateral meristems, the __ ___, which are the secondary xylem and phloem, and the __ ___ which gives rise to the ___, the protective material that lines the outside of woody plants.
conifers, woody dicots, girth, vascular cambium, cork cambium, periderm
From the outside of the root structure to the inside is the _____, the ____ which makes up the bulk of the root and stores ___ and contains __ ___ to provide aeration for cells for respiration, the ____, a ring of tightly packed cells at the innermost portion of the cortex, and the __ ____ or ___ which is made up of vascular tissue and the pericycle. The outer part of the stele consists of one or several layers of cells called ____, from which lateral roots arise. Inside the pericycle are __ ___
epidermis, cortex, starch, intracellular spaces, endodermis, vascular cylinder, stele, pericycle, vascular tissues
The __ __ is a band of fatty material called ____ the impregnates the endodermal cell walls to form an encircling band. It creates a ______ barrier between cells. Since all water passing through the endodermis must pass through the ____ of endodermal cells and not the cell walls, this strip forces the movement of water into the ____ of the root and prevents water from moving back out to the cortex.
casparian strip, suberin, water-impregnable, cytoplasm, center
In dicots, the xylem cells fill the ___ of the vascular cylinder and the phloem is arranged so that the xylem forms an ___ shape. In monocots. groups of xylem and phloem ____ in a ___ with the ___ in the middle
center, X, alternate, ring, pith
Root hairs function in __ __ with the soil
mineral exchange
underground stems that can sprout to form new shoots
rhizomes
Generally stems lack an ____ and __ ___. They include an epidermis containing cells covered with a waxy, ____ ___ which forms a protective layer called the ____, the cortex which can contain ____ is the ground tissue, and the ____ ___consisting of the xylem, phloem and pith.
endodermis, casparian strips, fatty cutin, cuticle, chloroplasts, vascular cylinder
The __ __ is located between the primary xylem and the primary phloem, and is a ___ of tissue that extends the width of the ___ and root. This is _____ and causes ____ growth.
vascular cambium, cylinder, stem, meristematic, secondary
Wood is formed from mature or ____ ____ tissues. Only the more recent secondary xylem produced from the __ ___ remains active. Older xylem located at the ___ functions only as support. This older xylem is also known as ___ which is dead wood. ___ ___ are created from the continuous growth of the secondary xylem. The size of the rings indicates the ___ history while the number of rings indicates the __ of the tree
dead xylem, vascular cambium, center, heartwood, rainfall, age
The leaf is composed of the epidermis which is covered with a _____ which reduces transpiration. It may also bear ____ such as hair, scales, glands or outgrowths. Leaves also contain the __ ___ a layer of parenchyma cells with chloroplasts and large __ ___. These are specialized for ___ and are oriented and packed at the __ ___ of the leaf. Plants in ____ habitats can have palisade mesophyll layers on both surfaces.
cuticle, trichomes, palisade mesophyll, surface areas, photosynthesis, upper surface, dry
The leaves also contain the __ ____ a layer of loosely arranged parenchyma cells. Numerous intracellular spaces provide __ ___ for CO2 to reach photosynthesizing cells and for oxygen to reach ____ cells.
spongy mesophyll, air chambers, respiring
Guard cells in leaves are specialized ___ cells that control the opening and closing of ____, and therefore __ ___
epidermal, stomata, gas exchange
Vascular bundles in leaves consist of _____ and ____. __ ___ cells surround it so this tissue is not exposed to intercellular space. This also prevents __ __ from entering which would impede the movement of water. Vascular bundles provide an __ environment for carbon dioxide fixation in ___ plants
xylem, phloem, bundle sheath, air bubbles, anaerobic, C4
Pathway of water movement where water moves through cell walls and intercellular spaces from one cell to another without ever entering the cells
apoplastic pathway
Form of water movement where water moves through the cytoplasm of one cell to another though plasmodesmata
symplastic pathway
small tubes that connect cytoplasm of adjacent cells
plasmodesmata
Once water reaches the endodermis it can only enter into the ___ by the ___ pathway due to ___ ___. Once the water moves through the endodermis the ___ pathway takes over to reach the ___, which is the major conduction pathway via tracheids and vessels
stele, symplastic, casparian strips, apoplastic, xylem
when a water molecule is lost from a leaf by transpiration and it pulls up an entire column of water molecules
bulk flow
The major contributor of water movement is due to ______. ___ effect and ___ ___ are too small to have a major effect. The other movements are due to ___ and ____.
cohesion-tension, capillary, root pressure, transpiration, cohesion
___ temperatures will cause the stoma to close. If there is low ___ inside the plant, the stoma will open to allow for photosynthesis. Stoma can also close at __ and open during the __. Somata also open in response to __ ___. Stomta opening is caused by the diffusion of ___ ions into guard cells
high, CO2, night, day, blue light, potassium
The movement of carbohydrates through the phloem from a source to sink
translocation
A plant hormone that promotes plant growth and elongation of cells by increasing the proton concentration in primary cell walls
auxin (IAA-indolacetic acid)
A group of hormones that promotes cell growth (flower and stem elongation) as well as fruit development, inhibition of leaf aging, and seed germination
gibberellins
Plant hormones that stimulate cytokinesis and influences the direction of organogenesis
cytokinins
Hormone that promotes the ripening of fruit, production of flowers, and influences leaf abscission and apoptosis; causes the triple response for plants to grow around objects
ethylene
hormone that is a growth inhibiter
abscisic acid
When a plant grows towards or away from a light source
phototropism
Plant’s response to gravity by the stems and roots
gravitropism/geotropism
A plant’s response to touch
thigmotropism
A response in plants to changes in photoperiod
photoperiodism
Proteins modified with light-absorbing chromophores needed for photoperiodism
phytochromes
Plants that flower in the spring and early summer when daylight is increasing
long-day plants
Plants that flower in late summer and early fall when daylight is decreasing
short day plants
Plants that do not flower in response to daylight changes but due to temperature or water instead
day-neutral plants
The phytochromes ___ and _____ convert between each other and no sunlight will result in the accumulation of ___
Pr, Pfr, Pr
Hormone that is produced in leaves once flowering is initiated and travels to shoot tips
florigen
Red light also stimulates __ ____ can measure the quality of light through __ to ___ ratio
seed germination, red, far red
