Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

A biological process done by plants and some bacteria and protists that captures energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

A

photosynthesis

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2
Q

photosynthesis reaction

A

6CO2 + 6H2O, –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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3
Q

___ is an organelle found in most plants, and photosynthetic ___ and ___. They contain light absorbing pigments like ____, which drive the synthesis of __ ___ from CO2 and water

A

chloroplasts, protists, bacteria, chlorophyll, organic compounds

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4
Q

The chloroplasts has both and __ and __ membrane that are smooth, and an __ ___ between them

A

inner, outer, intermembrane space

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5
Q

the cytoplasm of the chloroplast

A

Stroma

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6
Q

Structures that connect the thylakoids together

A

stroma lamellae

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7
Q

Thylokoids are __ __ structures that look like flattened disks. The space inside the thylakoids are called the __ ____. A stack of thylakoids is called a _____

A

membrane bound, thylakoid lumen, granum

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8
Q

Embedded in the ___ __ is chlorophyll, which has a __ __ like hemoglobin, with a ____ atom in the center. When ___ from lights excites electrons to higher levels this is used to drive the photosynthesis reaction. __ and ___ are the most effect and __ is the least

A

thylakoid membrane, porphyrin ring, Mg, photons, red, blue, green

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9
Q

_____ ___ involves pigments like chlorophylll which are contained in large proteins called _____.

A

light-dependent, photosystems

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10
Q

photosystem 2 initially captures the __ __, and starts the process of __ ___ ___ __. It is primarily used to generate ____. Photosystem two absorbs in the ____.

A

light energy, high energy electron transfer, ATP, 680nm

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11
Q

Photosystem I gets the ____ from photosystem II and boosts them again to produce a high energy electron carrier called ____. PS1 absorbs in the ____

A

electrons, NADPH, 700

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12
Q

When photons from sunlight excite ___ in the photosystem II, they boost them to a higher __ __. The excited electron is passed to the __ __ ___. The primarily acceptor will pass the electron through the __ __ __. The ETC pumps H+ protons from the __ into the ___ ___. ___ ____ is driven by the established proton gradient and catalyzes the reaction of ADP to ATP. This ATP generated is used ___ for photosynthesis, as H+ flow back out into the stroma through ATP synthase ___their concentration gradient

A

electrons, energy level, primary electron acceptor, electron transport chain, stroma, thylakoid lumen, ATP synthase, exclusively, down

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13
Q

During ____, water is split by the action of light. This produces ___, ____ and ___. The first is used in the concentration gradient, the second can then be excited by light, and the third produces ___ that will be released as a ___ ___

A

photolysis, hydrogen, electrons, O2, oxygen, waste product

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14
Q

The electrons passed from the ETC are now in a __ __ state and arrive at photosystem I. ___ from light then excite the electrons again to a higher energy level. The electron is passed to an ____ __, and travels down another ETC. The electron is now combined with ___ to form ____.

A

low energy, photons, electron acceptor, NADP+, NADPH

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15
Q

In ___ photophosphorylation, unlike non cyclic photophosphorlyation, only ___ __ is used. The electrons are excited once again by photons from light and are passed ___ to the ETC to pump H+ ions. This is then used to generate ____. The electron then travels back to photosystem one

A

cyclic, photosystem I, back, ATP

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16
Q

Cyclic photophosphorylation serves to ___ the ____ that the calvin cycle uses in the dark reactions of photosynthesis. This is because it takes more ATP instead of ___ to carry out photosynthesis

A

replenish, ATP, NADPH

17
Q

The 3 main products of light reactions of photosynthesis

A

ATP, NADPH, oxygen

18
Q

The calvin cycle does not directly require ____, but does require the products of light dependent reactions. It occurs in the ___ and it ____ (inorganic –> organic) carbon, essentially making __ into ___

A

light, stroma, fixes, CO2, glucose

19
Q

____ ___ is the incorportation of carbon from ____ ___ into organic compounds. This is done by ___ organisms, which include plants, other photosynthetic organisms or by ___ ____

A

carbon fixation, atmospheric CO2, autotrophic, chemoautotrophic prokaryotes

20
Q

The first part of the calvin cycle is called the __ ___. In it, the first step is that the enzyme ___ combines CO2 with _____. This forms an intermediate molecule with __ carbons. This enzyme is the ___ ___ enzyme on earth, and is what allows carbon to be fixed

A

carbon fixation, RuBisCO, Ribulose-biphosphate (RuBP), 6, most abundant

21
Q

The next step of the calvin is the ___ step, and this is where the 6C molecule from the previous step is broken down into ___ ____. This product is when ___ to ___, using the ATP and NADPH from light dependent reactions

A

reduction, 2x phosphoglycerate (PGA), phosphorylated, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

22
Q

In the ___ phase of the calvin cycle, most of the G3P is converted back to _____. This step also requires ___. The remaining G3P is used to make ____.

A

regeneration, RuBP, ATP, glucose

23
Q

The calvin cycle occurs __ times to generate 1 glucose. Each turn of the cycle produces ___ G3P, __ of which are used to reform RuBP, and ___ used to form the glucose

A

2, 6, 5, 1

24
Q

The glucose is then used for energy by putting it through ___, the ____ __ and the ___. So, photosynthesis is just what occurs to create the glucose that is used in subsequent reactions in the _____, same as aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis, krebs cycle, ETC, mitochondria

25
Q

oxygen is a __ __ of RuBisCo. When it binds, it produces a __ __ and thus reduces the ___ of fixing CO2. This is called _____ or _____ ___

A

competitive inhibitor, useless product, efficiency, photorespiration, C2 photosynthesis

26
Q

Some plants that go through ___ _____ or normal photosynthesis have no way to prevent ___. Additionally, depending on atmospheric conditions, they may lose a lot of ____. __ and ____ photosynthesis solves these problems

A

C3 photosynthesis, photorespiration, water, CAM, C4

27
Q

C4 photosynthesis prevents ____. It does this by __ ___ the light-dependent reactions and the calvin cycle.

A

photorespiration, physically separating

28
Q

In a plant leaf, there is an outer layer of ______ cells that surround an inner layer of _____ cells. That layer surrounds the __ ___ that plant uses to transport water and nutrients

A

mesophyll, bundle-sheath, vascular tissue

29
Q

In C4, CO2 combines with ____ instead of RuBP, which forms ____. This product will move into the bundle-sheath cell, and is converted into another molecule of CO2, and ___. This pyruvate is shuttled back to the ___ cell and converted back into PEP. The CO2 formed in the bundle sheath cell is converted to _____ ___, and goes through the calvin cycle to produce ___. It is eventually transported to the ____ ___ for transport to plant cells that need it.

A

PEP, malate, pyruvate, mesophyll, organic molecules, glucose, vascular cell

30
Q

In C4 photosynthesis, the enzyme ___ is only present in the bundle-sheath cell, and thus, the __ __ can only occur there. Whereas in normal photosynthesis, everything occurs in the ___ cell. This is important because bundle-sheath cells are surrounded by ___ cells, and this spatial separation ____ ____ from oxygen. This prevents ____ by minimizing O2 competition

A

RuBisCo, Calvin cycle, mesophyll, mesophyll, isolates RuBisCo, photorespiration

31
Q

In normal plants, there are _____ which are pores found that the bottom of leaves allowing for __ ___. This is how ____ enters, and ___ leaves. In most plants, stamata are ___ __, meaning glucose can continuously be made, but also ___ can be lost, drying the cell

A

stamta, gas exchange, CO2, O2, continuously open, water

32
Q

In CAM photosynthesis, stomata are only open at ____ to let in CO2. Because there is no sunlight at night, CO2 instead is combined with ___ to form an intermediate called __ __. This intermediate is stored in the plant’s _____ for later use. In the morning the plant ___ its stamata to prevent water loss due to ___ ___. Then the maleic acid is moved out of the vacuole and turned back into __ and ___. The CO2 can now go through the __ ___, but without the loss of water due to the closed stamata

A

night, PEP, maleic acid, vacuole, closes, higher temperatures, PEP, CO2, calvin cycle

33
Q

In C4 photosynthesis the calvin cycle is separated _____ to prevent ___. In CAM photosynthesis, the calvin cycle is isolated ___ to prevent the loss of water

A

spatially, photorespiration, temporally

34
Q

All plants can go through __ which is an accidental process, and _____ photosynthesis. However, some higher evolved plants like __ and ___ are capable of C4 synthesis, and plants that live in drier environments like __ and ___ are capable of CAM photosynthesis

A

C2, C3, corn sugarcane, cactuses, pineapple