Photosynthesis Flashcards
A biological process done by plants and some bacteria and protists that captures energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
photosynthesis
photosynthesis reaction
6CO2 + 6H2O, –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
___ is an organelle found in most plants, and photosynthetic ___ and ___. They contain light absorbing pigments like ____, which drive the synthesis of __ ___ from CO2 and water
chloroplasts, protists, bacteria, chlorophyll, organic compounds
The chloroplasts has both and __ and __ membrane that are smooth, and an __ ___ between them
inner, outer, intermembrane space
the cytoplasm of the chloroplast
Stroma
Structures that connect the thylakoids together
stroma lamellae
Thylokoids are __ __ structures that look like flattened disks. The space inside the thylakoids are called the __ ____. A stack of thylakoids is called a _____
membrane bound, thylakoid lumen, granum
Embedded in the ___ __ is chlorophyll, which has a __ __ like hemoglobin, with a ____ atom in the center. When ___ from lights excites electrons to higher levels this is used to drive the photosynthesis reaction. __ and ___ are the most effect and __ is the least
thylakoid membrane, porphyrin ring, Mg, photons, red, blue, green
_____ ___ involves pigments like chlorophylll which are contained in large proteins called _____.
light-dependent, photosystems
photosystem 2 initially captures the __ __, and starts the process of __ ___ ___ __. It is primarily used to generate ____. Photosystem two absorbs in the ____.
light energy, high energy electron transfer, ATP, 680nm
Photosystem I gets the ____ from photosystem II and boosts them again to produce a high energy electron carrier called ____. PS1 absorbs in the ____
electrons, NADPH, 700
When photons from sunlight excite ___ in the photosystem II, they boost them to a higher __ __. The excited electron is passed to the __ __ ___. The primarily acceptor will pass the electron through the __ __ __. The ETC pumps H+ protons from the __ into the ___ ___. ___ ____ is driven by the established proton gradient and catalyzes the reaction of ADP to ATP. This ATP generated is used ___ for photosynthesis, as H+ flow back out into the stroma through ATP synthase ___their concentration gradient
electrons, energy level, primary electron acceptor, electron transport chain, stroma, thylakoid lumen, ATP synthase, exclusively, down
During ____, water is split by the action of light. This produces ___, ____ and ___. The first is used in the concentration gradient, the second can then be excited by light, and the third produces ___ that will be released as a ___ ___
photolysis, hydrogen, electrons, O2, oxygen, waste product
The electrons passed from the ETC are now in a __ __ state and arrive at photosystem I. ___ from light then excite the electrons again to a higher energy level. The electron is passed to an ____ __, and travels down another ETC. The electron is now combined with ___ to form ____.
low energy, photons, electron acceptor, NADP+, NADPH
In ___ photophosphorylation, unlike non cyclic photophosphorlyation, only ___ __ is used. The electrons are excited once again by photons from light and are passed ___ to the ETC to pump H+ ions. This is then used to generate ____. The electron then travels back to photosystem one
cyclic, photosystem I, back, ATP
Cyclic photophosphorylation serves to ___ the ____ that the calvin cycle uses in the dark reactions of photosynthesis. This is because it takes more ATP instead of ___ to carry out photosynthesis
replenish, ATP, NADPH
The 3 main products of light reactions of photosynthesis
ATP, NADPH, oxygen
The calvin cycle does not directly require ____, but does require the products of light dependent reactions. It occurs in the ___ and it ____ (inorganic –> organic) carbon, essentially making __ into ___
light, stroma, fixes, CO2, glucose
____ ___ is the incorportation of carbon from ____ ___ into organic compounds. This is done by ___ organisms, which include plants, other photosynthetic organisms or by ___ ____
carbon fixation, atmospheric CO2, autotrophic, chemoautotrophic prokaryotes
The first part of the calvin cycle is called the __ ___. In it, the first step is that the enzyme ___ combines CO2 with _____. This forms an intermediate molecule with __ carbons. This enzyme is the ___ ___ enzyme on earth, and is what allows carbon to be fixed
carbon fixation, RuBisCO, Ribulose-biphosphate (RuBP), 6, most abundant
The next step of the calvin is the ___ step, and this is where the 6C molecule from the previous step is broken down into ___ ____. This product is when ___ to ___, using the ATP and NADPH from light dependent reactions
reduction, 2x phosphoglycerate (PGA), phosphorylated, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
In the ___ phase of the calvin cycle, most of the G3P is converted back to _____. This step also requires ___. The remaining G3P is used to make ____.
regeneration, RuBP, ATP, glucose
The calvin cycle occurs __ times to generate 1 glucose. Each turn of the cycle produces ___ G3P, __ of which are used to reform RuBP, and ___ used to form the glucose
2, 6, 5, 1
The glucose is then used for energy by putting it through ___, the ____ __ and the ___. So, photosynthesis is just what occurs to create the glucose that is used in subsequent reactions in the _____, same as aerobic respiration
glycolysis, krebs cycle, ETC, mitochondria
oxygen is a __ __ of RuBisCo. When it binds, it produces a __ __ and thus reduces the ___ of fixing CO2. This is called _____ or _____ ___
competitive inhibitor, useless product, efficiency, photorespiration, C2 photosynthesis
Some plants that go through ___ _____ or normal photosynthesis have no way to prevent ___. Additionally, depending on atmospheric conditions, they may lose a lot of ____. __ and ____ photosynthesis solves these problems
C3 photosynthesis, photorespiration, water, CAM, C4
C4 photosynthesis prevents ____. It does this by __ ___ the light-dependent reactions and the calvin cycle.
photorespiration, physically separating
In a plant leaf, there is an outer layer of ______ cells that surround an inner layer of _____ cells. That layer surrounds the __ ___ that plant uses to transport water and nutrients
mesophyll, bundle-sheath, vascular tissue
In C4, CO2 combines with ____ instead of RuBP, which forms ____. This product will move into the bundle-sheath cell, and is converted into another molecule of CO2, and ___. This pyruvate is shuttled back to the ___ cell and converted back into PEP. The CO2 formed in the bundle sheath cell is converted to _____ ___, and goes through the calvin cycle to produce ___. It is eventually transported to the ____ ___ for transport to plant cells that need it.
PEP, malate, pyruvate, mesophyll, organic molecules, glucose, vascular cell
In C4 photosynthesis, the enzyme ___ is only present in the bundle-sheath cell, and thus, the __ __ can only occur there. Whereas in normal photosynthesis, everything occurs in the ___ cell. This is important because bundle-sheath cells are surrounded by ___ cells, and this spatial separation ____ ____ from oxygen. This prevents ____ by minimizing O2 competition
RuBisCo, Calvin cycle, mesophyll, mesophyll, isolates RuBisCo, photorespiration
In normal plants, there are _____ which are pores found that the bottom of leaves allowing for __ ___. This is how ____ enters, and ___ leaves. In most plants, stamata are ___ __, meaning glucose can continuously be made, but also ___ can be lost, drying the cell
stamta, gas exchange, CO2, O2, continuously open, water
In CAM photosynthesis, stomata are only open at ____ to let in CO2. Because there is no sunlight at night, CO2 instead is combined with ___ to form an intermediate called __ __. This intermediate is stored in the plant’s _____ for later use. In the morning the plant ___ its stamata to prevent water loss due to ___ ___. Then the maleic acid is moved out of the vacuole and turned back into __ and ___. The CO2 can now go through the __ ___, but without the loss of water due to the closed stamata
night, PEP, maleic acid, vacuole, closes, higher temperatures, PEP, CO2, calvin cycle
In C4 photosynthesis the calvin cycle is separated _____ to prevent ___. In CAM photosynthesis, the calvin cycle is isolated ___ to prevent the loss of water
spatially, photorespiration, temporally
All plants can go through __ which is an accidental process, and _____ photosynthesis. However, some higher evolved plants like __ and ___ are capable of C4 synthesis, and plants that live in drier environments like __ and ___ are capable of CAM photosynthesis
C2, C3, corn sugarcane, cactuses, pineapple
